A new tectonic and temporal framework for the Tanzanian Shield: Implications for gold metallogeny and undiscovered endowment

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 48, Issue , 2012, Pages 88-124

  Kabete, J M ^a   Groves, D I ^b   McNaughton, N J ^c   Mruma, A H ^d  

^a AngloGold Ashanti Limited   (South Africa)

^b Canaco Resources Inc   (Canada)

^c CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TANZANIA   (Tanzania)

Author keywords

Central Tanzania Region; Gold endowment; Lake Victoria Region; Southern East African Orogen; Tanzania Craton; Tectonic framework; Undiscovered resources

Indexed keywords

EAST AFRICANS; LAKE VICTORIA; TANZANIA; TECTONIC FRAMEWORK; UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES;

BUILDINGS; GALLIUM; GOLD; IGNEOUS ROCKS; LAKES; MINERALOGY; SEDIMENTARY ROCKS; SEPARATION; TECTONICS;

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY;

GOLD; GREENSTONE BELT; METALLOGENESIS; MINERAL EXPLORATION; ORE DEPOSIT; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TECTONIC SETTING;

EAST AFRICAN LAKES; LAKE VICTORIA; TANZANIA CRATON;

RANGIFER TARANDUS;

EID: 84866358553     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Anand R.R., Paine M. Regolith geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: implications for exploration. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 49(1):3-162.
2. Ayer J., Goutier J., Thurston P., Dube B., Kamber B. Abitibi-Wawa Sub-province tectonic and metallogenic evolution. Yilgarn-Superior Workshop Abstracts 2010, 1/20:4-6. Government of Western Australia. Department of Mines and Petroleum Record. S. Wyche (Ed.).
3. Bansah D., Chase R., Davidson A., Michael H., Skead M., Stuart H. The Geita and Kukuluma mineralised trends, Lake Victoria Goldfield, Tanzania - ore body characteristics and project planning. 4th International Mining Geology Conference, Coolum, Queensland, 14-17 May 2000 2000.
4. Barley M.E., Krapez B., Groves D.I., Kerrich R. The Late Archean bonanza: metallogenic and environmental consequences of the interaction between mantle plumes, lithospheric tectonics and global cyclicity. Precambrian Res. 1998, 91(1-2):65-90.
5. Barth, H., 1990. Provisional geological map of the Lake Victoria Goldfields, Tanzania, 1:500,000 (with explanation notes). Geol. Jb. B 72, 3-59.
6. Barth H., Massola S., Weiser T. Gold in the Dodoma Basement of Tanzania. Geol. Jb. 1996, B92. 53 pp.
7. Begg G.C., Griffin W.L., Natapov L.M., O'Reilly S.Y., Grand S.P., O'Neill C.J., Hronsky J.M.A., Djomani D.Y., Swain C.J., Deen T., Bowden P. The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology and tectonic evolution. Geosphere 2009, 5:23-50.
8. Bell K., Dodson M.H. The geochronology of the Tanzania Shield. J. Geol. 1981, 89:109-128.
9. Belousova E.A., Reid A.J., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y. Rejuvenation vs. recycling of Archean crust in the Gawler Craton, South Australia: evidence from U-Pb and Hf-isotopes in detrital zircon. Lithos 2009, 113:570-582.
10. Benzu High-resolution multi-geophysical imagery downloaded from Benzu Resources website:. http://www.benzuresources.
11. BHP Minerals International Exploration Inc., 1995. Mineralogy and origins of 44 samples from exploration projects in north-western Tanzania. In: Wilson, C.W. (Reporter), Turnstone Geological Services Ltd, Toronto. BHP Project 0472-2500-404: Petrographic descriptions 168-1724, 86 pp. Unpublished.
12. Bierlein F.P., Groves D.I., Goldfarb R.J., Dubé B. Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits. Miner. Deposita 2006, 40:874-886.
13. Bierlein F.P., Groves D.I., Cawood P.A. Metallogeny of accretionary orogens - the connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment. Ore Geol. Rev. 2009, 36:282-292.
14. Birmingham A. A Report on the Re-processing and Filtering of the Country-wide and High-resolution Geophysical Data (GTK, 2003) on Behalf of Ashanti Exploration Tanzania Ltd 2004, Consulting Geophysicist, Perth, Western Australia.
15. Blewett R.S., Czarnota K., Henson P.A., Champion D.C. Structural-event framework for the eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, and its implications for orogenic gold. Precambrian Res. 2010, 183:203-229.
16. Blewett R.S., Henson P.A., Roy I.G., Champion D.C., Cassidy K.F. Scale integrated architecture of the world-class gold mineral systems of the Archean eastern Yilgarn Craton. Precambrian Res. 2010, 183:230-250.
17. Borg G. New aspects on the lithostratigraphy and evolution of the Siga Hills, an Archean granite-greenstone terrain in NW-Tanzania. Z. Angew. Geol. 1992, 38:89-93.
18. Borg G. The Geita gold deposit in NW Tanzania. Geology, ore petrography geochemistry and timing events. Geol. Jb. 1994, D100:545-595.
19. Borg G., Krogh T. Isotopic age data of single zircons from the Archean Sukumaland greenstone belt, Tanzania. J. African Earth Sci. 1999, 29(8):301-312.
20. Borg G., Shackleton R.M. The Tanzania and NE-Zaire Cratons. Greenstone Belts 1997, 608-619. Oxford University Press, Oxford. M.J. de Wit, L.D. Ashwal (Eds.).
21. BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières), University of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Geological Survey., 2004. A 2,000,000 Scale Geology and Mineral Map of Tanzania. In: Pinna, P., Muhongo, S., Mcharo, B.A., LeGoff, E., Deschamps, Y., Ralay, F., Milesi, J.P. (Compliers). 20th Colloquium of Africa Geology 2-7th June 2004. BRGM, Orleans France.
22. Brinckmann J., Lehmann B., Timm F. Proterozoic gold mineralisation in NW Burundi. Ore Geol. Rev. 1994, 9:85-103.
23. Cahen I., Snelling N.J., Dehal J., Vail J.R. The Geochronology and Evolution of Africa 1984, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 512 pp.
24. Canaco A NI 43-101 report downloaded from Canaco Resources website:. http://www.canacoresources.
25. Chamberlain, C.M., 2003. Geology and genesis of the Bulyanhulu gold deposit, Sukumaland greenstone belt, Tanzania. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Imperial College, pp. 410.
26. Chamberlain C.M., Tosdal R.M. U-Pb geochronology of the Lake Victoria Greenstone Terrane, Tanzania. Mineral Deposit Research Unit The University of British Columbia (Research Program on World-class Gold Deposits and Advanced Exploration Projects Owned and/or Joint Ventured to Barick Gold, Placer Dome, AngloGold Ashanti, Resolute Mining NL as Main Sponsors 2007.
27. Chamberlain C.M., Wilkinson J.J., Herrington A.J., Boyce A.J., du Plessis E.T. Bulyanhulu: an anomalous lode gold deposit. Centre for Global Metallogeny, Univ. West. Austr. Pub. 2004, 33:204-207. J. Muhling, R. Goldfarb, N. Vielreicher, F.P. Bierlein, E. Stumpfl, D.I. Groves, S. Kenworthy (Eds.).
28. Chen S.F., Witt W.K., Liu S. Transpression and restraining jogs in the northern Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2001, 106:309-328.
29. Clark D.J., Hensen B.J., Kinny P.D. Geochronological constraints for a two-stage history of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2000, 102:155-183.
30. Cloutier J., Stevenson R.K., Bardoux M. Nd isotopic, petrologic and chemical investigation of the Tulawaka East gold deposit, Tanzania Craton. Precambrian Res. 2005, 139:147-163.
31. Collins A.S., Reddy S.M., Buchan C., Mruma A.H. Temporal constraints on Paleoproterozoic eclogite formation and exhumation (Usagaran Orogen, Tanzania). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 224:175-192.
32. Condie K.C., Benn K. Archean geodynamics: similar to or different from modern geodynamics? Archean geodynamics and environments. Geophys. Monogr. 2006, 164:47-59.
33. Cornelius M., Robertson I.D.M., Cornelius A.J., Morris P.A. Geochemical mapping of the deeply weathered western Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia, using laterite geochemistry. Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal. 2008, 8:241-254.
34. Cutten N.H.C., Johnson S.P., DeWaele B. Protolith ages and timing of metasomatism related to formation of white schists at Mautia Hill Tanzania: implications for the assembly of Gondwana. J. Geol. 2006, 114:683-698.
35. Czarnota K., Champion D.C., Goscombe B., Blewett R.S., Cassidy K.F., Groenewald P.B. Geodynamics of the Eastern Yilgarn Craton. Precambrian Res. 2010, 183:175-202.
36. Czarnota K., Blewett R.S., Goscombe B. Predictive mineral discovery in the eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: an example of district scale targeting of an orogenic gold mineral system. Precambrian Res. 2010, 143:356-377.
37. Davis B.K., Blewett R.S., Squire R., Champion D.C., Henson P.A. Granite-cored domes and gold mineralisation: architectural and geodynamic controls around the Archean Scotia-Kanowna Dome, Kalgoorlie Terrane, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2010, 183:316-337.
38. de Wit M.J. On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: does the evidence demand verdict?. Precambrian Res. 1998, 91:181-226.
39. Diener F.A., Stevens G., Kisters A.F.M., Poujol M. Geotectonic evolution of the Tjakastad Schist belt, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: a record of mid-Archean metamorphism and terrain exhumation. Precambrian Res. 2005, 143:87-112.
40. DLKM A NI 43-101 report downloaded from Douglas Lake Minerals http://www.douglaslakeminerals.
41. Dodson M.H., Gledhill A.R., Shackleton R.M. Age differences between Archean cratons of eastern and southern Africa. Nature 1975, 254:315-318.
42. Doyle M., Gibbs D., Savage J., Blenkisop T. Geology of the Tropicana Gold project, Western Australia. Smart Science for Exploration and Mining. Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial SGA Meeting, Townsville 2009, 50-52. P.J. Williams (Ed.).
43. Eilu P.K., Mathison C.I., Groves D.I., Allardyce W.J. Atlas of alteration assemblages, styles and zoning in orogenic lode-gold deposits in a variety of host rock and metamorphic settings. The Univ. West. Austr. Pub. 1999, 30. 1999.
44. Evans D.M., Boadi I., Byemelwa L., Gilligan J., Kabete J., Marcet P. Kabanga magmatic sulphide deposits, Tanzania: morphology and geochemistry of associated intrusions. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2000, 30:651-674.
45. Fallon M., Porwal A., Guj P. Prospectivity analysis of the Plutonic-Marymia Greenstone Belt, Western Australia. Ore Geol. Rev. 2010, 38:208-218.
46. Ford K., Keating P., Thomas M.D. Overview of geophysical signatures associated with Canadian ore deposits. Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: Geol. Associ. Canada, Min. Dep. Div. Spec. Pub. 2007, 5:939-970. W.D. Goodfellow (Ed.).
47. Frimmel H.E. Earth's continental crustal gold endowment. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 267:45-55.
48. Fritz H., Tenczer V., Hauzenberger C., Muhongo S., Wallbrecher E., Hoinkes G. Hot granulite nappes-tectonic styles and thermal evolution of the Proterozoic granulite belts in East Africa. Tectonophysics 2009, 477:160-173.
49. Gabert G. Lithostratigraphic and tectonic setting of gold mineralization in the Archaean Cratons of Tanzania and Uganda, East Africa. Precambrian Res. 1990, 46:59-69.
50. Geosurvey, 1985a. Detailed prospecting investigations in the Nzega Greenstone Belt. Geol. Surv. of Tanzania. Unpublished report.
51. Geosurvey, 1985b. Gold occurrences in the Nzega Greenstone Belt. Geol. Surv. of Tanzania, unpublished.
52. Geosurvey (Geosurvey International GmbH) Country-wide airborne geophysical imagery flown on behalf of the Government of Tanzania 1971-1980.
53. Goldfarb R.J., Groves D.I. Tectonics and gold metallogeny. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 2011, 43(5). 512 pp.
54. Goldfarb R.J., Groves D.I., Gardoll S. Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geol. Rev. 2001, 18:1-75.
55. Goldfarb R.J., Bierlein F.P., Groves D.I., Dubé B., Groves D.I., Vielreicher R.M. Orogenic gold deposits-where are the giants formed?. Centre for Global Metallogeny, Univ. West. Austr. Pub. 2004, 33:41-44. J. Muhling, R. Goldfarb, N. Vielreicher, F.P. Bierlein, E. Stumpfl, D.I. Groves, S. Kenworthy (Eds.).
56. Goldfarb R.J., Baker T., Dubé B., Groves D.I., Hart C.J.R., Gosselin P. Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Econ. Geol. 100th Anniv. Vol. 2005, 407-450.
57. Goldfarb R.J., Groves D.I., Kerrich R., Leach D. Metallogenic evolution on an evolving Earth. Smart Science for Exploration and Mining. Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial SGA Meeting, Townsville 2009, 11-13. P.J. Williams (Ed.).
58. Goodwin A.M. Precambrian Geology: The Dynamic Evolution of the Continental Crust 1990, Academic Press, 666 pp.
59. Grantham D.R., Temperley B.N., McConnell R.B. Explanation of the geology of Degree Sheet No. 17 (Kahama). Geol. Surv. Tanganyika Bull. 1945, 15:1-32. Dar-es-Salaam.
60. Groves D.I. Predictive vs. forensic mineral deposit geology: viewing giant deposits at appropriate scale. Smart Science for Exploration and Mining 2009, 2-4. Proceedings of the Tenth Biennial SGA Meeting, Townsville. P.J. Williams (Ed.).
61. Groves D.I. Discovery of the Magambazi gold deposit in a previously unrecognized gold province in NE Tanzania: role of the UWA Economic Geology Centres exploring in a new paradigm. Univ. West. Austr., CET Quarterly News 2010, 11:10-18.
62. Groves D.I., Phillips G.N. The genesis and tectonic control on Archean gold deposits of the Western Australian Shield: a metamorphic replacement model. Ore Geol. Rev. 1987, 2:287-322.
63. Groves D.I., Goldfarb R.J., Gebre-Mariam M., Hagemann S.G., Robert F. Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geol. Rev. 1998, 13:7-27.
64. Groves D.I., Goldfarb R.J., Knox-Robinson C.M., Ojala J., Gardoll S., Yun G., Holyland P. Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn block, Western Australia. Ore Geol. Rev. 2000, 17:1-38.
65. Groves D.I., Goldfarb R.J., Robert F., Hart C.J.R. Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance. Econ. Geol. 2003, 98:1-29.
66. Groves D.I., Condie K.C., Goldfarb R.J., Hronsky J.M.A., Vielreicher R.M. Secular changes in global tectonic processes and their influence on the temporal distribution of gold-bearing mineral deposits. Econ. Geol. 2005, 100:203-224.
67. Groves D.I., Vielreicher R.M., Goldfarb R.J., Condie K.C. Controls on the heterogeneous distribution of mineral deposits through time. Geol. Soc., London Spec. Pub. 2006, 248. I. McDonald, A.J. Boyce, I.B. Butler, R.J. Herrington, D.A. Polya (Eds.).
68. Groves D.I., Groves I.M., Smith A.L., Dillip D., Mnguto C.X. Magambazi gold: a potentially new orogenic gold deposit style in the Handeni District of Tanzania. Extended Abstract Volume, SEG-GSSA 2008 2008.
69. GTK (Geological Survey of Finland) Airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric data flown over selected areas of Mpanda, Kahama, Biharamulo, and Mara on behalf of the Government of Tanzania 2003.
70. Hamilton Q.B. Archean magmatism and deformation were not products of plate tectonics. Precambrian Res. 1998, 91:143-179.
71. Harpum J.R. Summary of the geology of Tanzania: structure and geotectonics of the Precambrian. Tanzania Geol. Surv. Mem. 1970, 1. Part V, 58 pp.
72. Harris J.F. Summary of the geology of Tanzania, economic geology. Tanganyika Geol. Surv. Mem. 1981, 1. Part IV, 143 pp.
73. Harris L.B. A tectonic framework of the Western Australian Shield and its significance to gold mineralization: a personal view. Geology Department and UWA Extension. The Univ. West. Austr. Pub. 1987, 11:1-27. S.E. Ho, D.I. Groves (Eds.).
74. Hauzenberger C.A., Bauernhofer A.H., Hoinkes G., Wallbrecher E., Mathu E.M. Pan-Pan-African high pressure granulites from SE-Kenya: petrological and geothermobarometric evidence for a polycyclic evolution in the Mozambique belt. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2006, 40:245-268.
75. Henson P.A., Blewett R.S., Roy I.G., McL Miller J., Czarnota K. 4D architecture and tectonic evolution of the Laverton region, eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2010, 183:338-355.
76. Hepworth J.V. The Mozambique Orogenic Belt and its foreland in Northeastern Tanzania: a photo-geologically-based study. J. Geol. Soc. London 1972, 128(5):461-500.
77. Hester B.W., Barnard F., Johnson A. Tanzania: Opportunities for Mineral Resource Development in Tanzania, the Unit. Nat. Depart. Tech. Coop. for Develop 1991, 108. UNDP.
78. Holmes A. The sequence of Precambrian orogenic belts in South and Central Africa. Proc. 18th International Geological. Society Congress London 1951, 254-269.
79. Hronsky J.M.A., Groves D.I. The science of targeting: definition, strategies, targeting and performance measurement. Aus. J. Earth Sci. 2008, 55:2-12.
80. Hyndman R.D., Curie C.A., Mazzoti S.P. Subduction zone back-arcs, mobile belts and orogenic heat. GSA Today 2005, 15:4-10.
81. Ichang D.W., MacLean W.H. The Archean volcanic facies in the Migori segment, Nyanza Greenstone Belt, Kenya: stratigraphy, geochemistry, and mineralization. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1991, 13(3/4):277-290.
82. 39Ar dating of micas from granites of NE Kibaran Belt (Karagwe-Ankolean), NW Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1992, 15(3/4):501-511.
83. Jaireth S., Huston D. Metal endowment of cratons, terranes and districts: insights from quantitative analysis of regions with giant and super-giant deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 2010, 38:288-303.
84. Jaques A.L., Jaireth S., Walshe J.L. Mineral systems of Australia: an overview of resources, settings and processes. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 49:623-660.
85. Johnson S.P., Cutten H.N.C., Muhongo S., De Waele B. Neoarchean magmatism and metamorphism of the western granulites in the central domain of the Mozambique belt, Tanzania: U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and PT estimates. Tectonophysics 2003, 375:125-145.
86. Jones G.M., Williams P., Hender A. Recent developments in airborne geophysics, data interpretation and generation of exploration targets for the mineral industry. Presentation to the AUS IMM, Burswood Resort, Perth, Western Australia, March 26, 1996 1996, 14 pp.
87. Kabete J. The Lake Victoria Goldfields of Tanzania: emphasis on the well-endowed Geita Gold District. Monthly Newsletter, Western Australia Division Geol. Soc. Austr. 2004, 443. Western Australian Geologist, October 2004.
88. Kabete, J. 2008. A new terrane-based tectonic subdivision of the Precambrian Shield of Tanzania and its significance to gold metallogeny. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Dar-es-Salaam. 353p.
89. Kabete J., Groves D.I., McNaughton N.J., Mruma A.H. A new tectonic subdivision of the Archean Craton of Tanzania and its significance to gold metallogeny. Extended Abstract Volume, SEG-GSSA 2008 2008.
90. Kerrich R. Shear zone hosted mesothermal gold deposits: a review of geochemical evidence on the source of fluids and solutes. Geol. Assoc. Canada Short Course Notes 1989, Volume 6. J.T. Burnsnall (Ed.).
91. Kimambo R.H. Mining and Minerals Prospects of Tanzania 1984, Eastern Africa Publications, Arusha, 144 pp.
92. Kirkland C.L., Spaggiari C.V., Pawley M.J., Wingate M.T.D., Smithies R.H., Howard H.M., Tyler I.M., Belousovab E.A., Poujolc M. On the edge: U-Pb, Lu-Hf, and Sm-Nd data suggests reworking of the Yilgarn craton margin during formation of the Albany-Fraser Orogen. Precambrian Res. 2011, 187:223-247.
93. Kisters A.F.M., Kolb J., Meyer F.M. Gold mineralization in high-grade metamorphic shear zones of the Renco mine, Southern Zimbabwe. Econ. Geol. 1998, 93:598-601.
94. Kisters A.F.M., Stevens G., Dziggel A., Armstrong A.R. Extensional detachment faulting and core-complex formation in the southern Barberton granite-greenstone terrain, South Africa: evidence for a 3.2 Ga orogenic collapse. Precambrian Res. 2003, 127:355-378.
95. Klerkx J., Theusnissen K., Tack L. The Mesoproterozoic Kibaran Belt: a result of strike-slip intraplate extension and inversion. Terra Abstracts 1993, 5(Suppl. 1):239.
96. Kositcin N., Brown S.J.A., Barley M.E., Krapež B., Cassidy K.F., Champion D.C. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age constraints on the Late Archean tectonostratigraphic architecture of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2008, 161:5-33.
97. Krapež B., Barley M.E. Late Archean syn-orogenic basins of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia Part III. Signatures of tectonic escape in an arc-continent collision zone. Precambrian Res. 2008, 161:183-199.
98. Krapez B., Standing J.G., Brown S.J.A., Barley M.E. Late Archaean synorogenic basins of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton. Western Australia Part II. Kurnalpi Terrane. Precambrian Res. 2008, 161:154-182.
99. Krapez B., Barley M.E., Brown S.J.A. Late Archaean synorogenic basins of the Estern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton. Wertern Australia Part I. Kalgoorlie and Gindalbie Terranes. Precambrian Res. 2008, 161:135-153.
100. Kröner A. The Precambrian geotectonic evolution of Africa: plate accretion versus plate destruction. Precambrian Res. 1977, 4:163-213.
101. Kuehn S., Ogola J., Sango P. Regional setting and nature of gold mineralization in Tanzania and southwest Kenya. Precambrian Res. 1990, 46:71-82.
102. Leahy A., Barnicoat A.C., Foster R.P., Lawrence S.R., Napier R.W. Geodynamic processes that control the global distribution of gold deposits. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 2005, 248:119-132. I. McDonald, I. Boyce, I.B. Butler, R.J. Herrington, D.A. Polya (Eds.).
103. Lenoir J.L., Liegeois J.-P., Theunissen K., Klerkx J. The Paleoproterozoic Ubendian shear belt in Tanzania: geochronology and structure. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1994, 19(3):169-184.
104. Lin S. Synchronous vertical and horizontal tectonism in the Neoarchean: Kinematic evidence from a synclinal keel in the northwestern Superior craton, Canada. Precambrian Res. 2005, 139:181-194.
105. Maboko M.A.H. Neodymium isotopic constraints on the protolith ages of rocks involved in Pan-African tectonism in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania. J. Geol. Soc. London 1995, 152:911-916.
106. Maboko M.A.H. Nd and Sr isotopic investigation of the Archean-Proterozoic boundary in north eastern Tanzania: constraints on the nature of Neoproterozoic tectonics in the Mozambique Belt. Precambrian Res. 2000, 102:87-98.
107. Maboko M.A.H. Isotopic and geochemical constraints on Neoproterozoic crust formation in the Wami River area, eastern Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2001, 33:91-101.
108. Maboko M.A.H., Nakamura E. Nd and Sr isotopic mapping of the Archean Proterozoic boundary in southeastern Tanzania using granites as probes for crustal growth. Precambrian Res. 1996, 77:105-115.
109. Manya S. Nd-isotopic mapping of the Archean-Proterozoic boundary in southwestern Tanzania: implication for the size of the Archean Tanzania Craton. Gondwana Res. 2011, 20:325-334.
110. Manya S., Maboko M.A.H. Dating basaltic volcanism in the Neoarchean Sukumaland Greenstone Belt of the Tanzania Craton using Sm-Nd method: implications for the geological evolution of the Tanzania Craton. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2003, 121:35-45.
111. Manya S., Maboko M.A.H. Geochemistry and geochronology of Neoarchean volcanic rocks of the Iramba-Sekenke greenstone belt, Tanzania. Precambrian Res. 2008, 163:265-278.
112. Manya S., Maboko M.A.H. Geochemistry of the Neoarchean mafic volcanic rocks of the Geita area, NW Tanzania: implications for stratigraphical relationships in the Sukumaland Greenstone belt. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2008, 52:152-160.
113. Manya S., Kobayashi K., Maboko M.A.H., Nakamura E. Ion microprobe zircon U-Pb dating of the late Archean meta-volcanics and associated granites of the Musoma-Mara Greenstone Belt, Northeast Tanzania: implications for the geological evolution of the Tanzania Craton. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2006, 45:355-366.
114. Manya S., Maboko M.A.H., Nakamura E. The geochemistry of high-Mg andesite and associated adakitic magmatism in the Musoma-Mara Greenstone Belt, northern Tanzania: possible evidence for Neoarchean ridge subduction?. Precambrian Res. 2007, 159:241-259.
115. Massola, S., 2004. Exploration potential of the Lake Victoria Goldfields and other areas of Tanzania compared to goldfields of major gold producing countries. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Centre for Global Metallogeny, The University of Western Australia. 193pp.
116. Mbuya, P.W., 2003. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Reef 1 Footwall Basalt at the Bulyanhulu Orogenic lode-gold deposit, Tanzania. Published MSc Thesis, The University of Auckland. 160 pp.
117. McConnell R.B. Preliminary report on the mining geology of the Iramba-Sekenke Goldfields. Tanganyika Geological Survey Short Paper No. 25 1945.
118. 39Ar Studies of Late Kibaran intrusives in Burundi, East Africa: implication for Late Proterozoic supercontinents. J. Geol. 1994, 102:621-637.
119. Miller J., Blewett R., Tunjic J., Connors K. The role of early formed structures on the development of the world class St Ives Goldfield, Yilgarn, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2010, 183:292-315.
120. Möller A., Mezger K., Schenk V. Crustal age domains and the evolution of the continental crust in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania: a combined Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isotopic evidence. J. Petrol. 1998, 39:749-783.
121. Möller A., Mezger K., Schenk V. U-Pb dating of metamorphic minerals: Pan-African metamorphism and prolonged slow cooling of high pressure granulites in Tanzania, East Africa. Precambrian Res. 2000, 104:123-146.
122. Mtoro M., Maboko M.A.H., Manya S. Geochemistry and geochronology of the bimodal volcanic rocks of the Suguti area in the southern part of the Musoma-Mara Greenstone Belt, Northern Tanzania. Precambrian Res. 2009, 174:241-257.
123. Muhongo S. Neoproterozoic collision tectonics in the Mozambique Belt of East Africa: evidence from the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1994, 34:279-285.
124. Mruma A.H. Stratigraphy and palaeo-positional environment of the Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary Konse Group in Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1995, 21(2):291-311.
125. Muhongo S., Lenoir J.L. Pan-African granulite-facies metamorphism in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania: U-Pb zircon geochronology. J. Geol. Soc. London 1994, 151:343-347.
126. Muhongo S., Tuisku P. Pan-African high pressure isobaric cooling: evidence from the mineralogy and thermobarometry of granulite-facies rocks from the Uluguru Mountains, eastern Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. Middle East 1996, 23(3):443-463.
127. Muhongo S., Kröner A., Nemchin A.A. Single zircon evaporation and SHRIMP ages for granulite-facies rocks in the Mozambique belt of Tanzania. J. Geol. 2001, 109:171-189.
128. Muhongo S., Tuisku P., Mnali S., Temu E., Appel P., Stendal H. High-pressure granulite-facies metagabbros in the Ubendian Belt of SW Tanzania: preliminary petrography and P-T estimates. Short communication. J. Afr. Earth Sci 2002, 34:279-285.
129. Muhongo S., Hauzenberger C.A., Sommer H. Vestiges of the Mesoproterozoic events in the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt: the East African Perspective in the Rodinia Puzzle. Gondwana Res. 2003, 6(3):409-416.
130. Muir T.L. The Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, Canada: principal deposit characteristics and constraints on mineralization. Ore Geol. Rev. 2002, 21:1-66.
131. Myers J.S. Precambrian tectonic evolution of part of Gondwana, south-western Australia. Geology 1990, 18:537-540.
132. Myers J.S. Preface: Archean geology of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia-regional overview. Precambrian Res. 1997, 83:1-10.
133. Naylor W.I. Geology of the Geita District. Geol. Surv. Tanganyika Short Pap. 1961, 9:13-18.
134. Nelson D.R., Myers J.S., Nutman A.P. Chronology and evolution of the Middle Proterozoic Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia. Aust. J. of Earth Sci. 1995, 42:481-495.
135. Nugus M.J., Brayshaw M., Robins S. Reassessment of Controls on the Gold Mineralisation in the Nyankanga Deposit, Geita Gold Mines, North-Western Tanzania. Eighth International Mining Geology Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand, 22-24th August 2011 2011, 153-167.
136. Nyblade A.A., Pollack H.N. A gravity model for the lithosphere in western Kenya and northeastern Tanzania. Tectonophysics 1992, 212:257-267.
137. Paulsen S., Borg G., Eberle D., Hohndorf A., Rammlmair D., Sengpiel K. The Tanzania-German Gold Project 1988/90, a case history of an interdisciplinary cooperation project. Geol. Jb. 1991, A127:57-81.
138. Percival J.A. Geology and metallogeny of the Superior Province, Canada. Geol. Associ. Canada, Min. Dep. Div. Spec. Pub. 2007, 5:903-928. W.D. Goodfellow (Ed.).
139. Percival J.A., Stott G. Superior Province: overview, update and reflection. Fifth International Archean Symposium, 10 September 2010. Yilgarn-Superior Workshop Abstracts. Government of Western Australia, Department of Mines and Petroleum Record 2010, 20101(20):4-6.
140. Percival J.A., Skulski T., Stern R.A. Crustal growth through successive arc magmatism: reconnaissance U-Pb SHRIMP data from the north-eastern Superior Province, Canada. Precambrian Res. 2001, 109:203-238.
141. Phillips G.N., Powell R. Formation of gold deposits: a metamorphic devolatilization model. J. Metamorph. Geol. 2010, 28:689-718.
142. Phillips G.N., Zhou T. Gold-only deposits and Archean granite. Soc. Econ. Geol. Newsl. 1999, 37. April 1999.
143. Pinna P., Cocherie A., Thieblemont D., Feybesse J., Lagny P. Geodynamic evolution and metallogenic controls in the East-African Craton (Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda). Scientific and technical communications. Chronique de la Recherché Miniere 1996, 525:33-47.
144. Pinna P., Cocherie A., Thieblemont D., Jezequel P. The Kisii Group of western Kenya: the end Archean (2.53 Ga) late-orogenic volcano-sedimentary sequence. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2000, 30(1):79-97.
145. Pinna P., Cocherie A., Thieblemont D., Jezequel P., Kayogoma E. The making of the East African Craton (2.93-2.53 Ga). Abstract Volume, 20th Colloquium of African Geol., Orleans, France. 2-7 June 2004 2004.
146. Pinna, P., Muhongo, S., Mcharo, B., Le Goff E., Deschamps, Y., 2004b. Geology and mineral potential of Tanzania: digital map at 1:2,000,000 scale.). Abstract Volume, 20th Colloquium of African Geol., Orleans, France. 2-7 June 2004.
147. Priem H.N.A., Boelrijk N.A.I.M., Hebeda E.H., Th Verdurmen E.A., Verschure R.H. Isotopic age determinations on granitic and gneissic rocks from the Usagaran System in Southern Tanzania. Precambrian Res. 1979, 9:227-239.
148. QDS (Quarter Degree Sheets), 1930-2008. 1:125,000 and 1:100,000 scale geological maps coverage quoted in this review. These maps are available at the Tanzania Geological Survey, Dodoma. QDS 6, 12, 14, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 50, 77, 78, 83, 84, 156, 161, 162, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179.
149. Quennell, A.M., 1956. 1: 2,000,000 Geological map of Tanzania.
150. Quennell A.M., McKinley A.C.M., Aiken W.G. Summary of the geology of Tanganyika: introduction and stratigraphy. Tanganyika Geol. Surv. Mem. 1956, 1(Pt. 1). 264 pp.
151. Rammlmair D., Horndorf A., Borg G., Hiza G.N. Nouvelles datations isotopiques de granites et des gabbros de la région greenstone-granitique due Sukumaland, NW Tanzanie. The 15th Colloq. African Geol., Nancy, Abstract 1990, Volume 43.
152. Reddy S.M., Collins A.S., Mruma A. Complex high-strain deformation in the Usagaran Orogen, Tanzania: structural setting of Paleoproterozoic eclogites. Tectonics 2003, 375:101-123.
153. Richards J.P. Lineaments revisited. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter: Publication No. 42, July 2000 2000.
154. Ridley J., Mikucki E.J., Groves D.I. Archean lode-gold deposits: fluid flow and chemical evolution in vertically extensive hydrothermal systems. Ore Geol. Rev. 1996, 10:279-293.
155. Robert F., Poulsen K.H., Cassidy K.F., Hodson C.J. Gold metallogeny of the Superior and Yilgarn Cratons. Econ. Geol. 100th Anniv. Vol. 2005, 1001-1033.
156. Rock N.M.S., Groves D.I. Can lamprophyres resolve the genetic controversy over mesothermal gold deposits?. Geology 1988, 16:538-541.
157. Rock N.M.S., Taylor W.R., Perring C.S. Lamprophyres-what are lamprophyres?. Geol. Depart. Univ. West. Austr. Extension, Pub. 1990, 20:128-135. S.E. Ho, D.I. Groves, J.M. Bennett (Eds.).
158. Rumvegeri B.T. Tectonic significance of Kibaran structures in Central and Eastern Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1991, 13(2):267-327.
159. SADC (Southern African Development Community) Gold deposits in the SADC region. Mining Sector Coordinating Unit, Mineral Resources Survey Programme No. 4 2001, Council for Geoscience, South Africa, 126 pp. S.-L. de-Klerk (Ed.).
160. Saggerson E.P. Metamorphism in the Precambrian of East Africa. Danish Geological Foren Meddelser 1967, 17:447-457.
161. Shackleton R.M. Precambrian collision tectonics in Africa. Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London. Spec. Publ. 1986, 19:329-349.
162. Shackleton R.M. The final collision zone between East and West Gondwana: where is it?. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1996, 23-3:271-278.
163. Shanta Investor Presentation of 17th, May 2005 retrieved on 15th June, 2006. http://www.shantagold.com.
164. Singer D.A. Progress in integrated quantitative mineral resource assessments. Ore Geol. Rev. 1995, 38:242-250.
165. Smith M., Anderson C. Gokona Gold Deposit, Northern Tanzania-discovery and delineation. NewGenGold 2003-Case Histories of Discovery 2003, 34-54. K. Yates (Ed.).
166. Sommer H., Kröner A., Hauzenberger C., Muhongo S. Metamorphic petrology and zircon geochronology of high-grade rocks from the central Mozambique belt of Tanzania. J. Metamorph. Geol. 2003, 21:915-934.
167. Sommer H., Kröner A., Muhongo S., Hauzenberger C. SHRIMP zircon ages for post-Usagaran granitoid and rhyolitic rocks from the Paleoproterozoic terrain of south-western Tanzania. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2005, 108:247-256.
168. Sommer H., Hauzenberger C., Kröner A., Muhongo S. Isothermal decompression history in the "Western Granulite" terrain, central Tanzania: evidence from reaction textures and trapped fluids in meta-pelites. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2008, 51-3:123-144.
169. Stendal H., Frei R., Muhongo S., Rasmussen T.M., Mnali S., Petro F., Temu B.E. Gold potential of the Mpanda Mineral Field, SW Tanzania: evaluation based on geological, lead isotopic and aeromagnetic data. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2004, 38:437-447.
170. Stern R.J. Arc assembly and continental collision in Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1994, 22:319-351.
171. Stockley G.M. Geology of the south and south-western region of Musoma District. Tanganyika Geol. Surv. Short Pap. 1936, 13.
172. Storey B. The role of mantle plumes in continental break-up: case histories from Gondwanaland. Nature 1995, 377:301-308.
173. Swager C.P. Tectonostratigraphy of late Archean greenstone terranes in the southern Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 1997, 83:11-42.
174. Tack L., Liégeois J.P., Deblond A., Duchesne J.C. Kibaran A-type granitoids and mafic rocks generated by two mantle sources in a late orogenic setting (Burundi). Precambrian Res. 1994, 68:323-356.
175. Tack L., Wingate M.T.D., De Waele B., Meert J., Belousova E., Griffin B., Tahon A., Fernandez-Alonso M. The 1375 Ma "Kibaran event" in Central Africa: prominent emplacement of bimodal magmatism under extensional regime. Precambrian Res. 2010, 180:63-84.
176. Tanzania (United Republic of Tanzania). Opportunities for mineral resource development. Fourth Edition, Ministry of Energy and Minerals 2005, Tanzania Printers, 128 pp. P.M. Semkiwa, P.D. Kafumu, S.Y. Ayubu, F.N. Petro, M.C. Kalemani, G.M. Nyelo, P.B. Rutaihwa, P.B. Ndonde, B.A. Mcharo, V.B. Ntulanalwo, E.B. Temu, A.B. Minde, S.S. Salum (Eds.).
177. Thomas R.J., DeWaele B., Schofield D.I., Goodenough K.M., Horstwood M., Tucker R., Bauer W., Annells R., Howard K., Walsh G., Rabarimanana M., Rafahatelo J.M., Ralisone A.V., Randriamananjara T. Geological evolution of the Neoproterozoic Bemarivo Belt, northern Madagascar. Precambrian Res. 2009, 172:279-300.
178. Tosdal R.M., Chamberlain C.M. Temporal evolution of the Lake Victoria Neoarchean greenstone belts and their gold deposits, Tanzania. Abstract, SEG-GSSA South Africa, July 2008 2008.
179. Tyler W.H. The south-west Mwanza Goldfields. Tanganyika. Tanganyika Geol. Surv. Short Pap. 1937, 26:137-147.
180. Ueda Y., Matsuzawa I., Suwa K. Potassium-argon age determinations of the Tanzanian igneous and metamorphic rocks. First Preliminary Report, African Studies 1975, 76-78. Nagoya University, Japan.
181. UNDP United Nations Development Programme Project URT/81/035. Draft Report Number 4: Occurrences of Nickel and Base Metals in Tanzania 1985.
182. Van Straaten H.P. Gold mineralisation in Tanzania: a review. Spec. Pub. Geol. Soc. Zimbabwe 1984, 1:673-685. R.P. Foster (Ed.).
183. Vanderhaeghe O. The thermal-mechanical evolution of crustal orogenic belts at convergent plate boundaries: a reappraisal of the orogenic cycle. J. Geodyn 2010, 10.1016/j.jog.2011.10.004261, 115-139.
184. VanKranendonk M.J., Kröner A., Hegner E., Connelly J. Age, lithology and structural evolution of the c. 3.53 Ga Theespruit Formation in the Tjakastad area, southwestern Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, with implications for Archean tectonics. Chem. Geol. 2009, 261:115-139.
185. Vearncombe J. Developments in understanding the geology and exploration potential of Southern and Eastern Africa. Africa: Geology and Mineral Exploration. Papers presented at an Austr. Instit. of Geoscientists. Seminar held in Perth, 6 November 1998 1998.
186. Vielreicher N.M., Ridley J.R., Groves D.I. Marymia: an Archean, amphibolite facies-hosted, orogenic lode-gold deposit overprinted by Palaeoproterozoic orogenesis and base metal mineralization, Western Australia. Miner. Deposita 2002, 37:737-764.
187. Vogt M., Kroner A., Poller U., Sommer H., Muhongo S., Wingate M.T.D. Archean and Palaeoproterozoic gneisses reworked during a Neoproterozoic (Pan-African) high-grade event in the Mozambique belt of East Africa: structural relationships and zircon ages from the Kidatu area, central Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2006, 45:139-155.
188. Vos I.M.A., Bierlein F.P., Standing J.S., Davidson G. The geology and mineralization at Golden Pride gold deposit, Nzega Greenstone Belt, Tanzania. Miner. Deposita 2009, 44:751-764.
189. Wallbrecher E., Muhongo S., Fritz H., Hauzenberger J., Loizenbauer J., Hoinkes G. Evidence of continental collision along a traverse from Southern Kenya to Central Tanzania. 19th Colloq. of African Geol. El Jadida, Morocco 2002, 179 pp.
190. Walraven F., Pape J., Borg G. Implication of Pb-isotopic compositions at the Geita gold deposit, Sukumaland Greenstone Belt, Tanzania. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1994, 18(2):111-121.
191. Wellmer, F.W., Borg, G., 1992. Final report on gold exploration in the Siga Hills, NW Tanzania, Technical Report Project No. 84.2053.1 for the Government of Tanzania, Hannover, 1992. Unpublished.
192. Williams G. Gold at Madengi Hill, Dodoma. Report 1-8. File Number 1634. Geological Survey of Tanganyika, Dodoma 1936.
193. Wirth K.R., Vervoot J.D., Weisberger B. Origin and evolution of the Kilimafedha greenstone belt, eastern Tanzania Craton: evidence from Pb isotopes. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 2004, 36:244.
194. Wyche S. Evidence of pre-3100 Ma crust in the Youanmi and South West Terranes, and Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, of the Yilgarn Craton. Developments in Precambrian Geology 2007, Vol. 15:113. M.J. Van Kranendonk, H.R. Smithies, V.C. Bennet (Eds.).
195. Wyman D.A., Hollings P. Late Archaean convergent margin volcanism in the Superior Province: a comparison of the Blake River Group and Confederation assemblages. Archaean geodynamics and environments. Geophys. Monogr. 2006, 164:215-237.
196. Wyman D.A., Kerrich R. Plume and arc magmatism in the Abitibi Sub-province: implications for the origin of Archean continental lithosphere. Precambrian Res. 2009, 168:4-22.
197. Wyman D.A., Kerrich R., Groves D.I. Lode gold deposits and Archean mantle-plume-island arc interaction, Abitibi Sub-province, Canada. J. Geol. 1999, 107:715-725.
198. Zegers T.E., Barley M.E., Groves D.I., McNaughton N.J., White S.H. Oldest gold: Deformation and hydrothermal alteration in the Early Archaean shear zone-hosted Bamboo Creek deposit, Pilbara, Western Australia. Econ. Geol. 2002, 97:757-773.
199. Zhou T., Goldfarb R., Phillips N. Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China - an overview. Mineralium Deposita 2002, 37:249-282.