The late Archaean bonanza: metallogenic and environmental consequences of the interaction between mantle plumes, lithospheric tectonics and global cyclicity

Precambrian Research

Volumn 91, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 65-90

  Barley, Mark E ^a   Krapez, Bryan ^a   Groves, David I ^a   Kerrich, Rob ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEAN; MANTLE PLUME; METALLOGENESIS; TECTONICS;

EID: 0032144357     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00039-4     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Abraham, A.P.G., Spooner, E.T.C., 1995. Late Archaean regional deformation and structural controls on gold-quartz vein mineralization in the northwestern Slave Province, NWT. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32, 1132-1154.
2. Al-Shanti, A.M., 1979. Evolution and Mineralization of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Pergamon, Oxford, 551 pp.
3. Anderson, D.L., 1994. Superplumes or supercontinents? Geology 15, 212-215.
4. Anderson, D.L., Zhang, Y-S., Tanimoto, Y. (1992). Plume heads, continental lithosphere, flood basalts and tomography. In: Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T., Pankhurst, R.J. (Eds.), Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Breakup. Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 68, 99-124.
5. Armstrong, R.A., Compston, W., Retief, E.A., Williams, I.S., Welke, H.J., 1991. Zircon ion microprobe studies bearing on the age and evolution of the Witwatersrand triad. Precambrian Res. 53, 243-266.
6. Arndt, N.T., 1994. Archaean komatiites. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.) Archaean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 11-44.
7. Arndt, N.T., Jenner, G.A., 1986. Crustally contaminated komatiites and basalts from Kambalda, Western Australia. Chem. Geol. 56, 229-255.
8. Arndt, N.T., Nelson, D.R., Compston, W., Trendall, A.F., Thorae, A.M., 1991. The age of the Fortescue Group, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia, from ion microprobe zircon U-Pb results. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 38, 261-281.
9. Barley, M.E., 1986. Incompatible element enrichment in Archaean basalts: a consequence of contamination by older sialic crust rather than mantle heterogeneity. Geology 14, 947-950.
10. Barley, M.E., 1992. A review of Archaean volcanic-hosted massive sulphide and sulphate mineralization in Western Australia. Econ. Geol. 87, 855-872.
11. Barley, M.E., Groves, D.I., 1992. Supercontinent cycles and the distribution of metal deposits through time. Geology 20, 291-294.
12. Barley, M.E., Eisenlohr, B., Groves, D.I., Perring, C.S., Vearncombe, J.R., 1989. Late Archaean convergent margin tectonics and gold mineralization: a new look at the Norseman-Wiluna Belt. Geology 17, 826-829.
13. Barley, M.E., Blake, T.S., Groves, D.I., 1992. The Mount Bruce Megasequence Set and eastern Yilgarn Craton: examples of Late Archaean to Early Proterozoic divergent and convergent craton margins and controls on mineralization. Precambrian Res. 58, 55-70.
14. Barley, M.E., Krapez, B., Groves, D.I. (1993). Resolving conflicting messages from granitoids and greenstones: the key to understanding Archaean tectonics. Aust. Geol. Surv. Organisation Record 1993/54, 57-61.
15. Barley, M.E., Pickard, A.L., Sylvester, P.J., 1997. Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago. Nature 385, 55-58.
16. Barrie, C.T., Ludden, J.N., Green, T.H., 1993. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks associated with Cu-Zn and Ni-Cu deposits, Abitibi subprovince. Econ. Geol. 88, 1341-1358.
17. Bateman, P.C. (1992). Plutonism in the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith, California, US Geol. Surv. Prof. 1483, 186 pp.
18. Barton, E.S., Altermann, W., Williams, I.S., Smith, C.B., 1994. U-Pb zircon age for a tuff in the Campbell Group, Griqualand West Sequence, South Africa: implications for Early Proterozoic rock accumulation rates. Geology 22, 343-346.
19. Bekinsale, R.D., Sanchez-Fernandez, A.W., Brook, M., Cobbing, E.J., Taylor, W.P., Moore, N.D. (1985). Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron and K-Ar age determinations for the Coastal Batholith of Peru. In: Pitcher, W.S., Atherton, M.P., Cobbing I.E., Beckinsale, R.D. (Eds.), Magmatism at a Plate Edge: the Peruvian Andes. Blackie, London, pp. 177-202.
20. Bickle, M.J., 1986. Implications of melting for stabilisation of the lithosphere and heat loss in the Archaean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 80, 314-324.
21. Blake, T.S., 1993. Late Archaean crustal extension, sedimentary basin formation, flood basalt volcanism and continental rifting: the Nullagine and Mt Jope Supersequences, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 60, 185-241.
22. Blake, T.S., Barley, M.E., 1992. Tectonic evolution of the Late Archaean to Early Proterozoic Mount Bruce Megasequence Set, Western Australia. Tectonics 11, 1415-1425.
23. Bott, M.A.P., 1993. Modelling the plate driving mechanism. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150, 941-951.
24. Bradshaw, J.D., 1989. Cretaceous geotectonic patterns in New Zealand. Tectonics 8, 803-820.
25. Buick, R., 1992. The antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis: evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient lakes. Science 255, 74-77.
26. Buick, R., Dunlop, J.S.R., 1990. Evaporitic sediments of Early Archaean age from the Warrawoona Group, North Pole, Western Australia, Sedimentology 37, 247-277.
27. Campbell, I.H., Hill, R.I., 1988. A two-stage model for the formation of the granite-greenstone terranes of the Kalgoorlie-Norseman area, Western Australia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90, 11-25.
28. Campbell, I.H., Griffiths, R.W., Hill, R.L, 1989. Melting in an Archaean mantle plume: heads it's basalts tails it's kornatiites. Nature 339, 697-699.
29. Chauvel, C., Dupre, B. Arndt, N.T., 1993. Pb and Nd isotopic correlation in Belingwe komatiites and basalts. In: Bickle M.J., Nisbet, E.G. (Eds.), The Geology of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Geol. Soc. Zimbabwe Spec. Publ. 2, 167-174.
30. Claoué-Long, J.C., 1990. High resolution timing contraints on the evolution of the Kalgoorlie-Kambalda mineral belt. In: Glover, J.E, Ho, S.E. (Eds.), Third Int. Archaean Symp., Perth, 1990. Ext. Abstr. Vol. Geoconferences (W.A.), Perth, pp. 335-356.
31. Claoué-Long, J.C., Compston, W., Cowden, A., 1988. The age of the Kambalda greenstones resolved by ion microprobe: implications for Archaean dating methods. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 89, 239-259.
32. Clemmey, H., Badham, N., 1982. Oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere: an evaluation of the geological evidence. Geology 10, 141-146.
33. Clendennin, C.W., Charlesworth, E.G., Maske, S., 1988. Tectonic style and mechanism of early Proterozoic successor basin development, southern Africa. Tectonophysics 156, 275-291.
34. Cloud, P., 1973. Paleoecological significance of iron formation. Econ. Geol. 68, 1135-1143.
35. Compston, W., Williams, I.S., Campbell, I.H., Gresham, J.J., 1986. Zircon xenocrysts from Kambalda volcanics: age constraints and direct evidence for older continental crust below the Kambalda-Norseman greenstones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 76, 299-311.
36. Corfu, F., 1993. The evolution of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt in light of precise U-Pb geochronology. Econ. Geol. 88, 1323-1340.
37. Davies, G.F., 1995. Punctuated tectonic evolution of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 136, 363-379.
38. Des Marias, D.J., 1994a. Tectonic control on the crustal organic carbon reservoir during the Precambrian. Chem. Geol. 114, 303-314.
39. Des Marias, D.J., 1994b. The Archaean atmosphere: its composition and fate. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archaean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 505-523.
40. Des Marias, D.J., Strauss, H., Summons, R.E., Hayes, J.M., 1992. Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment. Nature 359, 605-609.
41. Desrochers, J.-P., Hubert, C., Ludden, J.N., Pilote, P., 1993. Accretion of Archean oceanic plateau fragments in the Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada. Geology 21, 451-454.
42. De Wit, M.T., Roering, C., Hart, R.J., Armstrong, R.A., De Ronde, C.E.J., Green, R.W.E., Tredoux, M., Peberdy, E., Hart, R.A., 1992. Formation of an Archaean continent. Nature 357, 553-562.
43. Eastoe, C.J., Gustin, M.M., 1996. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and anoxia in the Phanerozoic oceans. Ore Geol. Rev. 10, 179-199.
44. Engebretson, D.C., Cox, A., Gordon, R.G., 1985. Relative motions between oceanic and continental plates in the Pacific basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 206, 59
45. Eriksson, P.G., Reczko, B.F.F., 1997. The late Archean to Mesoproterozoic major unconformity-bounded units of the Kaapvaal Province of southern Africa - Discussion. Precambrian Res. 81, 145-146.
46. Feng, R., Kerrich, R., Maas, R., 1993. Geochemical, oxygen, and neodymium isotope compositions of metasediments from the Abitibi greenstone belt and Pontiac Subprovince, Canada: evidence for ancient crust and Archaean terrane juxtaposition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 641-658.
47. Foster, J.G., Lambert, D.D., Frick, L.R., Trace element and Re-Os and Sm-Nd isotopic constraints on the genesis of Archaean komatiite associated Fe-Ni-Cu (PGE) sulphide deposits, with reference to the Kambalda Dome and Perseverence ultramafic complex, Western Australia., 1994. Geol. Soc. Aust., Abstracts 37, 116-117.
48. Foster, R.P., 1989. Archaean gold mineralization in Zimbabwe: implications for metallogenesis and exploration. Econ. Geol. Monograph 6, 54-70.
49. Franklin, J.M., Lydon, J.W., Sangster, D.F., 1981. Volcanic associated massive sulphide deposits. Econ. Geol. 75th Aniv. Vol. 485-627.
50. Fyfe, W.S., 1977. Effects on biological evolution of changes in ocean chemistry. Nature 267, 510
51. Fyfe, W.S., 1978. The evolution of the Earth's crust: modern plate tectonics to ancient hot spot tectonics. Chem. Geol. 23, 89-114.
52. Garzanti, E., 1993. Himalayan ironstones, 'superplumes', and the breakup of Gondwana. Geology 21, 105-108.
53. Goldfarb, R.J., Snee, L.W., Miller, L.D., Newberry, R.J., 1991. Rapid dewatering of the crust deduced from ages of mesothermal gold deposits. Nature 354, 296-298.
54. Goldfarb, R.J., Phillips, G.N., Nockleburg, W.J., 1998. Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim. Ore Geol. Rev., in press.
55. Grobler, D.F., Walraven, F., 1993. Geochronology of the Gaborone Granite Complex extensions in the area north of Mafeking, South Africa. Chem. Geol. 105, 319-337.
56. Grotzinger, J.P., Kasting, J.F., 1993. New constraints on Precambrian ocean composition. J. Geol. 101, 235-243.
57. Groves, D.I., Barley, M.E., 1994. Archaean mineralization. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archaean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 461-504.
58. Groves, D.I., Barley, M.E., Ho, S., 1989. The nature genesis and tectonic setting of mesothermal gold mineralization in the Yilgarn Block. Econ. Geol. Monograph 6, 71-85.
59. Groves, D.I., Korkiakoski, E.A., McNaughton, N.J., Lesher, C.M., Cowden, A., 1986. Thermal erosion by komatiites at Kambalda, Western Australia and the genesis of nickel ores. Nature 319, 136-138.
60. Groves, D.I., Ridley, J.R., Bloem, E.M.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., Hronsky, J.M.A., Knight, J.T., McNaughton, N.J., Ojala, J., Vielreicher, R.M., McCuaig, T.C., Holyland, P.W., 1995. Lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn block: products of Late Archaean crustal-scale over-pressured hydrothermal systems. In: Coward, M.P., Ries, A.C. (Eds.), Early Precambrian Processes. Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 95, 155-172.
61. Haeussler, P.J., Bradley, D., Goldfarb, R., Snee, L., Taylor, C., 1995. Link between ridge-subduction and gold mineralization in southern Alaska. Geology 23, 995-998.
62. Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., Baum, G.R., 1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and eustacy. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Mineral., Spec. Publ. 42, 71-108.
63. Harrison, P.H., 1990. Nickel. Geol. Surv. West. Aust., Monograph 3, 702-709.
64. Hayes, J.M., Kaplan, I.R., Wedeking, K.W., 1983. Precambrian organic geochemistry, preservation of the record. In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), Earth's Earliest Biosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 93-134.
65. Hill, R.I., Campbell, I.H., 1993. Age of granite emplacement in the Norseman region of Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 40, 559-574.
66. Ho, S.E., Groves, D.I., Phillips, G.N., 1985. Fluid inclusions as indicators of the nature and source of ore fluids and ore depositional conditions for Archaean gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. Trans. Geol. Soc. South Africa 88, 149-158.
67. Hoffman, P.F., 1989. Speculations on Laurentia's first giga year. Geology 17, 135-138.
68. Holland, H.D., 1984. The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 582 pp.
69. Ingersoll, R.V., Busby, C.J., 1995. Tectonics of sedimentary basins. In: Busby, C.J., Ingersoll, R.V. (Eds.), Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 1-52.
70. Isachsen, C.E., Bowring, S.A., 1994. Evolution of the Slave craton. Geology 22, 917-920.
71. Ishiwatari, A., 1994. Circum-Pacific Phanerozoic multiple ophiolite belts. Proc. 29th International Geol. Congr. Part D, pp. 7-28.
72. Jenkyns, H.C., 1980. Cretaceous anoxic events: from continents to oceans. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 139, 171-188.
73. Kasting, J.F., 1987. Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian Res. 34, 205-229.
74. Kasting, J.F., 1993. Earth's early atmosphere. Science 259, 920-926.
75. Kent, A.J.R., Hagemann, S.G., 1996. Constraints on the timing of lode-gold mineralisation in the Wiluna greenstone belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 43, 573-588.
76. 39Ar and U-Pb age constraints on the timing of gold mineralization in the Kalgoorlie Gold Field, Western Australia. Econ. Geol. 90, 845-849.
77. Kent, R.W., Hardarson, B.S., Saunders, A.D., Storey, M., 1996. Plateaux ancient and modern: geochemical and sedimentological perspectives on Archaean oceanic magmatism. Lithos 37, 129-142.
78. Kerrich, R., Cassidy, K.F., 1994. Temporal relationships of lode gold mineralization to accretion, magmatism and deformation - Archaean to present: a review. Ore Geol. Rev. 9, 263-310.
79. Kerrich, R., Wyman, D.A., 1990. The geodynamic setting of mesothermal gold deposits: an association with accretionary tectonic regimes. Geology 18, 882-885.
80. Kerrich, R., Wyman, D.A., 1994. The mesothermal gold-lampropyre association: significance for an accretionary geodynamic setting, supercontinent cycles, and metallogenic processes. Miner. Petrol. 51, 147-172.
81. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J., 1992. Proterozoic iron formations. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Proterozoic Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 139-146.
82. Krapez, B., 1993. Sequence stratigraphy of the Archaean supracrustal belts of the Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 60, 1-45.
83. Krapez, B., 1996. Sequence-stratigraphic concepts applied to the identification of basin-filling rhythms in Precambrian successions. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 43, 355-380.
84. Krapez, B., 1997. Sequence-stratigraphic concepts applied to the identification of depositional basins and global tectonic cycles. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 44, 1-36.
85. Krogstad, E.J., Balakrishnan, S., Munkhopadhyay, D.K., Rajamani, V., Hanson, G.N., 1989. Plate tectonics 2.5 billion years ago: evidence at Kolar, South India. Science 243, 1337-1340.
86. Kröner, A., 1991. Tectonic evolution in the Archaean and Proterozoic. Tectonophysics 187, 393-410.
87. Larson, R.L., 1991a. Latest pulse of Earth: evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume. Geology 19, 547-550.
88. Larson, R.L., 1991b. Geological consequences of superplumes. Geology 19, 963-966.
89. Larson, R.L., Olson, P., 1991. Mantle plumes control magnetic reversal frequency. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 107, 437-447.
90. Lesher, C.M., Arndt, N.T., Groves, D.I., 1984. Genesis of komatiite-associated nickel sulphide deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia - a distal volcanic assimilation model. In: Buchanan D.L., Jones, M.I. (Eds.), Sulphide Deposits in Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp. 70-80.
91. Martin, A., Nisbet, E.G., Bickle, M.J., 1980. Archaean stromatolites of the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Precambrian Res. 13, 337-362.
92. Marston, R.J., Groves, D.I., Hudson, D.R., Ross, J.R., 1981. Nickel sulphide deposits in Western Australia: a review. Econ. Geol. 76, 1330-1363.
93. McDonough, W.F., 1990. Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 101, 1-18.
94. Morgan, W.J., 1972. Deep-mantle convection plumes and plate tectonics. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull. 86, 203-213.
95. Mueller, W., Donaldson, J.A., 1992. Development of sedimentary basins in the Archaean Abitibi belt, Canada: an overview. Can. J. Earth Sci. 29, 2249-2265.
96. Mueller, W., Donaldson, J.A., Doucet, P., 1994. Volcanic and tectono-plutonic sedimentation in the Archaean Kirkland Basin, Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada. Precambrian Res. 68, 201-230.
97. Nance, R.D., Worsely, T.R., Moody, J.B., 1986. Post-Archaean biogeochemical cycles and long-term episodicity in tectonic processes. Geology 14, 514-518.
98. Nance, R.D., Worsely, T.R., Moody, J.B., 1988. The supercontinent cycle. Scientific American, July, 72-79.
99. Nelson, D. R., Swager, C.P., Ahmat, A.L., Smithies, R.H., 1995. U-Pb zircon dating of Archaean greenstones from the Eastern Goldfields. Geol. Surv. West. Aust., Ann. Rev. 1993-4, 87-91.
100. Nutman, A.P., Kinny, P.D., Compston, W., Williams, I.S., 1991. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Narryer Gneiss Complex, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 52, 275-300.
101. Ohmoto, H., 1992. Biogeochemistry of sulphur and the mechanisms of sulphide-sulphate mineralization in Archaean oceans. In: Schidlowski, M. (Ed.), Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources. Springer, Berlin, pp. 378-397.
102. Ohmoto, H., Felder, R.P., 1987. Bacterial activity in warmer, sulphate-bearing, Archaean oceans. Nature 328, 244-246.
103. Ohmoto, H., Kakegawa, T., Lowe, D.R., 1993. 3.4-billion-year-old biogenic pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: sulphur isotope evidence. Science 262, 555-557.
104. Osozawa, S., 1994. Plate reconstruction based on age data of Japanese accretionary complexes. Geology 22, 1135-1138.
105. Perkins, C., Walshe, J.L., Morrison, G., 1996. Metallogenic episodes of the Tasman fold belt system, Eastern Australia. Econ. Geol. 90, 1443-1466.
106. Poulsen, K.H., Card, K.D., Franklin, J.M., 1992. Archaean tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Precambrian Res. 58, 25-54.
107. Powell, C.McA., Li, Z.X., McElhinny, M.W., Meert, J.G., Park, J.K., 1993. Paleomagnetic constraints on timing of the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia and the Cambrian formation of Gondwana. Geology 21, 889-892.
108. Powell, C.McA., Preiss, W.V., Gatehouse, C.G., Krapez, B., Li, Z.X., 1994. South Australian record of a Rodinian epicontinental basin and its mid-Neoproterozoic ( ∼ 700 Ma) breakup to form the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean. Tectonophysics 237, 113-140.
109. Preston, W.A., 1990. Economic development in the minerals industry. Geol. Surv. West. Aust., Monograph 3, 605-615.
110. Ringwood, A.E., 1989. Constitution and evolution of the mantle. Geol. Soc. Aust., Spec. Publ. 14, 457-485.
111. Schidlowski, M., Hayes, J.M., Kaplan, I.R., 1983. Isotopic inferences of ancient biochemistries: carbon, sulphur, hydrogen and nitrogen, In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), The Earth's Earliest Biosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 149-186.
112. Schoell, M., Wellmer, F.W., 1981. Anomalous 13C depletion in early Precambrian graphites from the Superior Province, Canada. Nature 290, 696-699.
113. Schopf, J.W., Packer, B.M., 1987. Early Archaean (3.3-billion to 3.6 billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia. Science 237, 70-73.
114. Spooner, E.T.C., Barrie, C.T., 1993. Preface: special issue devoted to Abitibi ore deposits in a modern context. Econ. Geol. 88, 1307-1322.
115. Stein, M., Hoffman, A.W., 1994. Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth. Nature 372, 63-67.
116. Storey, B.C., 1995. The role of mantle plumes in continental breakup: case histories from Gondwanaland. Nature 377, 301-308.
117. Storey, M., Mahoney, J.J., Kroenke, L.W., Saunders, A.D., 1991. Are oceanic plateaus sites of komatiite formation? Geology 19, 376-379.
118. Tarney, J., Dalziel, I.W.D., De Wit, M.J., 1976. Marginal basin 'Rocas Verdes' complex from south Chile: a model for Archaean greenstone belt formation. In: Windley, B.F. (Ed.), The Early History of the Earth. Wiley, New York, pp. 131-145.
119. Thurston, P.C., Chivers, K.M., 1990. Secular variation in greenstone sequence development emphasizing Superior Province, Canada. Precambrian Res. 46, 21-58.
120. Titley, S.R., 1991. Phanerozoic ocean cycles and sedimentary rock hosted gold ores. Geology 19, 645-648.
121. Titley, S.R., 1993. The relationship of stratabound ores with tectonic cycles of the Phanerozoic and Precambrian. Precambrian Res. 61, 295-322.
122. Vaughan, A.P.M., 1995. Circum-Pacific mid-Cretaceous deformation and uplift: a superplume-related event. Geology 23, 491-494.
123. Van Houten, F.B. and Arthur, M.A., 1989. Temporal patterns among Phanerozoic oolitic ironstones and ocean anoxia. In: Young T.P., Taylor, W.E.G. (Eds.), Phanerozoic Ironstones. Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 46, 33-49.
124. Vearncombe, S., Barley, M.E., Groves, D.I., McNaughton, N.J., Mikucki, E.J., Vearncombe, J.R., 1995. 3.26 Ga black smoker-type mineralization in the Strelley Belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 152, 587-590.
125. Veevers, J.J., 1989. Middle/Late Triassic (230±5 Ma) singularity in the stratigraphic and magmatic history of the Pangean heat anomaly. Geology 17, 784-787.
126. Walshe, J.L., Heithersay, P.S., Morrison, G.W., 1996. Toward an understanding of the metallogeny of the Tasman fold belt system. Econ. Geol. 90, 1382-1401.
127. Walter, M.R., Buick, R., Dunlop, J.S.R., 1980. Stromatolites 3400-3500 Myr old from the North Pole area, Western Australia. Nature 284, 443-445.
128. White, R., McKenzie, D., 1989. Magmatism at rift zones: the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685-7729.
129. Wilson, M., 1993. Geochemical signatures of oceanic and continental basalts: a key to mantle dynamics? J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150, 977-990.
130. Wilson, J.F., Nesbitt, R.W., Fanning, C.M., 1995. Zircon geochronology of Archaean felsic sequences in the Zimbabwe Craton: a revision of greenstone stratigraphy and a model for crustal growth. In: Coward, M.P., A.C. Ries (Eds.), Early Precambrian Processes. Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 95, 109-126.
131. Worsley, T.R., Nance, D., Moody, J.B., 1984. Global tectonics and eustacy for the past 2 billion years. Marine Geol. 58, 373-400.
132. Worsley, T.R., Nance, D., Moody, J.B., 1986. Tectonic cycles and the history of the Earth's biochemical and paleoceanographic record. Paleooceanography 1, 233-263.
133. Xie, Q., Kerrich, R., Fan, J., 1993. HFSE/REE fractionations recorded in three komatiite-basalt sequences, Archaean Abitibi Belt: implications for plume sources and depths. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 4111-4118.