메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 125-136

Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive pathogens in Saudi Arabia

Author keywords

MRSA; Multidrug resistant; Saudi Arabia; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; VRE

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; BETA LACTAM; CEFOTAXIME; CEFPROZIL; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GATIFLOXACIN; GENTAMICIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; NITROFURANTOIN; OFLOXACIN; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PENICILLIN G; RIFAMPICIN; ROXITHROMYCIN; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TETRACYCLINE; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84866261875     PISSN: 1120009X     EISSN: 19739478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/1973947812Y.0000000010     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (128)
  • 1
    • 77958171606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Hajj: Communicable and non-communicable health hazards and current guidance for pilgrims
    • Memish ZA. The Hajj: communicable and non-communicable health hazards and current guidance for pilgrims. Euro Surveill. 2010;15:19671.
    • (2010) Euro Surveill , vol.15 , pp. 19671
    • Memish, Z.A.1
  • 2
    • 35348850722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: Impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998-2003)
    • Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, Kluytmans J, Hedblom EC, Jacobson C, et al. National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998-2003). Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1132-40.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1132-1140
    • Noskin, G.A.1    Rubin, R.J.2    Schentag, J.J.3    Kluytmans, J.4    Hedblom, E.C.5    Jacobson, C.6
  • 3
    • 0032551901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcus aureus infections
    • Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:520-32.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 520-532
    • Lowy, F.D.1
  • 4
    • 0026062881 scopus 로고
    • Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection
    • Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med. 1991;91:72S-5S.
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91
    • Schaberg, D.R.1    Culver, D.H.2    Gaynes, R.P.3
  • 5
    • 69949111769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: Global estimates
    • O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet. 2009;374:893-902.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 893-902
    • O'Brien, K.L.1    Wolfson, L.J.2    Watt, J.P.3    Henkle, E.4    Deloria-Knoll, M.5    McCall, N.6
  • 6
    • 24144482782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae: Description of the pathogen, disease epidemiology, treatment, and prevention
    • Bridy-Pappas AE, Margolis MB, Center KJ, Isaacman DJ. Streptococcus pneumoniae: description of the pathogen, disease epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:1193-212.
    • (2005) Pharmacotherapy , vol.25 , pp. 1193-1212
    • Bridy-Pappas, A.E.1    Margolis, M.B.2    Isaacman, D.J.3
  • 7
    • 0034073090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and micro- biological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia
    • McKenzie H, Reid N, Dijkhuizen RS. Clinical and micro- biological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:361-6.
    • (2000) J Med Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 361-366
    • McKenzie, H.1    Reid, N.2    Dijkhuizen, R.S.3
  • 8
    • 33644972747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from septicemic patients in Makkah hospitals
    • Asghar AH. Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from septicemic patients in Makkah hospitals. Saudi Med J. 2006;27:361-7.
    • (2006) Saudi Med J , vol.27 , pp. 361-367
    • Asghar, A.H.1
  • 9
    • 79551626834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a general intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia
    • Saeed NK, Kambal AM, El-Khizzi NA. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a general intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2010;31:1341-9.
    • (2010) Saudi Med J , vol.31 , pp. 1341-1349
    • Saeed, N.K.1    Kambal, A.M.2    El-Khizzi, N.A.3
  • 10
    • 70449709058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of health care associated bloodstream infections at a general hospital in Saudi Arabia
    • Al-Tawfiq JA, Abed MS. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of health care associated bloodstream infections at a general hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:1213-8.
    • (2009) Saudi Med J , vol.30 , pp. 1213-1218
    • Al-Tawfiq, J.A.1    Abed, M.S.2
  • 11
    • 4744375310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a pediatric intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia: A 30-month prospective surveil-lance
    • Almuneef M, Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, Alalem H, Abutaleb A. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a pediatric intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia: a 30-month prospective surveil-lance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:753-8.
    • (2004) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.25 , pp. 753-758
    • Almuneef, M.1    Memish, Z.A.2    Balkhy, H.H.3    Alalem, H.4    Abutaleb, A.5
  • 12
    • 0036484841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infections, and misuse of antibiotics in a provincial community hospital, Saudi Arabia
    • Al-Ghamdi S, Gedebou M, Bilal NE. Nosocomial infections and misuse of antibiotics in a provincial community hospital, Saudi Arabia. J Hosp Infect. 2002;50:115-21.
    • (2002) J Hosp Infect , vol.50 , pp. 115-121
    • Al-Ghamdi, S.1    Gedebou, M.2    Bilal, N.E.3
  • 13
    • 34347381039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of nosocomial infections at a Saudi Arabian military hospital for a one-year period
    • Doc06
    • Abdel-Fattah MM. Surveillance of nosocomial infections at a Saudi Arabian military hospital for a one-year period. Ger Med Sci. 2005;3:Doc06.
    • (2005) Ger Med Sci , vol.3
    • Abdel-Fattah, M.M.1
  • 14
    • 0025864725 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a Saudi Arabian teaching hospital
    • Abussaud MJ. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a Saudi Arabian teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect. 1991;17:235-8.
    • (1991) J Hosp Infect , vol.17 , pp. 235-238
    • Abussaud, M.J.1
  • 17
    • 18944398521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of current agents used in the treatment of Gram-positive infections and the consequences of resistance
    • Segreti J. Efficacy of current agents used in the treatment of Gram-positive infections and the consequences of resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11Suppl 3:29-35.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.3 , Issue.11 SUPPL. , pp. 29-35
    • Segreti, J.1
  • 19
    • 80052889267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria in Makkah hospitals
    • Asghar AH. Frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria in Makkah hospitals. Ann Saudi Med. 2011;31:462-8.
    • (2011) Ann Saudi Med , vol.31 , pp. 462-468
    • Asghar, A.H.1
  • 20
    • 0028951636 scopus 로고
    • The worldwide prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Voss A, Doebbeling BN. The worldwide prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1995;5:101-6.
    • (1995) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.5 , pp. 101-106
    • Voss, A.1    Doebbeling, B.N.2
  • 21
    • 0024546588 scopus 로고
    • World-wide antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Maple PA, Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W. World-wide antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 1989;1:537-40.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 537-540
    • Maple, P.A.1    Hamilton-Miller, J.M.2    Brumfitt, W.3
  • 22
    • 70249089650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: A review of the global challenge
    • Woodford N, Livermore DM. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: a review of the global challenge. J Infect. 2009;59Suppl 1:S4-16.
    • (2009) J Infect , vol.1 , Issue.59 SUPPL.
    • Woodford, N.1    Livermore, D.M.2
  • 23
    • 15944419940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: Mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges
    • Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:166-74.
    • (2005) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.26 , pp. 166-174
    • Cosgrove, S.E.1    Qi, Y.2    Kaye, K.S.3    Harbarth, S.4    Karchmer, A.W.5    Carmeli, Y.6
  • 24
    • 0037371388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection
    • Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG, Bronstein MZ, Trivette SL, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:592-8.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 592-598
    • Engemann, J.J.1    Carmeli, Y.2    Cosgrove, S.E.3    Fowler, V.G.4    Bronstein, M.Z.5    Trivette, S.L.6
  • 25
    • 0024604271 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1188-96.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 1188-1196
    • Brumfitt, W.1    Hamilton-Miller, J.2
  • 26
    • 78449263231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: Is Europe winning the fight?
    • Struelens MJ, Monnet DL. Prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: is Europe winning the fight? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31Suppl 1:S42-S44.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.1 , Issue.31 SUPPL.
    • Struelens, M.J.1    Monnet, D.L.2
  • 27
    • 0034747943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence, mechanism, and clinical implications of reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Geisel R, Schmitz FJ, Fluit AC, Labischinski H. Emergence, mechanism, and clinical implications of reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20:685-97.
    • (2001) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 685-697
    • Geisel, R.1    Schmitz, F.J.2    Fluit, A.C.3    Labischinski, H.4
  • 28
    • 0037442366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, United States, 1997-2001
    • Fridkin SK, Hageman J, McDougal LK, Mohammed J, Jarvis WR, Perl TM, et al. Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, United States, 1997-2001. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:429-39.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 429-439
    • Fridkin, S.K.1    Hageman, J.2    McDougal, L.K.3    Mohammed, J.4    Jarvis, W.R.5    Perl, T.M.6
  • 29
    • 0037417230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene
    • Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, Boulton ML, Tenover FC, Downes FP, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1342-7.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1342-1347
    • Chang, S.1    Sievert, D.M.2    Hageman, J.C.3    Boulton, M.L.4    Tenover, F.C.5    Downes, F.P.6
  • 30
    • 0028308847 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns
    • Zaman R, Dibb WL. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Saudi Arabia: epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns. J Hosp Infect. 1994;26:297-300.
    • (1994) J Hosp Infect , vol.26 , pp. 297-300
    • Zaman, R.1    Dibb, W.L.2
  • 31
    • 0028358331 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylo-cocci in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
    • Shibl AM, Tawfik AF, Khan AM, Qadri SM, Imambaccus Y, Ramadan MA. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylo-cocci in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994;33:1255-7.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 1255-1257
    • Shibl, A.M.1    Tawfik, A.F.2    Khan, A.M.3    Qadri, S.M.4    Imambaccus, Y.5    Ramadan, M.A.6
  • 33
    • 0035700774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a Saudi university hospital
    • Bukharie HA, Abdelhadi MS. The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a Saudi university hospital. Microb Drug Resist. 2001;7:413-6.
    • (2001) Microb Drug Resist , vol.7 , pp. 413-416
    • Bukharie, H.A.1    Abdelhadi, M.S.2
  • 35
    • 0036656610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and clinical features of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
    • Madani TA. Epidemiology and clinical features of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Can J Infect Dis. 2002;13:245-50.
    • (2002) Can J Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 245-250
    • Madani, T.A.1
  • 37
    • 0034261456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcus aureus as a paradigm of a persistent problem of bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia
    • Bilal NE, Gedebou M. Staphylococcus aureus as a paradigm of a persistent problem of bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6:948-54.
    • (2000) East Mediterr Health J , vol.6 , pp. 948-954
    • Bilal, N.E.1    Gedebou, M.2
  • 38
    • 0033785955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasal carriage and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospital and non-hospital personnel in Abha, Saudi Arabia
    • Alghaithy AA, Bilal NE, Gedebou M, Weily AH. Nasal carriage and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospital and non-hospital personnel in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:504-7.
    • (2000) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.94 , pp. 504-507
    • Alghaithy, A.A.1    Bilal, N.E.2    Gedebou, M.3    Weily, A.H.4
  • 39
    • 0036223880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endemic nosocomial infections and misuse of antibiotics in a maternity hospital in Saudi Arabia
    • Bilal NE, Gedebou M, Al-Ghamdi S. Endemic nosocomial infections and misuse of antibiotics in a maternity hospital in Saudi Arabia. APMIS. 2002;110:140-7.
    • (2002) APMIS , vol.110 , pp. 140-147
    • Bilal, N.E.1    Gedebou, M.2    Al-Ghamdi, S.3
  • 40
    • 24044480937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chloramphenicol susceptible methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in eastern region of Saudi Arabia
    • Panhotra BR, Saxena AK, Al-Mulhim AS. Chloramphenicol susceptible methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2005;26:1149-51.
    • (2005) Saudi Med J , vol.26 , pp. 1149-1151
    • Panhotra, B.R.1    Saxena, A.K.2    Al-Mulhim, A.S.3
  • 41
    • 33744900359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-and community-acquired infections: A point prevalence and risk factors survey in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia
    • Balkhy HH, Cunningham G, Chew FK, Francis C, Al Nakhli DJ, Almuneef MA, et al. Hospital-and community-acquired infections: a point prevalence and risk factors survey in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10:326-33.
    • (2006) Int J Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 326-333
    • Balkhy, H.H.1    Cunningham, G.2    Chew, F.K.3    Francis, C.4    Al, N.D.J.5    Almuneef, M.A.6
  • 43
    • 33845994044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in antibiotic susceptibility patterns and epidemiology of MRSA isolates from several hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Baddour MM, AbuElKheir MM, Fatani AJ. Trends in antibiotic susceptibility patterns and epidemiology of MRSA isolates from several hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006;5:30.
    • (2006) Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob , vol.5 , pp. 30
    • Baddour, M.M.1    Abuelkheir, M.M.2    Fatani, A.J.3
  • 44
    • 29044442872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Saudi hospitals
    • Asghar AH, Momenah AM. Methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Saudi hospitals. Med Princ Pract. 2006;15:52-5.
    • (2006) Med Princ Pract , vol.15 , pp. 52-55
    • Asghar, A.H.1    Momenah, A.M.2
  • 45
    • 78049445047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro ciprofloxacin resistance patterns of gram-positive bacteria isolated from clinical specimens in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia
    • Akhtar N, Alzahrani A, Obeid O, Dassal D. In vitro ciprofloxacin resistance patterns of gram-positive bacteria isolated from clinical specimens in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21:54-6.
    • (2009) J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad , vol.21 , pp. 54-56
    • Akhtar, N.1    Alzahrani, A.2    Obeid, O.3    Dassal, D.4
  • 46
    • 33750554933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a Saudi Arabian Hospital, 1999-2003
    • Al-Tawfiq JA. Incidence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a Saudi Arabian Hospital, 1999-2003. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:1137-9.
    • (2006) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.27 , pp. 1137-1139
    • Al-Tawfiq, J.A.1
  • 47
    • 0034787718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and susceptibility of 3,051 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 25 university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY study
    • Fluit AC, Wielders CL, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. Epidemiology and susceptibility of 3,051 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 25 university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY study. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:3727-32.
    • (2001) J Clin Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 3727-3732
    • Fluit, A.C.1    Wielders, C.L.2    Verhoef, J.3    Schmitz, F.J.4
  • 48
    • 9644295892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:470-85.
    • (2004) Am J Infect Control , vol.32 , pp. 470-485
  • 49
    • 67649382973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from out-patient clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Moussa I, Shibl AM. Molecular characterization of methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from out-patient clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:611-7.
    • (2009) Saudi Med J , vol.30 , pp. 611-617
    • Moussa, I.1    Shibl, A.M.2
  • 50
    • 78349310627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing threat of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Bukharie HA. Increasing threat of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med Sci. 2010;340:378-81.
    • (2010) Am J Med Sci , vol.340 , pp. 378-381
    • Bukharie, H.A.1
  • 51
    • 74749101213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Saudi Arabian children
    • Bukhari EE, Al-Otaibi FE. Severe community-acquired infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Saudi Arabian children. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:1595-600. 71
    • (2009) Saudi Med J , vol.30 , Issue.71 , pp. 1595-1600
    • Bukhari, E.E.1    Al-Otaibi, F.E.2
  • 52
    • 0032564902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with 72 no identified predisposing risk
    • Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, Lauderdale DS, Gaskin RE, Boyle-Vavra S, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with 72 no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998;279:593-8.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 593-598
    • Herold, B.C.1    Immergluck, L.C.2    Maranan, M.C.3    Lauderdale, D.S.4    Gaskin, R.E.5    Boyle-Vavra, S.6
  • 53
    • 0031967785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical experience and outcomes of community-acquired and 73 nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a northern Australian hospital
    • Maguire GP, Arthur AD, Boustead PJ, Dwyer B, Currie BJ. Clinical experience and outcomes of community-acquired and 73 nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a northern Australian hospital. J Hosp Infect. 1998;38:273-81.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.38 , pp. 273-281
    • Maguire, G.P.1    Arthur, A.D.2    Boustead, P.J.3    Dwyer, B.4    Currie, B.J.5
  • 56
    • 24744463154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among patients at the time of admission to the hospital
    • Panhotra BR, Saxena AK, Al Mulhim AS. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among patients at the time of admission to the hospital. Ann Saudi Med. 2005;25:304-8.
    • (2005) Ann Saudi Med , vol.25 , pp. 304-308
    • Panhotra, B.R.1    Saxena, A.K.2    Al, M.A.S.3
  • 57
    • 0036588162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus and associated risk factors on admis-sion to a specialist care eye hospital
    • Islam SI, Moore C. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus and associated risk factors on admis-sion to a specialist care eye hospital. Ann Saudi Med. 2002;22:153-7.
    • (2002) Ann Saudi Med , vol.22 , pp. 153-157
    • Islam, S.I.1    Moore, C.2
  • 58
    • 78650073062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization among healthcare workers at a specialist hospital in Saudi Arabia
    • Ahmad S. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization among healthcare workers at a specialist hospital in Saudi Arabia. JCDR. 2010;4:2438-41.
    • (2010) JCDR , vol.4 , pp. 2438-2441
    • Ahmad, S.1
  • 59
    • 0031406402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic homogeneity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from Saudi Arabia
    • van BA, Vandenbergh M, Kessie G, Qadri SM, Lee G, van den Braak N, et al. Genetic homogeneity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from Saudi Arabia. Microb Drug Resist. 1997;3:365-9.
    • (1997) Microb Drug Resist , vol.3 , pp. 365-369
    • van, B.A.1    Vandenbergh, M.2    Kessie, G.3    Qadri, S.M.4    Lee, G.5    Van Den, B.N.6
  • 60
    • 25144432766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International spread of major clones of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Nosocomial endemicity of multi locus sequence type 239 in Saudi Arabia and Romania
    • Cirlan M, Saad M, Coman G, Bilal NE, Elbashier AM, Kreft D, et al. International spread of major clones of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: nosocomial endemicity of multi locus sequence type 239 in Saudi Arabia and Romania. Infect Genet Evol. 2005;5:335-9.
    • (2005) Infect Genet Evol , vol.5 , pp. 335-339
    • Cirlan, M.1    Saad, M.2    Coman, G.3    Bilal, N.E.4    Elbashier, A.M.5    Kreft, D.6
  • 61
    • 33644637478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: A proposal for a new nomenclature for SCCmec elements
    • Chongtrakool P, Ito T, Ma XX, Kondo Y, Trakulsomboon S, Tiensasitorn C, et al. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: a proposal for a new nomenclature for SCCmec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1001-12.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 1001-1012
    • Chongtrakool, P.1    Ito, T.2    Ma, X.X.3    Kondo, Y.4    Trakulsomboon, S.5    Tiensasitorn, C.6
  • 62
    • 35449003602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from major hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Baddour MM, AbuElKheir MM, Fatani AJ, Bohol MF, Al-Ahdal MN. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from major hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Can J Microbiol. 2007;53:931-6.
    • (2007) Can J Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 931-936
    • Baddour, M.M.1    Abuelkheir, M.M.2    Fatani, A.J.3    Bohol, M.F.4    Al-Ahdal, M.N.5
  • 63
    • 5444226347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern comparisons among blood-stream infection isolates from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2002)
    • Biedenbach DJ, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern comparisons among blood-stream infection isolates from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2002). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;50:59-69.
    • (2004) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 59-69
    • Biedenbach, D.J.1    Moet, G.J.2    Jones, R.N.3
  • 64
    • 0036189056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-resistant enterococci: The mechanisms and dynamics of drug introduction and resistance
    • Shepard BD, Gilmore MS. Antibiotic-resistant enterococci: the mechanisms and dynamics of drug introduction and resistance. Microbes Infect. 2002;4:215-24.
    • (2002) Microbes Infect , vol.4 , pp. 215-224
    • Shepard, B.D.1    Gilmore, M.S.2
  • 65
    • 34249799031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from North America and Europe: A report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveil- lance program
    • Deshpande LM, Fritsche TR, Moet GJ, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from North America and Europe: a report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveil- lance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;58:163-70.
    • (2007) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.58 , pp. 163-170
    • Deshpande, L.M.1    Fritsche, T.R.2    Moet, G.J.3    Biedenbach, D.J.4    Jones, R.N.5
  • 66
    • 0032578644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence and epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Australia
    • Bell J, Turnidge J, Coombs G, O'Brien F. Emergence and epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Australia. Commun Dis Intell. 1998;22:249-52.
    • (1998) Commun Dis Intell , vol.22 , pp. 249-252
    • Bell, J.1    Turnidge, J.2    Coombs, G.3    O'Brien, F.4
  • 67
    • 34547522004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and molecular characteriza-tion of vancomycin resistant Enterococci isolates in India
    • Khudaier BY, Tewari R, Shafiani S, Sharma M, Emmanuel R, Sharma M, et al. Epidemiology and molecular characteriza-tion of vancomycin resistant Enterococci isolates in India. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39:662-70.
    • (2007) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 662-670
    • Khudaier, B.Y.1    Tewari, R.2    Shafiani, S.3    Sharma, M.4    Emmanuel, R.5    Sharma, M.6
  • 68
    • 77952981099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from haematological malignancy patients in a research hospital in Turkey
    • Kirdar S, Sener AG, Arslan U, Yurtsever SG. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from haematological malignancy patients in a research hospital in Turkey. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59:660-4.
    • (2010) J Med Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 660-664
    • Kirdar, S.1    Sener, A.G.2    Arslan, U.3    Yurtsever, S.G.4
  • 69
    • 19444387083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains isolated from animals and humans in Korea
    • Song JY, Hwang IS, Eom JS, Cheong HJ, Bae WK, Park YH, et al. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains isolated from animals and humans in Korea. Korean J Intern Med. 2005;20:55-62.
    • (2005) Korean J Intern Med , vol.20 , pp. 55-62
    • Song, J.Y.1    Hwang, I.S.2    Eom, J.S.3    Cheong, H.J.4    Bae, W.K.5    Park, Y.H.6
  • 70
    • 84872210701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: A prospective, multicenter bacteremia in a teaching hospital in the Central region of Saudi Arabia
    • Panesso D, Reyes J, Rincon S, Diaz L, Galloway-Pena J, Zurita J, et al. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: a prospective, multicenter bacteremia in a teaching hospital in the Central region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25:21-5.
    • (2004) Saudi Med J , vol.25 , pp. 21-25
    • Panesso, D.1    Reyes, J.2    Rincon, S.3    Diaz, L.4    Galloway-Pena, J.5    Zurita, J.6
  • 71
    • 34347342977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infective endocarditis at a tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia: Review of 47 cases over 10 years
    • Nashmi A, Memish ZA. Infective endocarditis at a tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia: review of 47 cases over 10 years. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13:64-71.
    • (2007) East Mediterr Health J , vol.13 , pp. 64-71
    • Nashmi, A.1    Memish, Z.A.2
  • 72
    • 71049151219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infective endocarditis at a hospital in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology, bacterial pathogens and outcome
    • Al-Tawfiq JA, Sufi I. Infective endocarditis at a hospital in Saudi Arabia: epidemiology, bacterial pathogens and outcome. Ann Saudi Med. 2009;29:433-6.
    • (2009) Ann Saudi Med , vol.29 , pp. 433-436
    • Al-Tawfiq, J.A.1    Sufi, I.2
  • 73
    • 0029456320 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract infection at a specialist hospital in Saudi Arabia
    • Ahmad S, Ahmad F. Urinary tract infection at a specialist hospital in Saudi Arabia. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1995;21:95-8.
    • (1995) Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull , vol.21 , pp. 95-98
    • Ahmad, S.1    Ahmad, F.2
  • 74
    • 1342332107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enterococcal bacteremia in a teaching hospital in the Central region of Saudi Arabia
    • Al-Otaibi FE, Kambal AM, Baabbad RA. Enterococcal bacteremia in a teaching hospital in the Central region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25:21-5.
    • (2004) Saudi Med J , vol.25 , pp. 21-25
    • Al-Otaibi, F.E.1    Kambal, A.M.2    Baabbad, R.A.3
  • 76
    • 9344251084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteriologic profile and drug resistance in pediatric patients with symptomatic bacteriuria
    • al-Mugeiren MM, Qadri SM. Bacteriologic profile and drug resistance in pediatric patients with symptomatic bacteriuria. Clin Ther. 1996;18:295-300.
    • (1996) Clin Ther , vol.18 , pp. 295-300
    • Al-Mugeiren, M.M.1    Qadri, S.M.2
  • 77
    • 0025665160 scopus 로고
    • Comparative in-vitro activity of fourteen antibiotics against clinical isolates of enterococci
    • Abd-Elalim Eltahawy AT, Fouad Khalaf RM. Comparative in-vitro activity of fourteen antibiotics against clinical isolates of enterococci. J Chemother. 1990;2:351-4.
    • (1990) J Chemother , vol.2 , pp. 351-354
    • Abd-Elalim, E.A.T.1    Fouad, K.R.M.2
  • 79
    • 59049092025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a Saudi Arabian hospital
    • Al-Tawfiq JA, Anani AA. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Chemotherapy. 2009;55:127-31.
    • (2009) Chemotherapy , vol.55 , pp. 127-131
    • Al-Tawfiq, J.A.1    Anani, A.A.2
  • 80
    • 0030499368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-level, multiresistant enterococci associated with systemic disease: A report of two cases
    • Qadri SM, Ellis ME, Al-Rabiah F, Ernst P, Ingemansson S. High-level, multiresistant enterococci associated with systemic disease: A report of two cases. Ann Saudi Med. 1996;16:682-5.
    • (1996) Ann Saudi Med , vol.16 , pp. 682-685
    • Qadri, S.M.1    Ellis, M.E.2    Al-Rabiah, F.3    Ernst, P.4    Ingemansson, S.5
  • 83
    • 47249163835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of VanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from Saudi Arabian hospitals reveals the presence of clonal cluster 17 and two new Tn1546 lineage types
    • Khan MA, van der Wal M, Farrell DJ, Cossins L, van BA, Alaidan A, et al. Analysis of VanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from Saudi Arabian hospitals reveals the presence of clonal cluster 17 and two new Tn1546 lineage types. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:279-83.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , pp. 279-283
    • Khan, M.A.1    Van Der, W.M.2    Farrell, D.J.3    Cossins, L.4    van, B.A.5    Alaidan, A.6
  • 84
    • 0030511904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) as normal flora of the intestine in patients at a tertiary care hospital
    • Qadri SM, Postle AG. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) as normal flora of the intestine in patients at a tertiary care hospital. Ann Saudi Med. 1996;16:625-8.
    • (1996) Ann Saudi Med , vol.16 , pp. 625-628
    • Qadri, S.M.1    Postle, A.G.2
  • 85
    • 0035873658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and geographic resistance pat-terns of enterococci: Results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999
    • Low DE, Keller N, Barth A, Jones RN. Clinical prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and geographic resistance pat-terns of enterococci: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32Suppl 2: S133-S145.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.2 , Issue.32 SUPPL.
    • Low, D.E.1    Keller, N.2    Barth, A.3    Jones, R.N.4
  • 86
    • 34447558223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enterococci and streptococci
    • Amyes SG. Enterococci and streptococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;29Suppl 3: S43-S52.
    • (2007) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.3 , Issue.29 SUPPL.
    • Amyes, S.G.1
  • 87
    • 65449169610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antimicrobial resistance profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Reinert RR. The antimicrobial resistance profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15Suppl 3: 7-11.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.3 , Issue.15 SUPPL. , pp. 7-11
    • Reinert, R.R.1
  • 88
    • 77951092006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae: Epidemiology and risk factors, evolution of antimicrobial resistance, and impact of vaccines
    • Lynch JP, III, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology and risk factors, evolution of antimicrobial resistance, and impact of vaccines. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010;16:217-25.
    • (2010) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.16 , pp. 217-225
    • Lynch III, J.P.1    Zhanel, G.G.2
  • 89
    • 0346460306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic resis-tance and serotypes of recent clinical isolates
    • Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, Shibl AM, Barrozo CP, Gray GC. Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia: antibiotic resis-tance and serotypes of recent clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;23:32-8.
    • (2004) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.23 , pp. 32-38
    • Memish, Z.A.1    Balkhy, H.H.2    Shibl, A.M.3    Barrozo, C.P.4    Gray, G.C.5
  • 90
    • 36549080877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence and trends of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait -perspective and outstanding issues
    • Memish ZA, Osoba AO, Shibl AM, Mokaddas E, Venkatesh S, Rotimi VO. Emergence and trends of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait -perspective and outstanding issues. J Chemother. 2007;19:471-81.
    • (2007) J Chemother , vol.19 , pp. 471-481
    • Memish, Z.A.1    Osoba, A.O.2    Shibl, A.M.3    Mokaddas, E.4    Venkatesh, S.5    Rotimi, V.O.6
  • 91
    • 30344469401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escalation of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: Implications for therapy
    • Lynch JP, III, Zhanel GG. Escalation of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for therapy. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;26:575-616.
    • (2005) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 575-616
    • Lynch III, J.P.1    Zhanel, G.G.2
  • 92
    • 20844432547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of Streptococcus pneumonia infection treatment failures associated with fluoroquinolone resistance
    • Fuller JD, Low DE. A review of Streptococcus pneumonia infection treatment failures associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:118-21.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 118-121
    • Fuller, J.D.1    Low, D.E.2
  • 93
    • 42549097102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the threshold: Defining clinically meaningful resistance thresholds for antibiotic choice in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Daneman N, Low DE, McGeer A, Green KA, Fisman DN. At the threshold: defining clinically meaningful resistance thresholds for antibiotic choice in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1131-8.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. 1131-1138
    • Daneman, N.1    Low, D.E.2    McGeer, A.3    Green, K.A.4    Fisman, D.N.5
  • 96
    • 40449123690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in antibacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA: Update from PROTEKT US Years 1-4
    • Jenkins SG, Brown SD, Farrell DJ. Trends in antibacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA: update from PROTEKT US Years 1-4. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2008;7:1.
    • (2008) Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob , vol.7 , pp. 1
    • Jenkins, S.G.1    Brown, S.D.2    Farrell, D.J.3
  • 97
    • 63149089810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae: Does antimicrobial resistance matter?
    • Lynch JP, III, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: does antimicrobial resistance matter? Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;30:210-38.
    • (2009) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 210-238
    • Lynch III, J.P.1    Zhanel, G.G.2
  • 98
    • 40449106129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance and serotype distribution in Kuwait for disease treatment and prevention
    • Mokaddas EM, Rotimi VO, Albert MJ. Implications of Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance and serotype distribution in Kuwait for disease treatment and prevention. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:203-7.
    • (2008) Clin Vaccine Immunol , vol.15 , pp. 203-207
    • Mokaddas, E.M.1    Rotimi, V.O.2    Albert, M.J.3
  • 99
    • 0001291428 scopus 로고
    • A resistant pneumococcus
    • Hansman D, Bullen MM. A resistant pneumococcus. Lancet. 1967;ii:2164-5.
    • (1967) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 2164-2165
    • Hansman, D.1    Bullen, M.M.2
  • 100
    • 0021084096 scopus 로고
    • A penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae; case report
    • Chowdhury MN. A penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae; case report. Trop Geogr Med. 1983;35:309-11.
    • (1983) Trop Geogr Med , vol.35 , pp. 309-311
    • Chowdhury, M.N.1
  • 101
    • 0022602665 scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and their minimal inhibitory concentration to penicillin in Riyadh
    • Mahgoub ES, Hussein SS. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and their minimal inhibitory concentration to penicillin in Riyadh. Saudi Med J. 1986;7:149-54.
    • (1986) Saudi Med J , vol.7 , pp. 149-154
    • Mahgoub, E.S.1    Hussein, S.S.2
  • 102
    • 0024155689 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal infections in eastern Saudi Arabia: Serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity patterns
    • El-Mouzan MI, Twan-Danso K, Al-Awamy BH, Niazi GA, Altorki MT. Pneumococcal infections in eastern Saudi Arabia: serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Trop Geogr Med. 1988;40:213-7.
    • (1988) Trop Geogr Med , vol.40 , pp. 213-217
    • El-Mouzan, M.I.1    Twan-Danso, K.2    Al-Awamy, B.H.3    Niazi, G.A.4    Altorki, M.T.5
  • 103
    • 0026584981 scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of Streptococcus pneumo-niae serotypes in Riyadh and their susceptibility to penicillin and other commonly prescribed antibiotics
    • Shibl AM, Hussein SS. Surveillance of Streptococcus pneumo-niae serotypes in Riyadh and their susceptibility to penicillin and other commonly prescribed antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992;29:149-57.
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.29 , pp. 149-157
    • Shibl, A.M.1    Hussein, S.S.2
  • 104
    • 0025830692 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of pneumococci with increased resistance to penicillin in Saudi Arabia
    • Qadri SM, Kroschinsky R. Prevalence of pneumococci with increased resistance to penicillin in Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1991;85:259-62.
    • (1991) Ann Trop Med Parasitol , vol.85 , pp. 259-262
    • Qadri, S.M.1    Kroschinsky, R.2
  • 105
    • 0027602073 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of bacterial respiratory pathogens and their susceptibility to common antibacterial agents
    • Qadri SM, Lee GC, Ueno Y, Burdette JM. Incidence of bacterial respiratory pathogens and their susceptibility to common antibacterial agents. J Natl Med Assoc. 1993;85:388-90.
    • (1993) J Natl Med Assoc , vol.85 , pp. 388-390
    • Qadri, S.M.1    Lee, G.C.2    Ueno, Y.3    Burdette, J.M.4
  • 106
    • 0032902518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between serotype and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococci isolated in Saudi Arabia
    • Bannatyne RM, Memish ZA, Jackson MC. Correlation between serotype and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococci isolated in Saudi Arabia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:161-2.
    • (1999) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 161-162
    • Bannatyne, R.M.1    Memish, Z.A.2    Jackson, M.C.3
  • 107
    • 0011561048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alexander Project 1996-1997: Latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respira-tory tract infections
    • Felmingham D, Gruneberg RN. The Alexander Project 1996-1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respira-tory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45:191-203.
    • (2000) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 191-203
    • Felmingham, D.1    Gruneberg, R.N.2
  • 108
    • 0036242071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia
    • Al-Aqeeli AA, Guy ML, Al-Jumaah SA. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2002;23:400-4.
    • (2002) Saudi Med J , vol.23 , pp. 400-404
    • Al-Aqeeli, A.A.1    Guy, M.L.2    Al-Jumaah, S.A.3
  • 109
    • 12544254303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-lactam and macrolide resistance and serotype distribution among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Saudi Arabia
    • Fouda SI, Kadry AA, Shibl AM. Beta-lactam and macrolide resistance and serotype distribution among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Saudi Arabia. J Chemother. 2004;16:517-23.
    • (2004) J Chemother , vol.16 , pp. 517-523
    • Fouda, S.I.1    Kadry, A.A.2    Shibl, A.M.3
  • 110
    • 0347503573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin resistance in serogroups/serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive infections in Central Saudi Arabia
    • Twum-Danso K, Al-Mazrou AM, Kambal AM, Al-Zamil FA. Penicillin resistance in serogroups/serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive infections in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2003;24:1210-3.
    • (2003) Saudi Med J , vol.24 , pp. 1210-1213
    • Twum-Danso, K.1    Al-Mazrou, A.M.2    Kambal, A.M.3    Al-Zamil, F.A.4
  • 111
    • 0028919986 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Saudi Arabian hospital
    • Rotimi VO, Fetuh J, Barbor PR. Prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;14:149-51.
    • (1995) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 149-151
    • Rotimi, V.O.1    Fetuh, J.2    Barbor, P.R.3
  • 112
    • 0035059655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia
    • Eltahawy AT. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Chemother. 2001;13:148-53.
    • (2001) J Chemother , vol.13 , pp. 148-153
    • Eltahawy, A.T.1
  • 113
    • 3843065659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
    • Al-Tawfiq JA. Pattern of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Chemother. 2004;16:259-63.
    • (2004) J Chemother , vol.16 , pp. 259-263
    • Al-Tawfiq, J.A.1
  • 114
    • 33750954404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance of pediatric isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Saudi Arabian hospital from 1999 to 2004
    • Al-Tawfiq JA. Antibiotic resistance of pediatric isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Saudi Arabian hospital from 1999 to 2004. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12:CR471-CR475.
    • (2006) Med Sci Monit , vol.12
    • Al-Tawfiq, J.A.1
  • 115
    • 0032863052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Saudi Arabia
    • Rahman EA, Dixon RA. Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Saudi Arabia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1999;13:61-2.
    • (1999) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.13 , pp. 61-62
    • Rahman, E.A.1    Dixon, R.A.2
  • 116
    • 19644370626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of macrolide resistance determinants among S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae isolates in Saudi Arabia
    • Shibl AM. Patterns of macrolide resistance determinants among S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae isolates in Saudi Arabia. J Int Med Res. 2005;33:349-55.
    • (2005) J Int Med Res , vol.33 , pp. 349-355
    • Shibl, A.M.1
  • 117
    • 0034061988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-resistant and -intermediate Streptococcus pneumo-niae in Saudi Arabia
    • Shibl AM, Al Rasheed AM, Elbashier AM, Osoba AO. Penicillin-resistant and -intermediate Streptococcus pneumo-niae in Saudi Arabia. J Chemother. 2000;12:134-7.
    • (2000) J Chemother , vol.12 , pp. 134-137
    • Shibl, A.M.1    Al, R.A.M.2    Elbashier, A.M.3    Osoba, A.O.4
  • 118
    • 50149115385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease isolates among children aged 5 years and under in Saudi Arabia (2000-2004)
    • Shibl AM. Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease isolates among children aged 5 years and under in Saudi Arabia (2000-2004). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:876-9.
    • (2008) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.14 , pp. 876-879
    • Shibl, A.M.1
  • 119
    • 0029098727 scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Chowdhury MN, Khaliq MR, Kambal AM. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1995;6:37-41.
    • (1995) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.6 , pp. 37-41
    • Chowdhury, M.N.1    Khaliq, M.R.2    Kambal, A.M.3
  • 120
    • 0036239531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Fallacy or fact?
    • Conly J, Johnston B. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Fallacy or fact? Can J Infect Dis. 2002;13:13-6.
    • (2002) Can J Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 13-16
    • Conly, J.1    Johnston, B.2
  • 121
    • 35848933707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composite structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae containing the erythromycin efflux resistance gene mefI and the chloramphenicol resistance gene catQ
    • Mingoia M, Vecchi M, Cochetti I, Tili E, Vitali LA, Manzin A, et al. Composite structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae containing the erythromycin efflux resistance gene mefI and the chloramphenicol resistance gene catQ. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:3983-7.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 3983-3987
    • Mingoia, M.1    Vecchi, M.2    Cochetti, I.3    Tili, E.4    Vitali, L.A.5    Manzin, A.6
  • 122
    • 0037636490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and molecular characterization of tetracycline-and erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumo-niae
    • Montanari MP, Cochetti I, Mingoia M, Varaldo PE. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of tetracycline-and erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumo-niae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:2236-41.
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2236-2241
    • Montanari, M.P.1    Cochetti, I.2    Mingoia, M.3    Varaldo, P.E.4
  • 123
    • 33644587692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity of quinolones against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in Saudi Arabia
    • Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, Shibl A, Elbashier A, Osoba A. In vitro activity of quinolones against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11:36-44.
    • (2005) East Mediterr Health J , vol.11 , pp. 36-44
    • Balkhy, H.H.1    Memish, Z.A.2    Shibl, A.3    Elbashier, A.4    Osoba, A.5
  • 124
    • 0033580208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group
    • Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster MV, Robinson-Dunn B, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:493-501.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 493-501
    • Smith, T.L.1    Pearson, M.L.2    Wilcox, K.R.3    Cruz, C.4    Lancaster, M.V.5    Robinson-Dunn, B.6
  • 125
    • 0030841073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility
    • Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;40:135-6.
    • (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 135-136
    • Hiramatsu, K.1    Hanaki, H.2    Ino, T.3    Yabuta, K.4    Oguri, T.5    Tenover, F.C.6
  • 126
    • 0033389160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Tenover FC. Implications of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 1999;43S3-S7.
    • (1999) J Hosp Infect
    • Tenover, F.C.1
  • 127
    • 77952938715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First detection of an invasive Staphylococcus aureus strain (D958) with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides in Saudi Arabia
    • Al-Obeid S, Haddad Q, Cherkaoui A, Schrenzel J, Francois P. First detection of an invasive Staphylococcus aureus strain (D958) with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides in Saudi Arabia. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2199-204.
    • (2010) J Clin Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 2199-2204
    • Al-Obeid, S.1    Haddad, Q.2    Cherkaoui, A.3    Schrenzel, J.4    Francois, P.5
  • 128
    • 0034261456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcus aureus as a paradigm of a persistent problem of bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia
    • Bilal NE, Gedebou M. Staphylococcus aureus as a paradigm of a persistent problem of bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6:948-54.
    • (2000) East Mediterr Health J , vol.6 , pp. 948-954
    • Bilal, N.E.1    Gedebou, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.