Emergence and trends of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait - Perspective and outstanding issues

Journal of Chemotherapy

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 471-481

  Memish, Ziad A ^a   Osoba, A O ^b   Shibl, A M ^c   Mokaddas, E ^d   Venkatesh, S ^a   Rotimi, V O ^d  

^a KING SAUD BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (Saudi Arabia)

^b KING SAUD BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (Saudi Arabia)

^c KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^d KUWAIT UNIVERSITY   (Kuwait)

Author keywords

Kuwait; Outstanding issues; Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae; Perspectives; Saudi Arabia

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BACTERIAL VACCINE; BETA LACTAM; CEFACLOR; CEFADROXIL; CEFALEXIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME AXETIL; CEPHALOSPORIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ERYTHROMYCIN; IMIPENEM; MACROLIDE; MEROPENEM; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEIN; PENICILLIN G; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; QUINOLONE; TETRACYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; EPIDEMIC; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INCIDENCE; KUWAIT; NONHUMAN; PENICILLIN RESISTANCE; PENICILLIN RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SAUDI ARABIA; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 36549080877     PISSN: 1120009X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.5.471     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Neu HC. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 1992;257: 1064-1073.
2. Austrian R. Pneumococcus: the first one hundred years. Rev Infect Dis 1981; 3:183-189
3. Musher DM. Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, immunity, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:810-819.
4. Musher DM. Streptococcus pneumoniae. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principals and Practice of Infectious Disease, 6th ed, Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005, 2392-2411
5. Hansman D, Bullen MM. Letter: Bacteremia caused by tetracycline resistant pneumococcus type 1. Lancet 1975;1:466-467.
6. Appelbaum PC, Bamjee A, Scragg JN, Hallett AF, Bown AJ, Cooper RC. Penicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from clinical specimens. Lancet 1977 ii: 995-997.
7. Appelbaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:77-83.
8. Schutze GE, Kaplan SL, Jacobs RF. Resistant pneumococcus: a worldwide problem. Infection 1994;22:233-237.
9. Song JH, Lee NY, Ichiyama S, et al. Spread of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1206-1211.
10. Marton A, Gulyaas M, Munoz R, Tomasz A. Extremely high incidence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hungary. J Infect Dis 1991; 13:56-60.
11. Koornhof HJ, Wasa A, Klugman KP. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: a South African perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:84-94.
12. Vereanu A. Mihalcu F, Ungureanu V, Buzatu S. Sensitivity to penicillin of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from various pathological conditions. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol 1992; 51, 171-182.
13. Maron A, Gulyas M, Munoz R, Tomasz A. Extremely high incidence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hungary. J Infect Dis 1991; 163, 542-548.
14. Mason EO, Kaplan SL. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14, 1016-1017.
15. Hofman J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, et al. The prevalence of drug-registant Streptococus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995;333;481-486.
16. Borek AP, Dressel DC, Hussong J, Peterson LR. Evolving clinical problems with Streptococcus pneumoniae: increasing resistance to antimicrobial resistance to antimicrobial agents, and failure of traditional optochin identification in Chicago, Illinois, between 1993 and 1996. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 29:209-214.
17. Ostroff SM, Harrison LH, Khallaf N. et al. Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates recovered in Egypt from children with pneumonia. The Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:1069-1074.
18. Mahjoub ES, Hussein SS. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and their minimal inhibitory concentration to penicillin in Riyadh. Saudi Med J 1986;7:149-54
19. th International Congress of Chemotherapy- Progress in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy, Antimicrobial Section I. Istanbul;1987P.757-9.
20. Qadri SM, Kroschinsky R. Prevalence of pneumococci with increased resistance to penicillin in Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1991; 85: 259-262.
21. Shibl AM, Hussein SS. Surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Riyadh and their susceptibility to penicillin and other commonly prescribed antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 29:149-157.
22. Kambal AM, Abdullah AM. Childhood pneumococcal bacteraemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Paediatr 1997; 17: 245-251.
23. Shibl AM, Al Rasheed AM, Elbashier AM, Osoba AO. Penicillin-resistant and -intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia. J Chemother 2000; 12: 134-137.
24. Rotimi VO, Feteih J, Barbor PR. Prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14:149-151.
25. Eltahawy AT. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Chemother 2001; 13:148-153.
26. Bannatyne RM, Memish ZA, Jackson MC. Correlation between serotype and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococci isolated in Saudi Arabia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43:161-162
27. Al-Aqeeli AA, Guy ML, Al-Jumaah SA. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2002; 23:400-404.
28. Jacobs MR, Flemingham D, Appelbaum PC, Guneberg R and the Alexander project group. The Alexander project 1998-2000. Susceptibility of pathogen isolated from CAP infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. JAC 2003;52:229-246.
29. Al-Tawfiq J. Pattern of antibiotic resistance of S. pneu moniae in a hospital in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. J Chemother 2004;16:259-263.
30. Fouda SI, Kadry AA, Shibl AM. β-lactams and macrolide resistance and serotype distribution among S pneumoniae isolates from Saudi Arabia. J Chemother 2004;16:517-523.
31. Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, Shibl AM, Elbasheer A. In vitro activity of quinolones against S pneumoniae, H influnezae and M catarrhalis in Saudi Arabia. East Mediter Med J 2005;11:36-44 .
32. Shibl AM. Pattern of macrolide resistance determinants among S pyogenes and S pneumoniae isolates in Saudi Arabia J Int Med Res 2005;33:349-355.
33. Johny M, Anton AY, Murad MA. Relative resistance of pneumococci to penicillin: detection and prevalence in Kuwait. Med Principles Pract 1992; 3: 167-170.
34. Mokaddas EM, Sterba J, Pandita R, Udo EE, Sanyal SC. Emergence of high level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and cefotaxime treatment failure in immunorecompressed patients in Kuwait. Med Principles Pract 1997; 6: 211-215.
35. Ahmad K, Martinez G, Wilson S, Yoshida R, Dhar R, Mokaddas E, Kohno S, Rotimi VO, Nagatake T. The prevalence and clonal diversity of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Kuwait. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 125: 573-578.
36. Mokaddas EM, Wilson S, Sanyal SC. Prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Kuwait. J Chemother 2001; 13: 154-160.
37. Al Sweih N, Mokadas E, Jamal W, Phillips OA, Rotimi VO. In vitro activity of Linezolid and other antibiotics against Gram-Positive bacteria from the major teaching hospitals in Kuwait. J Chemother 2005;17:607-613.
38. Jacobs M, Koornhof HJ, Stevenson CM, et al. Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1978:299:735-740.
39. Sloas MM, Barrett FF, Chesney PJ, et al. Cephalosporin treatment failure in penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 662-666.
40. Friedland JR, McCracken GH. Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:377-382.
41. Widdowson CA and Klugman KP. Emergence of the M phenotype of erythromycin resistant pneumococci in South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;2:277-281.
42. Goldsmith CE, Moore JE, Murphy PG. Pneumococcal resistance in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 (Suppl A): 11-18.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae disease. Available at www.cdc.gov. (Accessed June 16, 2003).
44. Fuller JD, Low DE. A review of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection treatment failures associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:118-121.
45. Normark BH, Novak R, Ortqvist A, Kallenius G, Tuomanen E, Normark S. Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae that exhibit tolerance to vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:552-558.
46. McCullers JA, English BK, Novak R. Isolation and characterization of vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae from cerebrospinal fluid of a patient who developed recrudescent meningitis. J Infect Dis 2000; 181; 369-373.
47. Lee HJ, Park JY, Jang SH, et al. High incidence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a university hospital in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:826-835.
48. Musher DM, Bartlett JG, Doern GV. A fresh look at the definition of susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to beta-lactam antibiotics. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2538-2544.
49. El-Mouzan MI, Twan-Danso K, Al-Awamy BH, Niazi GA, Altorki MT. Pneumococcal infections in eastern Saudi Arabia: serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Trop Geogr Med. 1988; 40:213-217.
50. Chowdhury MN. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern; experience at University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1991; 35:289-301.
51. Almuneef M, Memish Z, Khan Y, Kagallwala A, Alshaalan M. Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. J Infect. 1998; 36:157-160.
52. Cullmann W. Comparative evaluation of orally active antibiotics against community-acquired pathogens: a multicenter study in five Mediterranean countries. J Chemother 1995; 7: 21-25.
53. Jalal H, Organji S, Reynolds J, Bennett D, O'Mason E Jr, Millar MR. Determination of penicillin susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae using the polymerase chain reaction. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:45-5
54. Felmingham D, Gruneberg RN. The Alexander Project 1996-1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000; 45:191-203.
55. Felmingham D, Washington J. Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens - findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996. J Chemother. 1999; 11 (Suppl 1):5-21.
56. Karlowsky JA, Draghi DC, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Critchley IA, Sahm DF. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in two successive respiratory seasons in the US. Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:76-85.
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae disease. Available at: www.cdc.gov (Accessed June 15, 2003).
58. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343:1917-1924.
59. Albanese BA, Roche JC, Pass M, et al. Geographic, demographic, and seasonal differences in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Baltimore. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 34:15-21.
60. Stein CR, Weber DJ, Kelley M. Using hospital antibiogram data to assess regional pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9:211-216.
61. Blondeau JM, Tillotson GS. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of respiratory pathogens - a global perspective. Semin Respir Infect 2000; 15: 195-207.
62. Memish ZA, Venkatesh S, Shibl AM. Impact of travel on international spread of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 21: 135-14.
63. Memish ZA, Venkatesh S, Ahmed QA. Travel epidemiology: the Saudi perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003; 21:96-101.
64. Akhter J, Frayha HH, Qadri SM. Current status and changing trends of antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia. J Med Liban 2000; 48:227-232.
65. Zhang R, Eggleston K, Zechhauser R, Rotimi VO. Globalization and the antibiotic resistance problem: evidence from China, Kuwait and United States. Globalization Health 2006; 2: 6 (open access).
66. Memish ZA, Shibl AM, Ahmed QA, and The Saudi Arabian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in Saudi Arabia: a model for the Middle East region. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20 (Suppl 1): S1-12.
67. Memish ZA, Arabi YM, Ahmed QA, Shibl AM, Niederman MS and the GCC CAP Working Group. Executive Summary. In: Gulf Cooperation Council Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. J Chemother. 2007; 19, suppl 1: 7-12.
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997; 46 (RR-8): 1-24.
69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended adult immunization schedule United States, 2002-2003 and recommended immunizations for adults with medical conditions United States, 2002-2003. Available at: www.cdc.gov (Accessed February 25, 2003).
70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000; 49(RR-9): 1-37.
71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule-United States, 2003. Available at: www.cdc.gov. (Accessed June 15, 2003).
72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997; 46(RR-8): 1-24.
73. Frayha HH, Al Mazrou YY. Vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease in Saudi Arabia: Where do we stand? Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25: 90-93.
74. Memish ZA, Balkhy H, Shibl AM, Barrozo CP, Gray GC. Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic resistance and serotypes of recent clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 23: 32-38.
75. Al Mazrou A, Twum-Danso K, AL Zamil F, Kambal A. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes/serogroups causing invasive disease in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: extent of the coverage by pneumococcal vaccines. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25: 94-99.
76. Nielson SV, Henrichsen J. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and distribution of capsular type of pneumococci in Denmark, 1989-94. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117: 411-416.
77. Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. JAMA, 1998, 279: 365-370.
78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facilitating influenza and pneumococcal vaccination through standing orders programs. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:68-69.