Comparative neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Implications for a novel executive overload model of OCD

Journal of Neuropsychology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 161-191

  Abramovitch, Amitai ^a,b   Dar, Reuven ^b   Hermesh, Haggai ^b,c   Schweiger, Avraham ^d  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c GEHA MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (Israel)

^d ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF TEL AVIV YAFFO   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; COGNITION DISORDERS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84866095012     PISSN: 17486645     EISSN: 17486653     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02021.x     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Abramowitz, J. S., Tolin, D. F., &, Diefenbach, G. J., (2005). Measuring change in OCD: Sensitivity of the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27 (4), 317-324. doi:10.1007/s10862-005-2411-y (Pubitemid 40956556)
2. Alonso, P., Menchon, J. M., Jimenez, S., Segalas, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Jaurrieta, N., Pujol, J., (2008). Personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relation to clinical variables. Psychiatry Research, 157 (1-3), 159-161.doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.06.003 (Pubitemid 350166535)
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Maglione, K., Doyle, A. E., Fried, R., Seidman, L. J., &, Biederman, J., (2010). Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD. Psychological Medicine, 40 (11), 1909-1918. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992273
5. Aron, A. R., &, Poldrack, R. A., (2005). The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: Relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57 (11), 1285-1292. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.026 (Pubitemid 40798547)
6. Aycicegi, A., Dinn, W. M., Harris, C. L., &, Erkmen, H., (2003). Neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Effects of comorbid conditions on task performance. European Psychiatry, 18 (5), 241-248. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(03)00065-8 (Pubitemid 37010316)
7. Bannon, S., Gonsalvez, C. J., Croft, R. J., &, Boyce, P. M., (2002). Response inhibition deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 110 (2), 165-174. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00104 (Pubitemid 34607612)
8. Barkley, R. A., (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121 (1), 65-94. (Pubitemid 127705285)
9. Barkley, R. A., (2002). International consensus statement on ADHD. January 2002. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5 (2), 89-111. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00045-2
10. Basso, M. R., Bornstein, R. A., Carona, F., &, Morton, R., (2001). Depression accounts for executive function deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 14 (4), 241-245. (Pubitemid 33051501)
11. Baxter, L. R., Jr., (1992). Neuroimaging studies of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15 (4), 871-884. (Pubitemid 23032181)
12. Baxter, L. R., Schwartz, J. M., Bergman, K. S., Szuba, M. P., Guze, B. H., Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., (1992). Caudate glucose metabolic-rate changes with both drug and behavior-therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49 (9), 681-689.
13. Baxter, L. R., Jr., Schwartz, J. M., Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., Pahl, J. J., Guze, B. H., &, Fairbanks, L., (1988). Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145 (12), 1560-1563. (Pubitemid 19009706)
14. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., &, Brown, G. K., (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
15. Bedard, M. J., Joyal, C. C., Godbout, L., &, Chantal, S., (2009). Executive functions and the obsessive-compulsive disorder: On the importance of subclinical symptoms and other concomitant factors. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24 (6), 585-598. doi:10.1093/arclin/acp052
16. Biederman, J., (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57 (11), 1215-1220. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020 (Pubitemid 40798537)
17. Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., Johnson, M. A., (2002). Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (1), 36-42. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36 (Pubitemid 41070724)
18. Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Ball, S. W., Fried, R., Doyle, A. E., Cohen, D., Faraone, S. V., (2009). Are cognitive deficits in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder related to the course of the disorder? A prospective controlled follow-up study of grown up boys with persistent and remitting course. Psychiatry Research, 170 (2-3), 177-182. doi:10.1016/j. psychres.2008.09.010
19. Boyer, P., &, Lienard, P., (2006). Why ritualized behavior? Precaution systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29 (6), 595-613. (Pubitemid 46454510)
20. Breiter, H. C., Rauch, S. L., Kwong, K. K., Baker, J. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Kennedy, D. N., Rosen, B. R., (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53 (7), 595-606. (Pubitemid 26240862)
21. Bucci, P., Galderisi, S., Catapano, F., Di Benedetto, R., Piegari, G., Mucci, A., &, Maj, M., (2007). Neurocognitive indices of executive hypercontrol in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115 (5), 380-387. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00911.x (Pubitemid 46570062)
22. Bush, G., Valera, E. M., &, Seidman, L. J., (2005). Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 57 (11), 1273-1284. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.034 (Pubitemid 40798546)
23. Carlsson, M. L., (2001). On the role of prefrontal cortex glutamate for the antithetical phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 25 (1), 5-26. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00146-9 (Pubitemid 32173787)
24. Castellanos, F. X., &, Tannock, R., (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3 (8), 617-628. (Pubitemid 135706670)
25. Chamberlain, S. R., Blackwell, A.D., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., &, Sahakian, B. J., (2005). The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: The importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 29 (3), 399-419. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006 (Pubitemid 40488206)
26. Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N. A., Blackwell, A. D., Robbins, T. W., &, Sahakian, B. J., (2006). Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163 (7), 1282-1284. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.1282 (Pubitemid 44464460)
27. Chamberlain, S. R., &, Sahakian, B. J., (2007). The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20 (3), 255-261. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989 (Pubitemid 46588298)
28. Clark, D. A., &, Purdon, C., (1993). New perspectives for a cognitive theory of obsessions. Australian Psychologist, 28 (3), 161-167. doi:10.1080/00050069308258896
29. Coll, C. G., Kagan, J., &, Reznick, J. S., (1984). Behavioral-inhibition in young-children. Child Development, 55 (3), 1005-1019. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb03838.x
30. Conners, C. K., (2000). Conners' CPT II for windows. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
31. Cottraux, J., &, Gerard, D., (1998). Neuroimaging and neuroanatomical issues in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Toward an integrative model-perceived impulsivity. In, R. P. Swinson, M. A. Antony, S. Rachman, &, M. A. Richter, (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Theory, research and treatment (pp. 154-180). New York: Guilford Press.
32. Crosbie, J., Perusse, D., Barr, C. L., &, Schachar, R. J., (2008). Validating psychiatric endophenotypes: Inhibitory control and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32 (1), 40-55. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.002 (Pubitemid 350160956)
33. Cubillo, A., Halari, R., Ecker, C., Giampietro, V., Taylor, E., &, Rubia, K., (2010). Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44 (10), 629-639. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.016
34. Daruna, J. H., &, Barnes, P. A., (1993). The impulsive client: Theory, research and treatment. In, W.G. McCown, J. L. Johnson, &, M. B. Shure, (Eds.), A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
35. Dickstein, S. G., Bannon, K., Xavier Castellanos, F., &, Milham, M. P., (2006). The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47 (10), 1051-1062. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01671.x (Pubitemid 44642434)
36. Doniger, G. M., (2011). Mindstreams: Survey responses. In support of, P. J. Snyder, C. E. Jackson, R. C. Peterson, A. S. Khachaturian, J. Kaye, M. Albert, &, S. Weintraub, (2011), The PAD2020 survey of cognitive instruments for the study of mild cognitive impairments. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of Alzheimer's Association.
37. Doniger, G. M., Dwolatzky, T., Zucker, D. M., Chertkow, H., Crystal, H., Schweiger, A., &, Simon, E. S., (2006). Computerized cognitive testing battery identifies mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia even in the presence of depressive symptoms. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 21 (1), 28-36. doi:10.1177/153331750602100105
38. Doyle, A. E., Willcutt, E. G., Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Chouinard, V. A., Silva, J., &, Faraone, S. V., (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes. Biological Psychiatry, 57 (11), 1324-1335. (Pubitemid 40798552)
39. Dwolatzky, T., Whitehead, V., Doniger, G. M., Simon, E. S., Schweiger, A., Jaffe, D., &, Chertkow, H., (2003) Validity of a novel computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics, 3 (4). doi:10.1186/1471-2318-3-4
40. Evenden, J. L., (1999). Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 146 (4), 348-361. doi:10.1007/PL00005481 (Pubitemid 29513276)
41. Eysenck, M. W., (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.
42. Eysenck, S. B., &, Eysenck, H. J., (1978). Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: Their position in a dimensional system of personality description. Psychological Reports, 43 (3 Pt 2), 1247-1255. doi:10.2466/pr0. 1978.43.3f.1247pr0.1978.43.3f.1247
43. Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., &, Sklar, P., (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57 (11), 1313-1323. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.12.004 (Pubitemid 40798551)
44. Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., &, Salkovskis, P. M., (2002). The obsessive-compulsive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14 (4), 485-496. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.14.4.485 (Pubitemid 35440493)
45. Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., &, Youngstrom, E. A., (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18 (3), 543-555. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.543 (Pubitemid 38944390)
46. Fullana, M. A., Mataix-Cols, D., Caseras, X., Alonso, P., Manuel, M. J., Vallejo, J., &, Torrubia, R., (2004). High sensitivity to punishment and low impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive patients with hoarding symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 129 (1), 21-27. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.017 (Pubitemid 39585140)
47. Gallagher, R., &, Blader, J., (2001). The diagnosis and neuropsychological assessment of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Scientific study and practical guidelines. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 148-171. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05778.x (Pubitemid 32612786)
48. Gotlib, I. H., Roberts, J. E., &, Gilboa, I. E., (1996). Cognitive interference in depression. In, I. E. Sarason, (Ed.), Cognitive interference: Theories, methods and findings. The LEA sedes in personality and clinical psychology. (pp. 347-377). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Greisberg, S., &, McKay, D., (2003). Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 23 (1), 95-117. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00232-5 (Pubitemid 36135774)
50. Hajcak, G., Huppert, J. D., Simons, R. F., &, Foa, E. B., (2004). Psychometric properties of the OCI-R in a college sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42 (1), 115-123. (Pubitemid 38114683)
51. Harrison, B. J., Soriano-Mas, C., Pujol, J., Ortiz, H., Lopez-Sola, M., Hernandez-Ribas, R., Cardoner, N., (2009). Altered corticostriatal functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66 (11), 1189-1200.
52. Hausdorff, J. M., Doniger, G. M., Springer, S., Yogev, G., Giladi, N., &, Simon, E. S., (2006). A common cognitive profile in elderly fallers and in patients with Parkinson's disease: The prominence of impaired executive function and attention. Experimental Aging Research, 32 (4), 411-429. doi:10.1080/03610730601044512 (Pubitemid 44423165)
53. Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., &, Curry, J. F., (2004). Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 18 (3), 485-503. doi:10.1037/0894-4105. 18.3.485 (Pubitemid 38944385)
54. Hollander, E., (2005) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and spectrum across the life span. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9 (2), 79-86. doi:10.1080/13651500510018347 (Pubitemid 40874101)
55. Johnson, D. E., Epstein, J. N., Waid, L. R., Latham, P. K., Voronin, K. E., &, Anton, R. F., (2001). Neuropsychological performance deficits in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 587-604. 10.1016/S0887-6177(00)00070-6 (Pubitemid 32664103)
56. Keilp, J. G., Sackeim, H. A., &, Mann, J. J., (2005). Correlates of trait impulsiveness in performance measures and neuropsychological tests. Psychiatry Research, 135 (3), 191-201. (Pubitemid 40984611)
57. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., Walters, E. E., (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163 (4), 716-723. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716 (Pubitemid 44464584)
58. Konrad, K., &, Eickhoff, S. B., (2010). Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31 (6), 904-916. doi:10.1002hbm.21058
59. Kuelz, A. K., Hohagen, F., &, Voderholzer, U., (2004). Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. Biological Psychology, 65 (3), 185-236. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07. 007 (Pubitemid 38152991)
60. Kuelz, A. K., Riemann, D., Halsband, U., Vielhaber, K., Unterrainer, J., Kordon, A., &, Voderholzer, U., (2006). Neuropsychological impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder-Improvement over the course of cognitive behavioral treatment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28 (8), 1273-1287. doi:10.1080/13803390500507246 (Pubitemid 44578238)
61. Lacerda, A. L., Dalgalarrondo, P., Caetano, D., Camargo, E. E., Etchebehere, E. C., &, Soares, J. C., (2003a). Elevated thalamic and prefrontal regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A SPECT study. Psychiatry Research, 123 (2), 125-134. doi:10.1016/S0925-4927(03) 00061-1 (Pubitemid 36794578)
62. Lacerda, A. L., Dalgalarrondo, P., Caetano, D., Haas, G. L., Camargo, E. E., &, Keshavan, M. S., (2003b). Neuropsychological performance and regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 27 (4), 657-665. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(03)00076-9 (Pubitemid 36645068)
63. Li, C. S., &, Chen, S. H., (2007). Obsessive-compulsiveness and impulsivity in a non-clinical population of adolescent males and females. Psychiatry Research, 149 (1-3), 129-138. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.001 (Pubitemid 46108109)
64. Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., &, Tannock, R., (1997). Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science, 8 (1), 60-64. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x
65. Lucey, J. V., Burness, C. E., Costa, D. C., Gacinovic, S., Pilowsky, L. S., Ell, P. J., Kerwin, R. W., (1997). Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) errors and cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70 (Pt 4), 403-411. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997. tb01916.x
66. Maltby, N., Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P., O'Keefe, T. M., &, Kiehl, K. A., (2005). Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 24 (2), 495-503. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.04 (Pubitemid 41359045)
67. Mataix-Cols, D., Wooderson, S., Lawrence, N., Brammer, M. J., Speckens, A., &, Phillips, M. L., (2004). Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61 (6), 564-576. doi:10/1016/S0006-3223(03) 01504- (Pubitemid 38747311)
68. Mccann, B. S., &, Roy-Byrne, P., (2004). Screening and diagnostic utility of self-report attention deficit hyperactivity disorder scales in adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45 (3), 175-183. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004. 02.006 (Pubitemid 38656673)
69. Melton, J. L., (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Mindstreams neuropsychological screening tool. (NED TR 06-10). Panama City, FL: Navy Experimental Diving Unit (US).
70. Moritz, S., Kloss, M., von Eckstaedt, F. V., &, Jelinek, L., (2009). Comparable performance of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls for verbal and nonverbal memory accuracy and confidence: Time to forget the forgetfulness hypothesis of OCD? Psychiatry Research, 166 (2-3), 247-253. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.006
71. Mortensen, J. A., Rasmussen, I. A., &, Haberg, A., (2010). Trait impulsivity in female patients with borderline personality disorder and matched controls. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 22 (3), 139-149. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010. 00468.x
72. Moulding, R., &, Kyrios, M., (2006). Anxiety disorders and control related beliefs: The exemplar of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinical Psychology Review, 26 (5), 573-583. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.009
73. Muller, B. W., Gimbel, K., Keller-Pliessnig, A., Sartory, G., Gastpar, M., &, Davids, E., (2007). Neuropsychological assessment of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257 (2), 112-119. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0688-9 (Pubitemid 46399213)
74. Muller, J., &, Roberts, J. E., (2005). Memory and attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19 (1), 1-28. (Pubitemid 39370558)
75. Muris, P., Meesters, C., &, Spinder, M., (2003). Relationships between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in normal adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 34 (5), 759-771. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00069-7 (Pubitemid 36184915)
76. Neurotrax Corporation. (2003). Mindstreams cognitive health assessment. New Jersey: NeuroTrax Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.neurotrax.com/
77. Nicolini, H., Arnold, P., Nestadt, G., Lanzagorta, N., &, Kennedy, J. L., (2009). Overview of genetics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 170 (1), 7-14. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.011
78. Nigg, J. T., (2001). Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin, 127 (5), 571-598. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.57 (Pubitemid 33614928)
79. O'Keefe, D. J., (2003). Colloquy: Should familywise alpha be adjusted? Against familywise alpha adjustment. Human Communication Research, 29 (3), 431-447. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00846.x (Pubitemid 39056992)
80. Paleacu, D., Shutzman, A., Giladi, N., Herman, T., Simon, E. S., &, Hausdorff, J. M., (2007). Effects of pharmacological therapy on gait and cognitive function in depressed patients. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 30 (2), 63-71. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000240949.41691.95 (Pubitemid 46581199)
81. Parker, J. D. A., &, Bagby, R. M., (1997). Impulsivity in adults: A critical review of measurements approaches. In, C.D. Webster, &, M. A. Jackson, (Eds.), Impulsivity: Theory, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
82. Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., &, Barratt, E. S., (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychologyl, 51 (6), 768-744. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID- JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1
83. Penades, R., Catalan, R., Andres, S., Salamero, M., &, Gasto, C., (2005). Executive function and nonverbal memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 133 (1), 81-90. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.09. 005 (Pubitemid 40215474)
84. Penades, R., Catalan, R., Rubia, K., Andres, S., Salamero, M., &, Gasto, C., (2007). Impaired response inhibition in obsessive compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry, 22 (6), 404-410. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.001 (Pubitemid 47391214)
85. Purcell, R., Maruff, P., Kyrios, M., &, Pantelis, C., (1998). Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparison with unipolar depression, panic disorder, and normal controls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55 (5), 415-423. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.415 (Pubitemid 28237275)
86. Rachman, S., (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 (9), 793-802. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5 (Pubitemid 27390078)
87. Rao, N. P., Reddy, Y. C. J., Kumar, K. J., Kandavel, T., &, Chandrashekar, C. R., (2008). Are neuropsychological deficits trait markers in OCD? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32 (6), 1574-1579. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.026
88. Rauch, S. L., Jenike, M. A., Alpert, N. M., Baer, L., Breiter, H. C. R., Savage, C. R., &, Fischman, A. J., (1994). Regional cerebral blood-flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon-dioxide and positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51 (1), 62-70. (Pubitemid 24028999)
89. Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R., Alpert, N. M., Dougherty, D., Kendrick, A., Curran, T., Jenike, M. A., (1997). Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A PET study of implicit sequence learning. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9 (4), 568-573. (Pubitemid 28029751)
90. Reuven-Magril, O., Dar, R., &, Liberman, N., (2008). Illusion of control and behavioral control attempts in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117 (2), 334-341. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2. 334 (Pubitemid 351763722)
91. Ritsner, M. S., Blumenkrantz, H., Dubinsky, T., &, Dwolatzky, T., (2006). The detection of neurocognitive decline in schizophrenia using the Mindstreams computerized cognitive test battery. Schizophrenia Research, 82 (1), 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.014 (Pubitemid 43202647)
92. Roh, K. S., Shin, M. S., Kim, M. S., Ha, T. H., Shin, Y. W., Lee, K. J., &, Kwon, J. S., (2005). Persistent cognitive dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A naturalistic study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59 (5), 539-545. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01411.x (Pubitemid 41765750)
93. Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Woolley, J., Brammer, M. J., &, Smith, A., (2011). Disorder-specific dysfunctions in patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder compared to patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during interference inhibition and attention allocation. Human Brain Mapping, 32 (4), 601-611. doi:10.1002/hbm.21048
94. Ruscio, A., Stein, D., Chiu, W., &, Kessler, R., (2010). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15 (1), 53-63. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.94
95. Salkovskis, P. M., (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems-A cognitive-behavioral analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23 (5), 571-583. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 (Pubitemid 15014280)
96. Savage, C. R., Baer, L., Keuthen, N. J., Brown, H. D., Rauch, S. L., &, Jenike, M. A., (1999). Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45 (7), 905-916. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00278-9 (Pubitemid 29185482)
97. Savage, C. R., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., Rauch, S. L., Baer, L., Reid, T., &, Jenike, M. A., (2000). Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, 14 (1), 141-151. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.14.1.141
98. Saxena, S., Brody, A. L., Ho, M. L., Alborzian, S., Ho, M. K., Maidment, K. M., Baxter, L. R., (2001). Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring separately and concurrently. Biological Psychiatry, 50 (3), 159-170. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01123-4 (Pubitemid 32763093)
99. Saxena, S., &, Rauch, S. L., (2000). Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23 (3), 563-586. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70181-7 (Pubitemid 30666507)
100. Schachar, R., Mota, V. L., Logan, G. D., Tannock, R., &, Klim, P., (2000). Confirmation of an inhibitory control deficit in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28 (3), 227-235. doi:10.1023/A:1005140103162 (Pubitemid 30415966)
101. Schneider, M., Retz, W., Coogan, A., Thome, J., &, Rosler, M., (2006). Anatomical and functional brain imaging in adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-A neurological view. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256 (Suppl. 1), i32-i41. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-1005-3 (Pubitemid 44411278)
102. Schoechlin, C., &, Engel, R. R., (2005). Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of empirical data. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20 (6), 727-744. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005 (Pubitemid 40984658)
103. Schwartz, J. M., Stoessel, P. W., Baxter, L. R., Martin, K. M., &, Phelps, M. E., (1996). Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53 (2), 109-113. (Pubitemid 26049387)
104. Schweiger, A., Abramovitch, A., Doniger, G. M., &, Simon, E. S., (2007). A clinical construct validity study of a novel computerized battery for the diagnosis of ADHD in young adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29 (1), 100-111. doi:10.1080/13803390500519738 (Pubitemid 44950987)
105. Segalas, C., Alonso, P., Labad, J., Jaurrieta, N., Real, E., Jimenez, S., Vallejo, J., (2008). Verbal and nonverbal memory processing in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Its relationship to clinical variables. Neuropsychology, 22 (2), 262-272. (Pubitemid 351626514)
106. Shafran, R., &, Rachman, S., (2004). Though-action fusion: A review. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35 (2), 87-107. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.002 (Pubitemid 38822902)
107. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Dunbar, G. C., (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl. 20), 22-33. (Pubitemid 29001829)
108. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., Dunbar, G. C,. (1997). The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry, 12 (5), 232-241. (Pubitemid 27298916)
109. Shoval, G., Zalsman, G., Sher, L., Apter, A., &, Weizman, A., (2006). Clinical characteristics of inpatient adolescents with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 23 (2), 62-70. doi:10.1002/da.20135
110. Simon, V., Czobor, P., Balint, S., Meszaros, A., &, Bitter, I., (2009). Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194 (3), 204-211. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827
111. Simpson, H. B., Rosen, W., Huppert, J. D., Lin, S. H., Foa, E. B., &, Liebowitz, M. R., (2005). Are there reliable neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 247-257. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.04.004
112. Soref, A., Dar, R., Argov, G., &, Meiran, N., (2008). Obsessive-compulsive tendencies are associated with a focused information processing strategy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46 (12), 1295-1299. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.001
113. Spinella, M., (2004). Neurobehavioral correlates of impulsivity: Evidence of prefrontal involvement. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114 (1), 95-104. doi:10.1080/00207450490249347 (Pubitemid 38090121)
114. Stroop, J. R., (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
115. Strous, R. D., Stryjer, R., Maayan, R., Gal, G., Viglin, D., Katz, E., Weizman, A., (2007). Analysis of clinical symptomatology, extrapyramidal symptoms and neurocognitive dysfunction following dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration in olanzapine treated schizophrenia patients: A randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32 (2), 96-105. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.11.002 (Pubitemid 46274013)
116. Stuss, D. T., (2007). New approaches to frontal lobe testing. In, B.L. Miller, &, J. L. Cummings, (Eds.), The human frontal jobes: Functions and disorders (2nd ed., pp. 292-305). New York: The Guilford Press.
117. Summerfeldt, L. J., Hood, K., Antony, M. M., Richter, M. A., &, Swinson, R. P., (2004). Impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparisons with other anxiety disorders and within tic-related subgroups. Personality and Individual Differences, 36 (3), 539-553. doi:10.1016/S0191- 8869(03)00113-2 (Pubitemid 38037802)
118. Tallis, F., (1997). The neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and consideration of clinical implications. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36 (Pt 1), 3-20. (Pubitemid 27091031)
119. Tallis, F., Pratt, P., &, Jamani, N., (1999). Obsessive compulsive disorder, checking, and non-verbal memory: A neuropsychological investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (2), 161-166. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98) 00075-8 (Pubitemid 28550447)
120. Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., &, Oakman, J. M., (1998). The relationship of behavioral inhibition and shyness to anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186 (7), 425-431. doi:10.1097/00005053-199807000- 00007 (Pubitemid 28363359)
121. Vloet, T. D., Marx, I., Kahraman-Lanzerath, B., Zepf, F. D., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., &, Konrad, K., (2010). Neurocognitive performance in children with ADHD and OCD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38 (7), 961-969. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9422-1
122. Watkins, L. H., Sahakian, B. J., Robertson, M. M., Veale, D. M., Rogers, R. D., Pickard, K. M., Robbins, T. W,. (2005). Executive function in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35 (4), 571-582. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003691 (Pubitemid 40533328)
123. Weber, R., (2007). Responses to Matsunaga: To adjust or not to adjust alpha in multiple testing: That is the question. Guidelines for alpha adjustment as response to O'Keefe's and Matsunaga's critiques. Communication Methods and Measures, 1 (4), 281-289.
124. Whiteside, S. P., Port, J. D., &, Abramowitz, J. S., (2004). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 132 (1), 69-79. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns. 2004.07.001 (Pubitemid 39531326)
125. Wolf, R. C., Plichta, M. M., Sambataro, F., Fallgatter, A. J., Jacob, C., Lesch, K. P., Vasic, N., (2009). Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 30 (7), 2252-2266. doi:10.1002/hbm.20665
126. Wu, K. D., Clark, L. A., &, Watson, D., (2006). Relations between obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality: Beyond axis I-axis II