A review of methods for long term in situ characterization of aerosol dust

Aeolian Research

Volumn 6, Issue , 2012, Pages 55-74

  Rodríguez, Sergio ^a   Alastuey, Andrés ^b   Querol, Xavier ^b  

^a CSIC   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND WATER RESEARCH   (Spain)

Author keywords

Dust chemical composition; Dust multi decadal measurements; Dust optical properties; Dust size distribution

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL PROPERTY; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; DUST; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; MIXING; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 84865556812     PISSN: 18759637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.07.004     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Adam M., Pahlow M., Kovalev V.A., Ondov J.M., Parlange M.B., Nair N. Aerosol optical characterization by Nephelometer and lidar: The Baltimore Supersite experiment during the Canadian forest fire smoke intrusion. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:D16S02. 10.1029/2003JD004047.
2. 2.5 at Izaña and Sta. Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) during a Saharan dust episode (July 2002). Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:4715-4728.
3. Alemón E., Herrera L., Ortiz E., Longoria L.C. Instrumental nuclear activation analysis (INAA) characterization of environmental air filter samples. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2004, 60(6):815-823.
4. Alfaro S.C., Gomes L., Rajot J.L., Lafon S., Gaudichet A., Chatenet B., Maille M., Cautenet G., Lassere F., Cachier H., Zhang X.Y. Chemical and optical characterization of aerosols measured in spring 2002 at the ACE Asia supersite, Zhenbeitai, China. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:D23. 10.1029/2002JD003214.
5. Alfaro S.C., Lafon S., Rajot J.L., Formenti P., Gaudichet A., Maille M. Iron oxides and light absorption by pure desert dust: An experimental study. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:D08208. 10.1029/2003JD004374.
6. Allen G., 2006. Thermo Model 5020-SPA Real Time Sulfate Analyzer: Method Overview. The Clean Air Association of the Northeast States, Boston, MA, 2006. National Air Monitoring Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Nov. 6, 2006.
7. Anderson T.L., Ogren J.A. Determining aerosol radiative properties using the TSI 3563 Integrating Nepheloemter. Aerosol Science and Technology 1998, 29:57-69.
8. Anderson T.L., Covert D.S., Marshall S.F., Laucks M.L., Charlson R.J., Waggoner A.P., Ogren J.A., Caldow R., Holm R.L., Quant F.R., Sem G.J., Wiedensohler A., Ahlquist N.A., Bates T.S. Performance Characteristics of a high-sensitivity, three wavelength, total/scatterbackscatter nephelometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 1996, 13:967-986.
9. Andreae T.W., Andreae M.M., Ichoku C., Maenhaut W., Cafmeyer J., Karniely A., Orlovsky L. Light scattering by dust and anthropogenic aerosol at a remote site in the Negev desert, Israel. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107:D2. 10.1029/2001JD900252.
10. Andrews E., Sheridan P.J., Fiebig M., McComiskey M., Ogren J.A., Arnott P., Covert D., Elleman R., Gasparini R., Collins D., Jonsson H., Schmid B., Wang J. Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol asymmetry parameter. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111. 10.1029/2004JD005734, 2006.
11. Andrews E., Ogren J.A., Bonasoni P., Marinoni A., Cuevas E., Rodríguez S., Sun J.Y., Jaffe D.A., Fischer E.V., Baltensperger U., Weingartner U., Collaud Coen M., Sharma S., Macdonald A.M., Leaitch W.R., Lin N.H., Laj P., Arsov T., Kalapov I., Jefferson A., Sheridan P. Climatology of aerosol radiative properties in the free troposphere. Atmospheric Research 2011, 102:365-393.
12. Aoki T., Motoyoshi H., Kodama Y., Yasunari T.J., Sugiura K., Kobayashi H. Atmospheric aerosol deposition on snow surfaces and its effect on albedo. SOLA 2006, 2:13-16. 10.2151/sola.2006-3004.
13. Arimoto R., Duce R.A., Ray B.J., Ellis W.G., Cullen J.D., Merrill J.T. Trace elements in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:1199-1213.
14. Arimoto R., Zhang X.Y., Huebert B.J., Kang C.H., Savoie D.L., Prospero J.M., Sage S.K., Schloesslin C.A., Khaing H.M., Oh S.N. Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols from Zhenbeitai, China, and Gosan, South Korea, during ACE-Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:D19S04. 10.1029/2003JD004323.
15. Armendariz A.J., Leith D. Concentration measurement and counting efficiency for the aerodynamic particle sizer 3320. Journal of Aerosol Science 2002, 33:133-148.
16. Arnott W.P., Moosmuller H., Rogers C.F., Jin T., Bruch R. Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: Instrument description. Atmospheric Environment 1999, 33:2845-2852.
17. Arnott W.P., Hamasha K., Moosmüller H., Sheridan P.J., Ogren J.A. Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength aethalometer: Evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3-wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Science and Technology 2002, 39:17-29.
18. Asmi A., Wiedensohler A., Laj P., Fjaeraa A.-M., Sellegri K., Birmili W., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., Zdimal V., Zikova N., Putaud J.-P., Marinoni A., Tunved P., Hansson H.-C., Fiebig M., Kivekäs N., Lihavainen H., Asmi E., Ulevicius V., Aalto P.P., Swietlicki E., Kristensson A., Mihalopoulos N., Kalivitis N., Kalapov I., Kiss G., de Leeuw G., Henzing B., Harrison R.M., Beddows D., O'Dowd C., Jennings S.G., Flentje H., Weinhold K., Meinhardt F., Ries L., Kulmala M. Number size distributions and seasonality of submicron particles in Europe 2008-2009. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2011, 11:5505-5538. 10.5194/acp-11-5505-2011.
19. 2.5 aerosol mass concentrations. Atmospheric Environment 1999, 33:3717-3721.
20. Baker A.R., Croot P.L. Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater. Marine Chemistry 2010, 120(1-4):4-13.
21. Baltensperger U., Weingartner W., Burtscher H., Keskinen J. Dynamic mass and surface area measurements. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications 2001, Wiley-Interscience, Inc. second ed. P.A. Baron, K. Willike (Eds.).
22. Baron P.A. Calibration and use of the aerodynamic particle sizer (APS 3300). Aerosol Science and Technology 1986, 5:55-67.
23. Baron P.A., Mazumder M.K., Cheng Y.S. Direct-reading techniques using optical particle detection. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications 2001, Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York. K. Willeke, P.A. Baron (Eds.).
24. Bartley D.L., Martinez A.B., Baron P.A., Secker D.R., Hirst E. Droplet distortion in accelerating flow. Journal of Aerosol Science 2000, 31:1447-1460.
25. Bauer S.E., Mishchenko M.I., Lacis A.A., Zhang S., Perlwitz J., Metzger S.M. Do sulfate and nitrate coatings on mineral dust have important effects on radiative properties and climate modeling?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:D06307. 10.1029/2005JD006977.
26. Bergin M., Cass G.R., Xu J., Fang C., Zeng L.M., Yu T., Salmon L.G., Kiang C.S., Tang X.Y., Zhang Y.H., Chameides W.L. Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106(D16):17969-17980.
27. Bergin M.H., Ogren J.A., Schwartz S.E., Mcinnes L.M. Evaporation of ammonium nitrate aerosol in a heated nephelometer: implications for field measurements. Environmental Science and Technology 1997, 31:2878-2883.
28. Beuttell R.G., Brewer A.W. Instruments for the measurement of the visual Range. Journal of Science and Instruction 1949, 26:357-359.
29. Bindeman I.N., Eiler J.M., Wing B.A., Farquhar J. Rare sulfur and triple oxygen isotope geochemistry of volcanogenic sulfate aerosols. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007, 71(9):2326-2343.
30. Bodhaine B.A. Measurements of the Rayleight scattering propertiles of some gases with nephelometers. Applied Optics 1979, 18:121-125.
31. Bond T.C., Anderson T.L., Campbell D. Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol Science and Technology 1999, 30:582-600.
32. Bond T.C., Bergstrom R.W. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review. Aerosol Science and Technology 2006, 40:27-67. 10.1080/02786820500421521.
33. Bond T.C., Covert D.S., Müller T. Truncation and angular-scattering corrections for absorbing aerosol in the TSI 3563 Nephelometer. Aerosol Science and Technology 2009, 43:866-871.
34. Borde R., Verdebout J. Remote sensing of aerosols optical thickness over various sites using seawifs or vegetation and ground measurements. Remote Sensing of the Environment 2003, 86:42-51.
35. Bowen H.J.M. Trace Elements in Biogeochemistry 1966, Academic, San Diego, California.
36. Bukowiecki N., Hill M., Gehrig R., Lienemann P., Zwicky C.N., Hegedüs F., Falkenberg G., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U. Trace metals in ambient air: Hourly size-segregated mass concentrations detemined by Synchrotron-XRF. Environmental Science and Technology 2005, 39:5754-5762.
37. Büttner H. Measurement of the size of " ne nonspherical particles with a light-scattering particle counter. Aerosol Science and Technology 1990, 12:413-421.
38. Calzolai G., Chiari M., Lucarelli F., Mazzei F., Nava F., Prati P., Valli G., Vecchi R. PIXE and XRF analysis of particulate matter samples: An inter-laboratory comparison. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2008, 266(10):2401-2404.
39. Canagaratna M.R., Jayne J.T., Jimenez J.L., Allan J.D., Alfarra M.R., Zhang Q., Onasch T.B., Drewnick F., Coe H., Middlebrook A., Delia A., Williams L.R., Trimborn A.M., Northway M.J., DeCarlo P.F., Kolb C.E., Davidovits P., Worsnop D.R. Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2007, 26:185-222.
40. Capes G., Johnson B., McFiggans G., Williams P.I., Haywood J., Coe H. Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: Aircraft measurements of chemical composition, microphysical properties, and emission ratios. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:D00C15. 10.1029/2008JD009845.
41. Caquineau S., Gaudichet A., Gomes L., Magonthier M.C., Chatenet B. Saharan dust: Clay ratio as relevant tracer to assess the origin of soil-derived aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters 1998, 25(7):983-986.
42. Carrico C.M., Bergin M.H., Xu J., Baumann K., Maring H. Urban aerosol radiative properties: Measurements during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:D7. 10.1029/2001JD001222.
43. Cavalli F., Viana M., Yttri K.E., Genberg J., Putaud J.P. Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: The EUSAAR protocol. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2010, 3:79-89.
44. Chan C.C., Chuang K.J., Chen W.J., Chang W.T., Lee C.T., Peng C.M. Increasing cardiopulmonary emergency visits by long-range transported Asian dust storms in Taiwan. Environmental Research 2008, 106:393-400.
45. Chen B.T., Cheng Y.S., Yeh H.C. A study of density effect and droplet deformation in the TSI aerodynamic particle sizer. Aerosol Science and Technology 1990, 12:278-285.
46. Chiapello I., Bergametti G., Gomes L., Chatenet B., Dulac F., Pimenta J., Suares E.S. An additional low layer transport of Sahelian and Saharan dust over the north-eastern Tropical Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letter 1995, 22(23):3191-3194. 10.1029/95GL03313.
47. Chiapello I., Bergametti G., Chanete B., Bousquet P., Dulac F., Santos Soares E. Origins of African dust transported over the northeastern tropical Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:13701-13709.
48. Chiapello I., Bergametti G., Quisefit J.P., Chateaubourg P. Control and correction of the sample absorption effect in the analysis of atmospheric aerosols by X ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analysis 1997, 25:141-147.
49. Chiapello I., Prospero J.M., Herman J., Hsu C. Detection of mineral dust over the North Atlantic Ocean and Africa with the Nimbus 7 TOMS. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:9277-9291.
50. Chiapello I., Moulin C., Prospero J.M. Understanding the long-term variability of African dust transport across the Atlantic as recorded in both Barbados surface concentrations and large-scale Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) optical thickness. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110:D18S10. 10.1029/2004JD005132.
51. Chow J.C. Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 1995, 45:320-382.
52. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Crow D., Lowenthal D.H., Merrifield T. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 34:23-34.
53. Collaud Coen M., Weingartner E., Schaub D., Hueglin C., Corrigan C., Henning S., Schwikowski M., Baltensperger U. Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: Detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2004, 4:2465-2480.
54. Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., Cozic, J., Henning, S., Verheggen, B., Gehrig, R., Baltensperger, U., 2007. Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D13213. doi:10.1029/2006JD007995.
55. Collaud Coen M., Weingartner E., Apituley A., Ceburnis D., Fierz-Schmidhauser R., Flentje H., Henzing J.S., Jennings S.G., Moerman M., Petzold A., Schmid O., Baltensperger U. Minimizing light absorption measurement artifacts of the Aethalometer: Evaluation of five correction algorithms. Atmospheric Measurements Techniques 2010, 3:457-474. 10.5194/amt-3-457-2010.
56. Cowie G., Lawson W., Kim N. Australian dust causing respiratory disease admissions in some North Island, New Zealand Hospitals. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association 2010, 123(1311).
57. D'Alessandro A., Lucarelli F., Mandò P.A., Marcazzan G., Nava S., Prati P., Valli G., Vecchic R., Zucchiatti A. Hourly elemental composition and sources identification of fine and coarse PM10 particulate matter in four Italian towns. Journal of Aerosol Science 2003, 34:243-259.
58. Dall'Osto M., Beddows D.C.S., Kinnersley R.P., Harrison R.M., Donovan R.J., Heal M.R. Characterization of individual airborne particles by using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry at Mace Head, Ireland. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2004, 109:D21302. 10.1029/2004JD004747.
59. Dall'Osto M., Harrison R.M., Highwood E.J., O'Dowd C., Ceburnis D., Querol X., Achterberg E.P. Variation of the mixing state of Saharan dust particles with atmospheric transport. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44:3135-3146. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.030.
60. DeCarlo P.F., Kimmel J.R., Trimborn A., Northway M.J., Jayne J.T., Aiken A.C., Gonin M., Fuhrer K., Horvath T., Docherty K., Worsnop D.R., Jimenez J.L. Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry 2006, 78:8281-8289.
61. Delene D.J., Ogren J.A. Variability of aerosol optical properties at four North American surface monitoring sites. Journal of Atmospheric Science 2002, 59:1135-1150.
62. DeMott P.J., Sassen K., Poellot M.R., Baumgardner D., Rogers D.C., Brooks S.D., Prenni A.J., Kreidenweis S.M. African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei. Geophysical Research Letters 2003, 30:4.
63. Drewnick F., Hings S.S., DeCarlo P.F., Jayne J.T., Gonin M., Fuhrer K., Weimer S., Jimenez J.L., Demerjian K.L., Borrmann S., Worsnop D.R. A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (ToF-AMS) - Instrument description and first field deployment. Aerosol Science and Technology 2005, 39:637-658.
64. Eatough D.J., Obeidi F., Pang Y.B., Ding Y.M., Wilson W.E. Integrated and real-time diffusion denuder sampler for PM2.5. Atmospheric Environment 1999, 33:2835-2844.
65. El-Metwally M., Alfaro S.C., Abdel Wahab M., Chatenet B. Aerosol characteristics over urban Cairo: Seasonal variations as retrieved from Sun photometer measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:D14219. 10.1029/2008JD009834.
66. EMEP, 1996. Manual for sampling and chemical analysis. Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (EMEP/CCC-Report 1/95) (Newest revision in 2001).
67. Ensor D.S., Waggoner A.P. Angular truncation error in the integrating nephelometer. Atmospheric Environment 1970, 4:481-487.
68. Escrig Vidal, 2009. Factorizació de la composició del material particulat atmosféric de la zona cerámica de Castelló. Master Thesis. Universitat Jaume I, Castlló, Spain.
69. Escudero M., Querol X., Pey J., Alastuey A., Perez N., Ferreira F., Cuevas E., Rodríguez S., Alonso S. A methodology for the quantification of the net African dust load in air quality monitoring networks. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:5516-5524.
70. EU Guideline, 2002. Guidance to member states on PM10 monitoring and intercomparisons with the reference method. EC Working Group on Particulate Matter 22 January 2002.
71. Evans R.D. The Atomic Nucleus 1955, McGraw Hill, New York.
72. Falkowski P.G., Barber R.T., Smetacek V. Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 1998, 281:200-206.
73. Fialho P., Hansen A.D.A., Honrath R.E. Absorption coefficients by aerosols in remote areas: A new approach to decouple dust and black carbon absorption coefficients using seven-wavelength Aethalometer data. Journal of Aerosol Science 2005, 36:267-282.
74. Fialho P., Freitas M.C., Barata F., Vieira B., Hansen A.D.A., Honrath R.E. The Aethalometer calibration and determination of iron concentration in dust aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science 2006, 37:1497-1506.
75. Formenti P., Andreae M.O., Andreae T.W., Galani E., Vasaras A., Zeferos C., Amiridis V., Orlovsky L., Karnieli A., Wendish M., Wex H., Holben B.N., Maenhaut W., Lelieveld J. Aerosol optical properties and large scale transport of air masses: Observations at a coastal and semiarid site in the eastern Mediterranean during summer 1998. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:9807-9826.
76. Formenti P., Elbert W., Maenhaut W., Haywood J., Andreae M.O. Chemical composition of mineral dust aerosol during the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE) airborne campaign in the Cape Verde region, September 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(D18):8576. 10.1029/2002JD002648.
77. Formenti P., Rajot J.L., Desboeufs K., Caquineau S., Chevaillier S., Nava S., Gaudichet A., Journet E., Triquet S., Alfaro S., Chiari M., Haywood J., Coe H., Highwood E. Regional variability of the composition of mineral dust from western Africa: Results from the AMMA SOP0/DABEX and DODO field campaigns. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:D00C13. 10.1029/2008JD009903.
78. Friehmelt R., Heidenreicht S. Calibration of a white light/90° optical particle counter for " aerodynamic" size measurements - Experiments and calculations for spherical particles and quartz. Journal of Aerosol Science 1999, 30:1271-1279.
79. Gard E., Mayer J.E., Morrical B.D., Dienes T., Fergenson D.P., Prather K.A. Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: Design and performance of a portable ATOFMS. Analytical Chemistry 1997, 69:4083-4091.
80. Gebhart J. Optical direct-reading techniques: light intensity systems. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications 2001, 419-454. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York. K. Willeke, P.A. Baron (Eds.).
81. Gerbhart J., Heyder J., Roth C., Stahlhofen W. Optical size spectrometry below and above the wavelength of light: a comparison. Fine Particles 1976, 794-815. Academic Press, London. B.Y.H. Liu (Ed.).
82. Ginoux P., Prospero J.M., Torres O., Chin M. Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: Correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation. Environmental Modelling Software 2004, 19:113-128.
83. Glaccum R.A., Prospero J.M. Saharan aerosols over the tropical North Atlantic - Mineralogy. Marine Geology 1980, 37:295-321.
84. Goldstein S.L., O'Nions R.K., Hamilton P.J. A Sm-Nd isotopic study of atmospheric dusts and particulates from major river systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1984, 70(2):221-236.
85. Gómez-Moreno F.J., Núñez L., Plaza J., Alonso D., Pujadas M., Artíñano B. Annual evolution and generation mechanisms of particulate nitrate in Madrid. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(2):394-406.
86. Griffin D.W., Garrison V.H., Herman J.R., Shinn E.A. African dust in the Caribbean atmosphere: Microbiology and public health. Aerobiologia 2001, 17:203-213.
87. Grousset F.E., Biscaye P.E. Continental aerosols, isotopic fingerprints of sources and atmospheric transport: A review. Chemical Geology 2005, 222:149-167.
88. Gustafsson Ö., Kruså M., Zencak Z., Sheesley R.J., Granat L., Engström E., Praveen P.S., Rao P.S.P., Leck L., Rodhe H. Brown clouds over South Asia: Biomass or fossil fuel combustion?. Science 2009, 323:495-498.
89. Hand J.L., Kreidenweis S.M. A new method for retrieving particle refractive index and effective density from aerosol size distribution data. Aerosol Science and Technology 2002, 36:1012-1026.
90. Hand J.L., Malm W.C. Review of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies from ground-based measurements since 1990. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:D16203. 10.1029/2007JD008484.
91. Hänel G. Radiation budget of the boundary layer. Part II. Simultaneous measurement of mean solar volume absorption and extinction coecients of particles. Beitraege Physikalische Atmosphere 1987, 60:241-247.
92. Hansen A.D.A., Rosen H., Novakov T. The aethalometer - An instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles. Science of the Total Environment 1984, 36:191-196.
93. Heintzenberg J., Wiedensohler A., Tuch T.M., Covert D.S., Sheridan P., Ogren J.A., Gras J., Nessler R., Kleefeld C., Kalivitis N., Aaltonen V., Wilhelm R.T., Havlicek M. Intercomparisons and aerosol calibrations of 12 commercial integrating nephelometers of three manufacturers. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2006, 23:902-914.
94. Heitbrink W.A., Baron P.A. Coincidence in time-of-fight aerosol spectrometers: Phantom particle creation. Aerosol Science and Technology 1991, 53:427-431.
95. Heitbrink W.A., Baron P.A. An approach to evaluating and correcting aerodynamic particle sizer instruments for phantom particle count creation. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1992, 53:427-431.
96. Heitzenberg J., Charlson R. Design and applications of the integrating nepheloemter: a review. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 1996, 13:987-1000.
97. Held A., Zerrath A., McKeon U., Fehrenbach T., Niessner R., Plass-Dülmer c., Kaminski u., Berresheim H., Pöschl U. Aerosol size distributions measured in urban, rural and high-alpine air with an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:8502-8512.
98. Herman J.R., Bhartia P.K., Torres O., Hsu C., Seftor C., Celarier E.A. Global distributions of UV-absorbing aerosols from NIMBUS 7/TOMS data. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:D14. 10.1029/96JD03680, 1997.
99. Hermann M., Wehner B., Bischof O., Han H.-S., Krinke T., Liu W., Zerrath A., Wiedensohler A. Particle counting efficiencies of new TSI condensation particle counters. Journal of Aerosol Science 2007, 38:674-682.
100. Hernández F., Alonso-Pérez S., Hernández-Armas J., Cuevas E., Karlsson L., Romero-Campos P.M. Influence of major African dust intrusions on the 137Cs and 40K activities as well as PM10 concentrations in the lower atmosphere at the island of Tenerife. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:4111-4118.
101. 7Be and mineral dust concentrations in ambient air on the Island of Tenerife. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:4247-4256.
102. Herich H., Tritscher T., Wiacek A., Gysel M., Weingartner E., Lohmann U., Baltensperger U., Cziczo D.J. Water uptake of clay and desert dust aerosol particles at sub- and supersaturated water vapor conditions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP 2009, 11:7804-7809.
103. Hinds W.C. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles 1982, Wiley, New York.
104. Hoffer A., Gelencs'er A., Guyon P., Kiss G., Schmid O., Frank G.P., Artaxo P., Andreae M.O. Optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) in biomass-burning aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2006, 6:3563-3570.
105. Holben B.N., Eck T.F., Slutsker I., Tanré D., Buis J.P., Setzer A., Vermote E., Reagan J.A., Kaufman Y., Nakajima T., Lavenu F., Jankowiak I., Smirnov A. AERONET - A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sensing of the Environment 1998, 66:1-16.
106. Holmes J., Zoller W. The elemental signature of Asian dust at Mauna Loa observatory. Tellus 1996, 48B:83-92.
107. Howell S., Pszenny A.P., Quinn P., Huebert B. A field intercomparison of three cascade impactors. Aerosol Science and Technology 1998, 29:475-492.
108. Huneeus N., Schulz M., Balkanski Y., Griesfeller J., Prospero J., Kinne S., Bauer S., Boucher O., Chin M., Dentener F., Diehl T., Easter R., Fillmore D., Ghan S., Ginoux P., Grini A., Horowitz L., Koch D., Krol M.C., Landing W., Liu X., Mahowald N., Miller R., Morcrette J.-J., Myhre G., Penner J., Perlwitz J., Stier P., Takemura T., Zender C.S. Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2010, 11:7781-7816. 10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011.
109. Husar R.B., Prospero J.M., Stowe L.L. Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:D14. 10.1029/96JD04009.
110. Climate Change 2001: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change 2001, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. J.T. Hougton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, D. Xiaosu (Eds.).
111. Climate change 2007: The physical basis. Contribution of the Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
112. 22Na in the atmosphere. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2005, 79:157-169.
113. Jayne J.T., Leard D.C., Zhang X., Davidovits P., Smith K.A., Kolb C.E., Worsnop D.R. Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and compositio: Analysis of submicron particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 2000, 33:49-70.
114. Jimenez J.L., Jayne J.T., Shi Q., Kolb C.E., Worsnop D.R., Yourshaw I., Seinfeld J.H., Flagan R.C., Zhang X., Smith K.A., Morris J., Davidovits P. Ambient aerosol sampling with an aerosol mass spectrometer. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 2003, 108(D7):8425. 10.1029/2001JD001213.
115. Jiménez E., Linares C., Martínez D., Díaz J. Role of Saharan dust in the relationship between particulate matter and short-term daily mortality among the elderly in Madrid (Spain), 20. Science of the Total Environment 2010, 408:5729-5736.
116. Kalivitis N., Birmili W., Stock M., Wehner B., Massling A., Wiedensohler A., Gerasopoulos E., Mihalopoulos N. Particle size distributions in the Eastern Mediterranean troposphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2008, 8:6729-6738.
117. Kalivitis N., Bougiatioti A., Kouvarakis G., Mihalopoulos N. Long term measurements of atmospheric aerosol optical properties in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Research 2011, 102:351-357.
118. Kandler K., Benker N., Bundke U., Cuevas E., Eberta M., Knippertz P., Rodríguez S., Schütz L., Weinbruch S. Chemical composition and complex refractive index of Saharan Mineral Dust at Izaña, Tenerife (Spain) derived by electron microscopy. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:8058-8074.
119. Kandler K., Schütz L., Deutscher C., Ebert M., Hofmann H., Jäckel R., Jaenicke R., Knippertz P., Lieke K., Massling A., Petzol A., Schladitz A., Weinzierl B., Wiedensohler A., Zorn S., Weinbruch S. Size distribution, mass concentration, chemical and mineralogical composition and derived optical parameters of the boundary layer aerosol at Tinfou, Morocco, during SAMUM 2006. Tellus 2009, 61B:32-50.
120. Kandler K., Schuïtz L., Jäckel S., Lieke K., Emmel C., Müller-Ebert D., Ebert M., Scheuvens D., Schladitz A., Segvic B., Wiedensohler A., Weinbruch S. Ground-based off-line aerosol measurements at Praia, Cape Verde, during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment: Microphysical properties and mineralogy. Tellus 2011, 63B:459-474.
121. Kaufman Y.J., Koren I., Remer L.A., Tanré D., Ginoux P., Fan S. Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110:D10S12. 10.1029/2003JD004436.
122. Keskinen J., Pietarinen K., Lehtimäki M. Electrical low pressure impactor. Journal of Aerosol Science 1992, 23(4):353-360.
123. Khlystov A., Stanier C., Pandis S.N. An algorithm for combining electrical mobility and aerodynamic size distributions data when measuring ambient aerosol. Aerosol Science and Technology 2004, 38(S1):229-238.
124. Kim Y.S., Iwasaka Y., Shi G.-Y., Nagatani T., Shibata T., Trochkin D., Matsuki A., Yamada M., Chen B., Zhang D., Nagatani M., Nakata H. Dust particles in the free atmosphere over desert areas on the Asian continent: Measurements from summer 2001 to summer 2002 with balloon-borne optical particle counter and lidar, Dunhuang, China. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:D19S26. 10.1029/2002JD003269.
125. Kinney P.D., Pui D.Y.H. Inlet efficiency study for the TSI aerodynamic particle sizer. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 1995, 12:188-193.
126. Kohfeld K., Tegen I. Record of mineral aerosols and their role in the Earth system. Treatise Geochemistry 2007, 4:1-26.
127. Koulouri E., Saarikoski S., Theodosi C., Markaki Z., Gerasopoulos E., Kouvarakis G., Mäkelä T., Hillamo R., Mihalopoulos N. Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42(26):6542-6550.
128. Kubilay N., Nickovic S., Moulin C., Dulac F. An illustration of the transport and deposition of mineral dust onto the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:1293-1303.
129. Kylander M.E., Klaminder J., Bindler W., Weiss D.J. Natural lead isotope variations in the atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 290(1-2):44-53.
130. Lack D.A., Lovejoy E.R., Baynard T., Pettersson A., Ravishankara A.R. Aerosol absorption measurement using photoacoustic spectroscopy: Sensitivity, calibration, and uncertainty developments. Aerosol Science and Technology 2006, 40(9):697-708.
131. Lack D.A., Cappa C.D., Cross E.S., Massoli P., Ahern A.T., Davidovits P., Onasch T.B. Absorption enhancement of coated absorbing aerosols: Validation of the photo-acoustic technique for measuring the enhancement. Aerosol Science and Technology 2009, 43:1006-1012. 10.1080/02786820903117932.
132. Lazaridis M., Dzumbova I., Kopanakis I., Ondracek J., Glytsos T., Aleksandropoulou V., Voulgarakis A., Katsivela E., Mihalopoulos N., Eleftheriadis K. PM10 and PM2.5 levels in the Eastern Mediterranean (Akrotiri Research Station, Crete, Greece). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2008, 189:85-101. 10.1007/s11270-007-9558-y.
133. Lee K.W., Mukund R. Filter collection. Aerosol Measurement: Principles Techniques and Applications 2001, Wiley-Interscience, Inc. second ed. P.A. Baron, K. Willike (Eds.).
134. Lee Y.C., Yang X., Wenig M. Transport of dusts from East Asian and non-East Asian sources to Hong Kong during dust storm related events 1996-2007. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44:3728-3738.
135. Lewis K., Arnott W.P., Moosmuller H., Wold C.E. Strong spectral variation of biomass smoke light absorption and single scattering albedo observed with a novel dual-wavelength photoacoustic instrument. Journal of Geophysical Research, [Atmospheres] 2008, 113(D16):D16203.
136. Li-Jones X., Maring H.B., Prospero J.M. Effect of relative humidity on light scattering by mineral dust aerosol as measured in the marine boundary layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103(D23):31113-31122.
137. Liu D., Wang Z., Liu Z., Winker D., Trepte C. A height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:D16214. 10.1029/2007JD009776.
138. Lucarelli F., Nava S., Calzolai G., Chiari M., Udisti R., Marino F. Is PIXE still a useful technique for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols? The LABEC experience. X-Ray Spectrometry 2010, 10.1002/xrs.1312.
139. Lupker M., Aciego S.M., Bourdon B., Schwander J., Stocker T.F. Isotopic tracing (Sr, Nd, U and Hf) of continental and marine aerosols in an 18th century section of the Dye-3 ice core (Greenland). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 295(1-2):277-286.
140. Maher B.A., Prospero J.M., Mackie D., Gaiero D., Hesse P.P., Balkanski Y. Global connections between aeolian dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and at the last glacial maximum. Earth-Science Reviews 2010, 99:61-97.
141. Mahowald N., Engelstaedter S., Luo A., Sealy A., Artaxo P., Benitez-Nelson C., Bonnet S., Chen Y., Chuang P.Y., Cohen D.D., Dulac F., Herut B., Johansen A.M., Kubilay N., Losno R., Maenhaut W., Paytan A., Prospero J.M., Shank L.M., Siefert R.L. Atmospheric iron deposition: Global distribution, variability, and human perturbations. Annual Review of Marine Science 2009, 1:245-278. 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727.
142. Majestic, B.J., Anbar, A.D., Herckes, P., 2009. Stable isotopes as a tool to apportion atmospheric iron. Environmental Science and Technology 43 (12), 4327-4333. doi:10.1021/es900023w.
143. Mallet M., Pont V., Liousse C., Gomes L., Pelon J., Osborne S.R., Haywood J., Roger J.C., Dubuisson P., Mariscal A., Thouret V., Goloub P. Aerosol direct radiative forcing over Djougou (northern Benin) during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis dry season experiment (Special Observation Period-0). Journal of Geophysical Resesarch 2008, 113:D00C01. 10.1029/2007JD009419.
144. Maring H., Savoie D.L., Izaguirre M.A., McCormick C., Arimoto R., Prospero J.M., Pilinis C. Aerosol physical and optical properties and their relationship to aerosol composition in the free troposphere at Izaña, Tenerife, Canary Islands, during July 1995. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:14677-14700.
145. Maring H., Savoie D.L., Izaguirre M.A., Custals L., Reid J.S. Mineral dust aerosol size distribution change during atmospheric transport. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 2003, 108:8592. 10.1029/2002JD002536.
146. Marple V.A., Rubow K.L. Aerodynamic particle size calibration of optical particle counters. Journal of Aerosol Science 1976, 7:425-433.
147. Marticorena B., Chatenet B., Rajot J.L., Traoré S., Coulibaly M., Diallo A., Koné I., Maman A., NDiaye T., Zakou A. Temporal variability of mineral dust concentrations over West Africa: Analyses of a pluriannual monitoring from the AMMA Sahelian Dust Transect. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2010, 10:8899-8915. 10.5194/acp-10-8899-2010.
148. Martin J.H., Fitzwater S.E. Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 1988, 331(6154):341-343.
149. Marshall I.A., Mitchell J.P., Griffiths W.D. Calibration of a TSI aerodynamic particle sizer with monodisperse non-spherical particles. Journal of Aerosol Science 1990, 21:S613-S616.
150. Marshall I.A., Mitchell J.P., Griffiths W.D. The behavior of regular shaped non-spherical particles in a TSI aerodynamic particle sizer. Journal of Aerosol Science 1991, 22:73-89.
151. 210Pb as a monitor. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 239:336-351.
152. Massoli P., Baynard T., Lack D.A., Brock C.A., Murphy D.M., Lovejoy E.R. Uncertainty in light scattering measurements by TSI nephelometer: Results from laboratory studies and implications for ambient measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology 2009, 43:1064-1074. 10.1080/02786820903156542.
153. 10 and artificial radionuclides concentrations in air and in dust deposit. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44(20):2478-2486.
154. McArdle N.C., Liss P.S. Isotopes and atmospheric sulphur. Atmospheric Environment 1995, 29:2553-2556.
155. McMurry P.H. A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:1959-1999.
156. McGowan H., Clark A. Identification of dust transport pathways from Lake Eyre, Australia using Hysplit. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:6915-6925.
157. Mills M.M., Ridame C., Davey M., La Roche J., Geider R.J. Iron and phosphorus co limited nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Nature 2004, 429:292-294.
158. Middleton N., Yiallouros P., Kleanthous S., Kolokotroni O., Schwartz J., Dockery D.W., Demokritou P., Koutrakis P. A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: The effect of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms. Environmental Health 2008, 7. 10.1186/1476-069X-7-39.
159. Mishra S.K., Dey S., Tripathi S.N. Implications of particle composition and shape to dust radiative effect: A case study from the Great Indian Desert. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35:L23814. 10.1029/2008GL036058.
160. Mitsakou C., Kallos G., Papantoniou N., Spyrou C., Solomos S., Astitha M., Housiadas C. Saharan dust levels in Greece and received inhalation doses. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2008, 8:7181-7192.
161. Monks, et al. Atmospheric composition change - Global and regional air quality. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43:5268-5350.
162. Moosmüller H., Arnott W.P. Angular truncation errors in integrating nephelometry. Review of Scientific Instruments 2003, 74:3492-3501.
163. Moosmüller H., Chakrabarty R.K., Arnott W.P. Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & RadiativeTransfer 2009, 110:844-878.
164. Morawska L., Wang H., Ristovski Z., Jayaratne E.R., Johnson G., Cheung H.C., Ling X., He C. Environmental monitoring of airborne nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2009, 11:1758-1773.
165. Moreno T., Querol X., Castillo S., Alastuey A., Cuevas E., Herrmann L., Mounkaila M., Elvira J., Gibbons W. Geochemical variations in aeolian mineral particles from the Sahara-Sahel Dust Corridor. Chemosphere 2006, 65:261-270.
166. Mouri I., Nishikawa M., Tanimura T., Quan H. Change in size distribution and chemical composition of kosa (Asian dust) aerosol during long-range transport. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:4253-4263.
167. Müller D., Mattis I., Wandinger U., Ansmann A., Althausen D., Dubovik O., Eckhardt S., Stohl A. Saharan dust over a central European EARLINET-AERONET site: Combined observations with Raman lidar and Sun photometer. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(D12):4345. 10.1029/2002JD002918.
168. Müller T., Nowak A., Weidensohler A., Sheridan P., Laborde M., Covert D.S., Marinoni A., Imre K., Henzing B., Roger J-C., Martins dos Santos S., Wilhelm R., Wang Y-Q., de Leeuw G. Angular illumination and truncation of three different integrating nephelometers: Implications for empirical size-based corrections. Aerosol Science and Technology 2009, 43:581-586.
169. Müller, T., Petzold, A., Rasp, K., Schladitz, A., Vragel, M., Schnaiter, M. Linke, C. 2009b. Spectral absorption of mineral dust: Results of the mineral dust campaign 2008 at the AIDA facility. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. European Aerosol Conference 2009. Karlsruhe, Abstract T052A12.
170. Müller T., Schaditz A., Massling A., Kaaden N., Kandler K. Spectral absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of Saharan dust during SAMUM-1. Tellus 2009, 61B:79-95.
171. Müller, et al. Characterization and intercomparison of aerosol absorption photometers: Result of two intercomparison workshops. Atmospheric Measurements Techniques 2011, 4:245-268. 10.5194/amt-4-245-2011.
172. Murayama, et al. Ground-based network observation of Asian dust events of April 1998 in East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106(18345-18359):2001. 10.1029/2000JD900554.
173. Nakai S., Halliday A.N., Rea D.K. Provenance of dust in the Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 119(1-2):143-157.
174. Nakano T., Nishikawa M., Mori I., Shin K., Hosono T., Yokoo Y. Source and evolution of the " perfect Asian dust storm" in early April 2001: Implications of the Sr-Nd isotope ratios. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:5568-5575.
175. Nakayama T., Kondo Y., Moteki N., Sahu L.K., Kinase T., Kita K., Matsumi Y. Size-dependent correction factors for absorption measurements using filter-based photometers: PSAP and COSMOS. Journal of Aerosol Science 2010, 41:333-343.
176. Ng N.L., Herndon S.C., Trimborn A., Canagaratna M.R., Croteau P.L., Onasch T.B., Sueper D., Worsnop D.R., Zhang Q., Sun Y.L., Jayne J.T. An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for routine monitoring of the composition and mass concentrations of ambient aerosol. Aerosol Science and Technology 2011, 45(7):770-784.
177. Nickovic S., Kallos G., Papadopoulos A., Kakaliagou O. A model for prediction of desert dust cycle in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:18113-18130.
178. Ogren J.A. Comment on " Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols" Aerosol Science and Technology 2010, 44(8):589-591. 10.1080/02786826.2010.482111.
179. Osborne S.R., Johnson B.T., Haywood J.M., Baran A.J., Harrison M.A.J., McConnell C.L. Physical and optical properties of mineral dust aerosol during the dust and biomass-burning experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:D00C03. 10.1029/2007JD009551.
180. Otto S., de Reus M., Trautmann T., Thomas A., Wendisch M., Borrmann S. Atmospheric radiative effects of an in situ measured Saharan dust plume and the role of large particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7:4887-4903.
181. Pandolfi M., Cusack M., Alastuey A., Querol X. Variability of aerosol optical properties in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2011, 11:8189-8203. 10.5194/acp-11-8189-2011.
182. Park S.H., Song C.B., Kim M.C., Kwon S.B., Lee K.W. Study on size distribution of total aerosol and water-soluble ions during an Asian dust storm event at Jeju Island, Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2004, 93(1-3):157-183. 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016805.04194.56.
183. Park S.U., Kim J.W. Aerosol size distributions observed at the Seoul National University campus in Korea during the Asian dust and non-Asian dust periods. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:1722-1730.
184. Park K., Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Trimble D.L., Doraiswamy P., Arnott W.P., Stroud K.R., Bowers K., Bode R., Petzold A., Hansen A.D.A. Comparison of continuous and filter-based carbon measurements at the Fresno supersite. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 2006, 56:474-491.
185. Patashnick, H., Rupprecht, G., 1983. Personal dust exposure monitor based on tapered element oscillating microbalance. BuMines OFR 56-84. NTIS PB 84-173749.
186. Pereira S., Wagner F., Silva A.M. Scattering properties and mass concentration of local and long-range transported aerosols over the South Western Iberia Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:7623-7631.
187. Pérez L., Tobias A., Querol X., Künzli N., Pey J., Alastuey A., Viana M., Valero N., González-Cabré M., Sunyer J. Coarse particles from Saharan dust and daily mortality. Epidemiology 2008, 19(6):800-807.
188. Perry K.D., Cahill T.A., Eldred R.A., Dutcher D.D., Gill T.E. Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102(D10):11225-11238. 10.1029/97JD00260.
189. Perry K.D., Cahill T.A., Schnell R.C., Harris J.M. Long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration baseline station at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104(D15):18521-18533. 10.1029/1998JD100083.
190. Peters T.M., Leith D. Concentration measurement and counting efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer 3321. Aerosol Science 2003, 34:627-634.
191. 10. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 2006, 56:411-416.
192. Peters T.M., Ott D., O'Shaughnessy P.T. Comparison of the Grimm 1.108 and 1.109 portable aerosol spectrometer to the TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle sizer for dry particles. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2006, 50(8):843-850.
193. Petterson, K., Cooper, J., Bivins, D., Turner, J., Wetherell, 2010. Evaluation of a near real time metals monitor for measuring fugitive metal emissions. A&WMA Annual Conference and Exhibition. Calgary, Alberta, June 25th 2010.
194. Petzold A., Schönlinner M. Multi-angle absorption photometry - A new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon. Journal of Aerosol Science 2004, 35:421-441.
195. Petzold A., Schloesser H., Sheridan P.J., Arnott W., Ogren J.A., Virkkula A. Evaluation of multiangel absorption photometry for measuring aerosol light absorption. Aerosol Science and Technology 2005, 39:40-51.
196. Petzold A., Rasp K., Weinzierl B., Esselborn M., Hamburger T., Dornbrack A., Kandler K., Schutz L., Knippertz P., Fiebig M., Virkkula A. Saharan dust absorption and refractive index from aircraft-based observations during SAMUM 2006. Tellus B 2009, 61(1):118-130.
197. Pey J., Pérez N., Castillo S., Viana M., Moreno T., Pandolfi M., López-Sebastián J.M., Alastuey A., Querol X. Geochemistry of regional background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean. Atmospheric Research 2009, 94:422-435.
198. Plaza J., Gómez-Moreno F.J., Núñez L., Pujadas M., Artíñano B. Estimation of secondary organic aerosol formation from semi-continuous OC-EC measurements in a Madrid suburban area. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40(6):1134-1147.
199. Prospero J.M., Schmitt R., Cuevas E., Savoie D.L., Graustein W.C., Turekian K.K., Volz-Thomas A., DmHaz A., Oltmans S.J., Levy H. Temporal variability of summer-time ozone and aerosols in the free troposphere over the eastern North Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters 1995, 22:2925-2928.
200. Prospero J.M. Long-term measurements of transport of African mineral dust to the southeast United States: Implications for the regional air quality. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:15917-15927.
201. 10 suspended in South-Central Florida: The impact of long range transport of African mineral dust. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2001, 125:291-317.
202. Prospero J.M., Ginoux P., Torres O., Nicholson S., Gill T. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Reviews of Geophysics 2002, 40:1002.
203. Prospero J.M., Lamb P.J. African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean: Climate change implications. Science 2003, 302:1024-1027.
204. Prospero, J.M., University of Miami. Personal communication in June 2012.
205. Putaud J.-P., Van Dingenen R., Dell'Acqua A., Raes F., Matta E., Decesari S., Facchini M.C., Fuzzi S. Size-segregated aerosol mass closure and chemical composition in Monte Cimone (I) during MINATROC. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2004, 4:889-902. 10.5194/acp-4-889-2004.
206. Querol X., Alastuey A., Spiro B., Plana F., López-Soler A. Sources of natural and anthropogenic sulphur around the Teruel power station, NE Spain. Inferences from sulphur isotope geochemistry. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:333-345.
207. 2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area, Catalonia, Spain. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35(36):6407-6419.
208. 10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean Basin. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43:4266-4277.
209. Querol X., Alastuey A., Pey J., Pérez Cusack M., Mihalopoulos N., Theodosi C., Gerasopoulos E., Kubilay N., Koçak M. Variability in regional background aerosols within the Mediterranean. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics 2009, 9:4575-4591.
210. Radhi M., Box M.A., Box G.P., Mitchell R.M., Cohen D.D., Stelcer E., Keywood M.D. Size-resolved mass and chemical properties of dust aerosols from Australia's Lake Eyre Basin. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44:3519-3528.
211. Raes F., Van Dingenen R., Cuevas E., Van Velthoven F.J.V., Prospero J.M. Observations of aerosols in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic: discussion of processes determining their size distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:21315-21328.
212. Raes F., Van Dingenen R., Vignati E., Wilson J., Putaud J.P., Seinfeld J.H., Adams P. Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:4215-4240.
213. Rajot J.L., Formenti P., Alfaro S., Desboeufs K., Chevaillier S., Chatenet B., Gaudichet A., Journet E., Marticorena B., Triquet S., Maman A., Mouget N., Zakou A. AMMA dust experiment: An overview of measurements performed during the dry season special observation period (SOP0) at the Banizoumbou (Niger) supersite. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:D00C14. 10.1029/2008JD009906.
214. Redmond H.E., Dial K.D., Thompson J.E. Light scattering and absorption by wind blown dust: Theory, measurement, and recent data. Aeolian Research 2010, 2:5-26.
215. Reid J.S., Jonsson H.H., Maring H.B., Smirnov A., Savoie D.L., Cliff S.S., Reid E.A., Livingston J.M., Meier M.M., Dubovik O., Tsay S.C. Comparison of size and morphological measurements of coarse mode dust particles from Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(D19):8593. 10.1029/2002JD002485.
216. Reid E.A., Reid J.S., Meier M.M., Dunlap M.R., Cliff S.S., Broumas A., Perry K., Maring H. Characterization of African dust transported to Puerto Rico by individual particle and size segregated bulk analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(D19):8591. 10.1029/2002JD002935.
217. Reid J.S., Eck T.F., Christopher S.A., Koppmann R., Dubovik O., Eleuterio D.P., Holben B.N., Reid E.A., Zhang J. A review of biomass burning emissions part III: Intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2005, 5:827-849. 10.5194/acp-5-827-2005.
218. Richard A., Bukowiecki N., Lienemann P., Furger M., Fierz M., Minguillon M.C., Weideli B., Figi R., Flechsig U., Appel K., Prévôt A.S.H., Baltensperger U. Quantitative sampling and analysis of trace elements in atmospheric aerosols: Impactor characterization and Synchrotron-XRF mass calibration. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2010, 3:1473-1485.
219. 10 and TSP levels in Southern and Eastern Spain. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35(20):2433-2447.
220. Rodríguez S., González Y., Cuevas E., Ramos R., Romero P.M., Abreu-Afonso J., Redondas A. Atmospheric nanoparticle observations in the low free troposphere during upward orographic flows at Izaña Mountain Observatory. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2009, 9:6319-6335. 10.5194/acp-9-6319-2009.
221. Rodríguez S., Alastuey A., Alonso-Pérez S., Querol X., Cuevas E., Abreu-Afonso J., Viana M., Pandolfi M., de la Rosa J. Transport of desert dust mixed with North African industrial pollutants in the subtropical Saharan Air Layer. Atmospheric Chemstry and Physics 2011, 11:6663-6685.
222. Saathoff H., Naumann K.H., Schnaiter M., Schock W., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., Kramer L., Bozoki Z., Pöschl U., Niessner R., Schurath U. Carbon mass determinations during the AIDA soot aerosol campaign 1999. Journal of Aerosol Science 2003, 34(10):1399-1420.
223. Sajani S.Z., Miglio R., Bonasoni P., Cristofanelli P., Marinoni A., Sartini C., Goldoni C.A., De Girolamo G., Lauriola P. Saharan dust and daily mortality in Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Occupational & Environmental Medicine 2010, 10.1136/oem.2010.058156.
224. 10 monitoring in the St. Austell China Clay area, Cornwall, UK. Atmospheric Environment 1999, 33:2111-2114.
225. Sassen K., DeMott P.J., Prospero J.M., Poellot M.R. Saharan dust storms and indirect aerosol effects on clouds: CRYSTAL-FACE results. Geophysical Research Letters 2003, 30:1633.
226. Saxena, P., Musarra, S., Malm, W., Day, D., Hering, S., 1996. Optical Characteristics of Southeastern Aerosol. AAAR96, Orlando, FL.
227. Sellegri K., Laj P., Peron F., Dupuy R., Legrand M., Preunkert S., Putaud J.P., Cachier H., Ghermandi G. Mass balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the Puy de Dôme (France) in winter. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:4333. 10.1029/2002JD002747.
228. Schmid O., Artaxo P., Arnott W.P., Chand D., Gatti L.V., Frank G.P., Hoffer A., Schnaiter M., Andreae M.O. Spectral light absorption by ambient aerosols influenced by biomass burning in the Amazon Basin. I: Comparison and field calibration of absorption measurement techniques. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2006, 6:3443-3462. 10.5194/acp-6-3443-2006.
229. Schladitz A., Müller T., Kaaden N., Massling A., Kandler K., Ebert M., Weinbruch S., Deutscher C., Wiedensohler A. In situ measurements of optical properties at Tinfou (Morocco) during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment SAMUM 2006. Tellus 2009, 61B:64-78.
230. Schulz, M., Prospero, J.M., Baker, A.R., Dentener, F., Ickes, L., Liss, P.S., Mahowald, N.M., Nickovic, S., Pérez García-Pando, C., Rodríguez, S., Sarin, M., Tegen, I., Duce, R.A., submitted for publication. The atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust to the ocean - Implications for research needs. Environmental Science and Technology.
231. Shao Y., Wyrwoll K.H., Chappell A., Huang J., Lin Z., McTainsh G.H., Mikami M., Tanaka T.H., Wangh X., Yoon S. Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science. Aeolian Research 2011, 2:181-204.
232. 2.5-10. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:3939-3950.
233. Sheridan P.J., Arnott W.P., Ogren J.A., Andrews E., Atkinson D.B., Covert D.S., Moosmüller H., Petzold A., Schmid B., Strawa A.W., Varma R., Virkkula A. The Reno aerosol optics study: An evaluation of aerosol absorption measurement methods. Aerosol Science and Technology 2005, 39:1-16.
234. Slowik J.G., Cross E.S., Han J.H., Davidovits P., Onasch T.B., Jayne J.T., Williams L.R., Canagaratna M.R., Worsnop D.R., Chakrabarty R.K., Moosmuller H., Arnott W.P., Schwarz J.P., Gao R.S., Fahey D.W., Kok G.L., Petzold A. An inter-comparison of instruments measuring black carbon content of soot particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, 41(3):295-314. 10.1080/02786820701197078.
235. Smirnov A., Holben B.N., Savoie D., Prospero J.M., Kaufman Y.J., Tanre D., Eck T.E., Slutsker I. Relationship between column aerosol optical thickness and in-situ ground based dust concentrations over Barbados. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:1643-1646.
236. Stein S.W., Gabrio G.W., Oberreit D., Hairston P.P., Myrdal P.B., Beck T.J. An evaluation of mass-weighted size distribution measurements with the model 3320 aerodynamic particle sizer. Aerosol Science and Technology 2002, 36:845-854.
237. Sugimoto N., Uno I., Nishikawa M., Shimizu A., Matsui I., Dong X., Chen Y., Quan H. Record heavy Asian dust in Beijing in 2002: Observations and model analysis of recent events. Geophysical Research Letter 2003, 30:1640. 10.1029/2002GL016349.
238. Sunnu A., Afeti G., Resch F. A long-term experimental study of the Saharan dust presence in West Africa. Atmospheric Research 2008, 87:13-26. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.07.004.
239. Szidat S., Jenk T.M., Gäggeler H.W., Synal H.-A., Fisseha R., Baltensperger U., Kalberer M., Samburova V., Wacker L., Saurer M., Schwikowski M., Hajdas I. Source apportionment of aerosols by 14C measurements in different carbonaceous particle fractions. Radiocarbon 2004, 46:475-484.
240. Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M. The continental crust: its composition and evolution 1985, Blackwell, Oxford.
241. ten Brink H., Otjes R., Jongejan P., Slanina S. An instrument for semi-continuous monitoring of the size-distribution of nitrate, ammonium, sulphate and chloride in aerosol. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(13):2768-2779.
242. Tsai C.J., Chen C.S., Huang C.H., Chen R.D. A universal calibration curve for the TSI aerodynamic particle sizer. Aerosol Science and Technology 2004, 38:467-474.
243. Trapp J.M., Millero F.J., Prospero J.M. Temporal variability of the elemental composition of African dust measured in trade wind aerosols at Barbados and Miami. Marine Chemistry 2010, 120:71-82.
244. Trentmann J., Andreae M.O., Graf H.F., Hobbs R.D., Ottmar R.D., Trautmann T. Simulation of a biomass-burning plume: Comparison of model with observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107(D2). 10.1029/2001JD000410.
245. Van Dingenen R., Putaud J.-P., Martins-Dos Santos S., Raes F. Physical aerosol properties and their relation to air mass origin at Monte Cimone (Italy) during the first MINATROC campaign, Atmospheric Chemistry and. Physics 2005, 5:2203-2226. 10.5194/acp-5-2203-2005.
246. Van Drooge B.L., Fernández P., Grimalt J.O., Stuchlík E., Torres-García C.J., Cuevas E. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in remote European and Atlantic sites located above the boundary mixing layer. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2010, 17:1207-1216. 10.1007/s11356-010-0296-0.
247. Vechhi R., Valli G., Fermo P., D'Alessandro A., Piazzalunga A., Bernardoni V. Organic and inorganic sampling artefacts assessment. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43:1713-1720.
248. Viana M.M., Querol X., Alastuey A., Cuevas E., Rodríguez S. Influence of African dust on the levels of atmospheric particulates in the Canary Islands air quality network. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:5861-5875.
249. Virkkula A., Ahlquist N.C., Covert D.S., Arnott W.P., Sheridan P.J., Quinn P.K., Coffmann D.J. Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 2005, 39:68-83.
250. Virkkula A., Mäkelä T., Yli-Tuomi T., Hirsikko A., Koponen I.K., Hämeri K., Hillamo R. A simple procedure for correcting loading effects of aethalometer data. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 2007, 57:1214-1222. 10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1214.
251. Virkkula A. Correction of the Calibration of the 3-wavelength Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (3λ PSAP). Aerosol Science and Technology 2010, 44:706-712. 10.1080/02786826.2010.482110.
252. Volckens J., Peters T.M. Counting and particle transmission efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer. Journal of Aerosol Science 2005, 36:1400-1408.
253. Vrekoussis M., Liakakou E., Koçak M., Oikonomou K., Sciare J., Mihalopoulos N. Seasonal variability of optical properties in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:7083-7094.
254. Weber R.J., Orsini D., Daun Y., Lee Y.-N., Klotz P., Brechtel F. A particle-into-liquid collector for rapid measurements of aerosol chemical composition. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 35:718-727.
255. Weckwerth G. Origin of fine dust in urban environmental zones - Evidence from element patterns received by dichotomous collection and INAA. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2010, 68(10):1878-1883.
256. Weingartner E., Saathoff H., Schnaiter M., Streit N., Bitnar B., Baltensperger U. Absorption of light by soot particles, 2003. Determination of the absorption by means of aethalometers. Journal of Aerosol Science 2003, 34:1445-1463.
257. Weinzierl B., Petzol A., Esselborn M., Wirth M., Raps K., Kandler K., Schültz L., Koepe P., Fiebig M. Airborne measurements of dust layer properties, particle size distribution and mixing state of Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006. Tellus 2009, 61B:96-117.
258. Wiedensohler, et al. Mobility particle size spectrometers: Harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions. Atmospheric Measurements Techniques Discussions 2012, 5:657-685.
259. Wilson J.C., Liu B.Y.H. Aerodynamic particle size measurements by laser-droppler velocimetry. Journal of Aerosol Science 1980, 11(2):139-150.
260. Yadav, V., Turner, J., Petterson, K., Cooper, J. 2010. Field Performance evaluation of the cooper environmental services ambient metals monitor (Xact 620) for near-real time PM10 metals monitoring. American Association for Aerosol Research, AAAR 29th Annual Conference. Abstract Number: 788. October 25-29, 2010, Portland, Oregon, USA.
261. Yang J., Li G., Rao W., Ji J. Isotopic evidences for provenance of East Asian Dust. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43(29):4481-4490.
262. Yeatman S.G., Spokes L.J., Dennis P.F., Jickells T.D. Can the study of nitrogen isotopic composition in size-segregated aerosol nitrate and ammonium be used to investigate atmospheric processing mechanisms?. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35(7):1337-1345.
263. Zhang H., McFarguhar G.M., Saleeby S.M., Cotton W.R. Impacts of Saharan dust as CCN on the evolution of an idealized tropical cyclone. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34. 10.1029/2007GL029876.