The promise of fetal cells in maternal blood

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 655-667

  Choolani, Mahesh ^a   Mahyuddin, Aniza P ^a   Hahn, Sinuhe ^b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b UNIVERSITY WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

chromosomal FISH; epsilon globin; fetal nucleated red blood cells; maternal blood; non invasive prenatal diagnosis

Indexed keywords

GENOMIC DNA; HEMOGLOBIN; LECTIN; MESSENGER RNA; SOYBEAN AGGLUTININ;

ANEUPLOIDY; ARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; ARTICLE; BETA THALASSEMIA; CELL ISOLATION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL SELECTION; CELL SEPARATION; CELL TRANSPORT; CHROMOSOMAL FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; CHROMOSOME DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DOWN SYNDROME; ECLAMPSIA; ELECTROPHORESIS; ERYTHROBLAST; ERYTHROCYTE; FETUS CELL; FLUORESCENCE ACTIVATED CELL SORTING; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INCIDENCE; LASER MICRODISSECTION; LECTIN BINDING; LEUKOCYTE; LUNG CIRCULATION; MAGNETIC ACTIVATED CELL SORTING; MAGNETOPHORESIS; MATERNAL BLOOD; MICROFLUIDICS; MICROMANIPULATION; MOSAICISM; NON INVASIVE PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STEM CELL; TROPHOBLAST; Y CHROMOSOME;

ANEUPLOIDY; FEMALE; FETAL BLOOD; FETUS; HUMANS; MATERNAL AGE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS;

EID: 84865463511     PISSN: 15216934     EISSN: 15321932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.06.008     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. A.B. Caughey, L.M. Hopkins, and M.E. Norton Chorionic villus sampling compared with amniocentesis and the difference in the rate of pregnancy loss Obstet Gynecol 108 2006 612 616
2. M. Choolani, S.S. Ho, and K. Razvi FastFISH: technique for ultrarapid fluorescence in situ hybridization on uncultured amniocytes yielding results within 2 h of amniocentesis Mol Hum Reprod 13 2007 355 359
3. C.P. Chen, Y.N. Su, and S.Y. Lin Rapid aneuploidy diagnosis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and array comparative genomic hybridization in pregnancy with major congenital malformations Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 50 2011 85 94
4. J.F. Soucy, J. Lavoie, and A.M. Duncan Locus-specific dual color-probe for the enumeration of chromosome 18 in rapid FISH aneuploidy testing on uncultured amniocytes Prenat Diagn 30 2010 811 812
5. C.W. Jia, S.Y. Wang, and Y.M. Ma Fluorescence in situ hybridization in uncultured amniocytes for detection of aneuploidy in 4210 prenatal cases Chin Med J (Engl) 124 2011 1164 1168
6. A. Tabor, J. Philip, and M. Madsen Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 low-risk women Lancet 1 1986 1287 1293
7. RCOG Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (Green-top 8) June 2010 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists p. 1-13
8. F. Daffos, M. Capella-Pavlovsky, and F. Forestier Fetal blood sampling during pregnancy with use of a needle guided by ultrasound: a study of 606 consecutive cases Am J Obstet Gynecol 153 1985 655 660
9. M. Buscaglia, L. Ghisoni, and M. Bellotti Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling: indication changes and procedure loss rate in a nine years' experience Fetal Diagn Ther 11 1996 106 113
10. O. Lapaire, W. Holzgreve, and J.C. Oosterwijk Georg Schmorl on trophoblasts in the maternal circulation Placenta 28 2007 1 5
11. J. Walknowska, F.A. Conte, and M.M. Grumbach Practical and theoretical implications of fetal-maternal lymphocyte transfer Lancet 1 1969 1119 1122
12. D.W. Bianchi, A.F. Flint, and M.F. Pizzimenti Isolation of fetal DNA from nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 1990 3279 3283
13. D.W. Bianchi, A. Mahr, and G.K. Zickwolf Detection of fetal cells with 47, XY, +21 karyotype in maternal peripheral blood Hum Genet 90 1992 368 370
14. D. Ganshirt-Ahlert, R. Borjesson-Stoll, and M. Burschyk Detection of fetal trisomies 21 and 18 from maternal blood using triple gradient and magnetic cell sorting Am J Reprod Immunol 30 1993 194 201
15. U.W. Mueller, C.S. Hawes, and A.E. Wright Isolation of fetal trophoblast cells from peripheral blood of pregnant women Lancet 336 1990 197 200
16. W. Holzgreve, H.S. Garritsen, and D. Ganshirt-Ahlert Fetal cells in the maternal circulation J Reprod Med 37 1992 410 418
17. C. Hawes, B. Kalionis, and W. Jones Isolating fetal trophoblast cells for prenatal genetic diagnosis JAMA 271 1994 1079 1080
18. D.W. Bianchi, J.L. Simpson, and L.G. Jackson Fetal gender and aneuploidy detection using fetal cells in maternal blood: analysis of NIFTY I data. National Institute of Child Health and Development Fetal Cell Isolation Study Prenat Diagn 22 2002 609 615
19. J.O. Price, S. Elias, and S.S. Wachtel Prenatal diagnosis with fetal cells isolated from maternal blood by multiparameter flow cytometry Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 1991 1731 1737
20. H. Hamada, T. Arinami, and T. Kubo Fetal nucleated cells in maternal peripheral blood: frequency and relationship to gestational age Hum Genet 91 1993 427 432
21. P. Jones, A. McNay, and W. Walker Association between foeto-maternal bleeding and hypertension in pregnancy Br Med J 3 1969 738 742
22. M.J. Simchen, G. Barkai, and A. Lusky Fetal hemoglobin-expressing nucleated red blood cell frequencies in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction Prenat Diagn 21 2001 31 35
23. B.S. Aali, R. Malekpour, and F. Sedig Comparison of maternal and cord blood nucleated red blood cell count between pre-eclamptic and healthy women J Obstet Gynaecol Res 33 2007 274 278
24. D.W. Bianchi, J.M. Williams, and L.M. Sullivan PCR quantitation of fetal cells in maternal blood in normal and aneuploid pregnancies Am J Hum Genet 61 1997 822 829
25. E. Falcidia, E. Parano, and A. Grillo Fetal cells in maternal blood: a six-fold increase in women who have undergone amniocentesis and carry a fetus with Down syndrome: a multicenter study Neuropediatrics 35 2004 321 324
26. K. Krabchi, M. Gadji, and O. Samassekou Quantification of fetal nucleated cells in maternal blood of pregnant women with a male trisomy 21 fetus using molecular cytogenetic techniques Prenat Diagn 26 2006 28 34
27. J.Y. Wang, D.K. Zhen, and M.E. Zilberstein Non-invasive exclusion of fetal aneuploidy in an at-risk couple with a balanced translocation Mol Hum Reprod 6 2000 103 106
28. M.C. Cheung, J.D. Goldberg, and Y.W. Kan Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia by analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood Nat Genet 14 1996 264 268
29. T. Toth, C. Papp, and E. Toth-Pal Fetal RhD genotyping by analysis of maternal blood. A case report J Reprod Med 43 1998 219 222
30. D.W. Bianchi Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: feasibility for prenatal diagnosis Br J Haematol 105 1999 574 583
31. C. Beroud, M. Karliova, and J.P. Bonnefont Prenatal diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy by genetic analysis of circulating fetal cells Lancet 361 2003 1013 1014
32. A. Saker, A. Benachi, and J.P. Bonnefont Genetic characterisation of circulating fetal cells allows non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis Prenat Diagn 26 2006 906 916
33. I.J. van Wijk, J.M. van Vugt, and M.A. Mulders Enrichment of fetal trophoblast cells from the maternal peripheral blood followed by detection of fetal deoxyribonucleic acid with a nested X/Y polymerase chain reaction Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 1996 871 878
34. E. Guetta, L. Gutstein-Abo, and G. Barkai Trophoblasts isolated from the maternal circulation: in vitro expansion and potential application in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis J Histochem Cytochem 53 2005 337 339
35. L. Zhang, Y. Wang, and A.H. Liao Quantitative abnormalities of fetal trophoblast cells in maternal circulation in preeclampsia Prenat Diagn 28 2008 1160 1166
36. H.D. Attwood, and W.W. Park Embolism to the lungs by trophoblast J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 68 1961 611 617
37. T.V. Hviid, S. Sorensen, and N. Morling Detection of fetal-specific DNA after enrichment for trophoblasts using the monoclonal antibody LK26 in model systems but failure to demonstrate fetal DNA in maternal peripheral blood Prenat Diagn 19 1999 271 278
38. M.L. Tjoa, L. Delli-Bovi, and K.L. Johnson Antibodies to trophoblast antigens HLA-G, placenta growth factor, and neuroD2 do not improve detection of circulating trophoblast cells in maternal blood Fetal Diagn Ther 22 2007 85 89
39. I. Filges, A. Kang, and V. Klug aCGH on chorionic villi mirrors the complexity of fetoplacental mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis Prenat Diagn 31 2011 473 478
40. E. Holgado, S. Liddle, and T. Ballard Incidence of placental mosaicism leading to discrepant results between QF-PCR and karyotyping in 22,825 chorionic villus samples Prenat Diagn 31 2011 1029 1038
41. L.A. Herzenberg, D.W. Bianchi, and J. Schroder Fetal cells in the blood of pregnant women: detection and enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76 1979 1453 1455
42. T. Lepez, M. Vandewoestyne, and S. Hussain Fetal microchimeric cells in blood of women with an Autoimmune Thyroid Disease PLoS One 6 2011 e29646
43. D.W. Bianchi, G.K. Zickwolf, and G.J. Weil Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 1996 705 708
44. Y.M. Lo, A.L. Morey, and J.S. Wainscoat Culture of fetal erythroid cells from maternal peripheral blood Lancet 344 1994 264 265
45. D. Valerio, R. Aiello, and V. Altieri Culture of fetal erythroid progenitor cells from maternal blood for non-invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis Prenat Diagn 16 1996 1073 1082
46. H. Chen, D.K. Griffin, and K. Jestice Evaluating the culture of fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis Prenat Diagn 18 1998 883 892
47. M.T. Little, S. Langlois, and R.D. Wilson Frequency of fetal cells in sorted subpopulations of nucleated erythroid and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells from maternal peripheral blood Blood 89 1997 2347 2358
48. G. Coata, F. Tilesi, and M. Fizzotti Prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities using fetal CD34+ stem cells in maternal circulation and evidence they do not affect diagnosis in later pregnancies Stem Cells 19 2001 534 542
49. M.A. Mikhail, H. M'Hamdi, and J. Welsh High frequency of fetal cells within a primitive stem cell population in maternal blood Hum Reprod 23 2008 928 933
50. C. Campagnoli, I. Roberts, and S. Kumar Clonal culture of fetal cells from maternal blood Lancet 357 2001 962
51. K. O'Donoghue, M. Choolani, and J. Chan Identification of fetal mesenchymal stem cells in maternal blood: implications for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis Mol Hum Reprod 9 2003 497 502
52. H.A. Pearson Life-span of the fetal red blood cell J Pediatr 70 1967 166 171
53. Z. Huang, C.Y. Fong, and K. Gauthaman Novel approaches to manipulating foetal cells in the maternal circulation for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of the unborn child J Cell Biochem 112 2011 1475 1485
54. J.D. Liou, C.C. Pao, and J.J. Hor Fetal cells in the maternal circulation during first trimester in pregnancies Hum Genet 92 1993 309 311
55. E. Parano, E. Falcidia, and A. Grillo Fetal nucleated red blood cell counts in peripheral blood of mothers bearing Down syndrome fetus Neuropediatrics 32 2001 147 149
56. D.B. Thomas, and J.M. Yoffey Human foetal haemopoiesis. I. The cellular composition of foetal blood Br J Haematol 8 1962 290 295
57. S. Wachtel, S. Elias, and J. Price Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: isolation by multiparameter flow cytometry and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction Hum Reprod 6 1991 1466 1469
58. D.W. Bianchi, G.K. Zickwolf, and M.C. Yih Erythroid-specific antibodies enhance detection of fetal nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood Prenat Diagn 13 1993 293 300
59. A. Sekizawa, T. Kimura, and M. Sasaki Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy using a single fetal nucleated erythrocyte in maternal blood Neurology 46 1996 1350 1353
60. J.C. Oosterwijk, W.E. Mesker, and Ouwerkerk-van Development of a preparation and staining method for fetal erythroblasts in maternal blood: simultaneous immunocytochemical staining and FISH analysis Cytometry 32 1998 170 177
61. C. Troeger, W. Holzgreve, and S. Hahn A comparison of different density gradients and antibodies for enrichment of fetal erythroblasts by MACS Prenat Diagn 19 1999 521 526
62. W. Holzgreve, F. Ghezzi, and E. Di Naro Disturbed feto-maternal cell traffic in preeclampsia Obstet Gynecol 91 1998 669 672
63. R. Al-Mufti, H. Hambley, and F. Farzaneh Investigation of maternal blood enriched for fetal cells: role in screening and diagnosis of fetal trisomies Am J Med Genet 85 1999 66 75
64. N.M. Bhat, M.M. Bieber, and N.N. Teng One-step enrichment of nucleated red blood cells. A potential application in perinatal diagnosis J Immunol Methods 158 1993 277 280
65. M. Choolani, K. O'Donoghue, and D. Talbert Characterization of first trimester fetal erythroblasts for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis Mol Hum Reprod 9 2003 227 235
66. B. Prieto, R. Alonso, and A. Paz Optimization of nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) recovery from maternal blood collected using both layers of a double density gradient Prenat Diagn 21 2001 187 193
67. E. Di Naro, F. Ghezzi, and A. Vitucci Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia using fetal erythroblasts enriched from maternal blood by a novel gradient Mol Hum Reprod 6 2000 571 574
68. M.A. DeMaria, Y.L. Zheng, and D. Zhen Improved fetal nucleated erythrocyte sorting purity using intracellular antifetal hemoglobin and Hoechst 33342 Cytometry 25 1996 37 45
69. I.M. de Graaf, M.E. Jakobs, and N.J. Leschot Enrichment, identification and analysis of fetal cells from maternal blood: evaluation of a prenatal diagnosis system Prenat Diagn 19 1999 648 652
70. J.L. Simpson, D.E. Lewis, and F.Z. Bischoff Isolating fetal nucleated red blood cells from maternal blood: the Baylor experience-1995 Prenat Diagn 15 1995 907 912
71. D.E. Lewis, W. Schober, and S. Murrell Rare event selection of fetal nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood by flow cytometry Cytometry 23 1996 218 227
72. D. Ganshirt-Ahlert, M. Burschyk, and H.S. Garritsen Magnetic cell sorting and the transferrin receptor as potential means of prenatal diagnosis from maternal blood Am J Obstet Gynecol 166 1992 1350 1355
73. J.Y. Wang, D.K. Zhen, and V.M. Falco Fetal nucleated erythrocyte recovery: fluorescence activated cell sorting-based positive selection using anti-gamma globin versus magnetic activated cell sorting using anti-CD45 depletion and anti-gamma globin positive selection Cytometry 39 2000 224 230
74. M. Borgatti, N. Bianchi, and I. Mancini New trends in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: applications of dielectrophoresis-based Lab-on-a-chip platforms to the identification and manipulation of rare cells Int J Mol Med 21 2008 3 12
75. M.A. Huie, M.C. Cheung, and M.O. Muench Antibodies to human fetal erythroid cells from a nonimmune phage antibody library Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2001 2682 2687
76. M.R. Loken, V.O. Shah, and K.L. Dattilio Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow: I. Normal erythroid development Blood 69 1987 255 263
77. M.J. Telen Red blood cell surface adhesion molecules: their possible roles in normal human physiology and disease Semin Hematol 37 2000 130 142
78. L. Durrant, K. McDowall, and R. Holmes Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis by isolation of both trophoblasts and fetal nucleated red blood cells from the peripheral blood of pregnant women Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103 1996 219 222
79. X.Y. Zhong, W. Holzgreve, and J.C. Li High levels of fetal erythroblasts and fetal extracellular DNA in the peripheral blood of a pregnant woman with idiopathic polyhydramnios: case report Prenat Diagn 20 2000 838 841
80. D. Valerio, R. Aiello, and V. Altieri Isolation of fetal erythroid cells from maternal blood based on expression of erythropoietin receptors Mol Hum Reprod 3 1997 451 455
81. C. Campagnoli, H.A. Multhaupt, and A. Ludomirski Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Use of density gradient centrifugation, magnetically activated cell sorting and in situ hybridization J Reprod Med 42 1997 193 199
82. J.P. Reading, J.L. Huffman, and J.C. Wu Nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood: quantity and quality of fetal cells in enriched populations Hum Reprod 10 1995 2510 2515
83. Y.L. Zheng, N.P. Carter, and C.M. Price Prenatal diagnosis from maternal blood: simultaneous immunophenotyping and FISH of fetal nucleated erythrocytes isolated by negative magnetic cell sorting J Med Genet 30 1993 1051 1056
84. K. Andrews, J. Wienberg, and M.A. Ferguson-Smith Enrichment of fetal nucleated cells from maternal blood: model test system using cord blood Prenat Diagn 15 1995 913 919
85. H. Mohamed, J.N. Turner, and M. Caggana Biochip for separating fetal cells from maternal circulation J Chromatogr A 1162 2007 187 192
86. D. Lee, P. Sukumar, and A. Mahyuddin Separation of model mixtures of epsilon-globin positive fetal nucleated red blood cells and anucleate erythrocytes using a microfluidic device J Chromatogr A 1217 2010 1862 1866
87. R. Huang, T.A. Barber, and M.A. Schmidt A microfluidics approach for the isolation of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) from the peripheral blood of pregnant women Prenat Diagn 28 2008 892 899
88. S. Wada, and M. Kitagawa Method of separation and concentration of fetal nucleated red blood cells in maternal blood and its application to fetal diagnosis Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 44 2004 72 78
89. M. Kitagawa, K. Sugiura, and H. Omi New technique using galactose-specific lectin for isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood Prenat Diagn 22 2002 17 21
90. M. Shinya, A. Okamoto, and H. Sago Analysis of fetal DNA from maternal peripheral blood by lectin-polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 44 2004 142 146
91. T. Babochkina, S. Mergenthaler, and G. De Napoli Numerous erythroblasts in maternal blood are impervious to fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, a feature related to a dense compact nucleus with apoptotic character Haematologica 90 2005 740 745
92. G. Xu, M.B. Chan, and C. Yang Design and fabrication a microfluidic device for fetal cells dielectrophoretic properties characterization J Physics 2006 1106 1111
93. H. Takabayashi, S. Kuwabara, and T. Ukita Development of non-invasive fetal DNA diagnosis from maternal blood Prenat Diagn 15 1995 74 77
94. A. Sekizawa, O. Samura, and D.K. Zhen Fetal cell recycling: diagnosis of gender and RhD genotype in the same fetal cell retrieved from maternal blood Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 1999 1237 1242
95. W. Peng, H. Takabayashi, and K. Ikawa Whole genome amplification from single cells in preimplantation genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 131 2007 13 20
96. T. Kroneis, L. Gutstein-Abo, and K. Kofler Automatic retrieval of single microchimeric cells and verification of identity by on-chip multiplex PCR J Cell Mol Med 14 2010 954 969
97. Y.L. Zheng, D.K. Zhen, and M.A. DeMaria Search for the optimal fetal cell antibody: results of immunophenotyping studies using flow cytometry Hum Genet 100 1997 35 42
98. A. Mavrou, Y.L. Zheng, and A. Kolialexi Fetal nucleated erythrocytes (NRBCs) in chorionic villus sample supernatant fluids: an additional source of fetal material for karyotype confirmation Prenat Diagn 17 1997 643 649
99. M.E. Pembrey, D.J. Weatherall, and J.B. Clegg Maternal synthesis of haemoglobin F in pregnancy Lancet 1 1973 1350 1354
100. T. Papayannopoulou, E. Vichinsky, and G. Stamatoyannopoulos Fetal Hb production during acute erythroid expansion. I. Observations in patients with transient erythroblastopenia and post-phlebotomy Br J Haematol 44 1980 535 546
101. N.F. Olivieri The beta-thalassemias N Engl J Med 341 1999 99 109
102. S.W. Chung, S.C. Wong, and B.J. Clarke Human embryonic zeta-globin chains in adult patients with alpha-thalassemias Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81 1984 6188 6191
103. H.Y. Luo, X.L. Liang, and C. Frye Embryonic hemoglobins are expressed in definitive cells Blood 94 1999 359 361
104. W.E. Mesker, M.C. Ouwerkerk-van Velzen, and J.C. Oosterwijk Two-colour immunocytochemical staining of gamma (gamma) and epsilon (epsilon) type haemoglobin in fetal red cells Prenat Diagn 18 1998 1131 1137
105. A. Mavrou, A. Kolialexi, and Y.L. Zheng Improved specificity of NRBC detection in chorionic villus sample supernatant fluids using anti-zeta and anti-epsilon monoclonal antibodies Fetal Diagn Ther 14 1999 291 295
106. R.K. Saiki, S. Scharf, and F. Faloona Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia Science 230 1985 1350 1354
107. D.A. Rappolee, D. Mark, and M.J. Banda Wound macrophages express TGF-alpha and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotyping Science 241 1988 708 712
108. D. Pinkel, J. Landegent, and C. Collins Fluorescence in situ hybridization with human chromosome-specific libraries: detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 1988 9138 9142
109. P. Colls, T. Escudero, and J. Fischer Validation of array comparative genome hybridization for diagnosis of translocations in preimplantation human embryos Reprod Biomed Online 24 2012 621 629
110. C. Lee, S. Lin, and C. Lin Clinical utility of array comparative genomic hybridisation for prenatal diagnosis: a cohort study of 3171 pregnancies BJOG 119 2012 614 625
111. C. Camaschella, A. Alfarano, and E. Gottardi Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hemoglobin Lepore-Boston disease on maternal peripheral blood Blood 75 1990 2102 2106
112. A. Watanabe, A. Sekizawa, and A. Taguchi Prenatal diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency by using a single nucleated erythrocyte from maternal blood Hum Genet 102 1998 611 615
113. O. Samura, S. Sohda, and K.L. Johnson Diagnosis of trisomy 21 in fetal nucleated erythrocytes from maternal blood by use of short tandem repeat sequences Clin Chem 47 2001 1622 1626
114. L.L. Poon, T.N. Leung, and T.K. Lau Presence of fetal RNA in maternal plasma Clin Chem 46 2000 1832 1834
115. I. Hromadnikova, D. Hridelova, and B. Houbova Prenatal detection of trisomy 21 on nucleated red blood cells enriched from maternal circulation by using fluorescence in situ hybridization Prenat Diagn 22 2002 836 839
116. V. Cacheux, C. Milesi-Fluet, and G. Tachdjian Detection of 47, XYY trophoblast fetal cells in maternal blood by fluorescence in situ hybridization after using immunomagnetic lymphocyte depletion and flow cytometry sorting Fetal Diagn Ther 7 1992 190 194
117. F.Z. Bischoff, D.E. Lewis, and J.L. Simpson Detection of low-grade mosaicism in fetal cells isolated from maternal blood Prenat Diagn 15 1995 1182 1184
118. S. Mergenthaler, T. Babochkina, and V. Kiefer FISH analysis of all fetal nucleated cells in maternal whole blood: improved specificity by the use of two Y-chromosome probes J Histochem Biochem 53 2005 319 322
119. D.W. Bianchi, J.L. Simpson, and L.G. Jackson Fetal cells in maternal blood: NIFTY clinical trial interim analysis. DM-STAT. NICHD fetal cell study (NIFTY) group Prenat Diagn 19 1999 994 995
120. R. Al-Mufti, H. Hambley, and F. Farzaneh Fetal erythroblasts in maternal blood in relation to gestational age J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 14 2003 392 397
121. A. Sin, S.K. Murthy, and A. Revzin Enrichment using antibody-coated microfluidic chambers in shear flow: model mixtures of human lymphocytes Biotechnol Bioeng 91 2005 816 826
122. C. Schunck, and E. Mohammad Automated analysis of FISH-stained HER2/neu samples with Metafer Methods Mol Biol 724 2011 91 103
123. A. Seppo, V. Frisova, and I. Ichetovkin Detection of circulating fetal cells utilizing automated microscopy: potential for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidies Prenat Diagn 28 2008 815 821
124. J.H. Choi, A.O. Ogunniyi, and M. Du Development and optimization of a process for automated recovery of single cells identified by microengraving Biotechnol Prog 26 2010 888 895