Role of leukotriene receptor antagonists in the management of pediatric asthma

Pediatric Drugs

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 317-330

  Dumitru, Catalina ^a,b   Chan, Susan M H ^a,b   Turcanu, Victor ^a,b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b and University of Bristol   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CETIRIZINE; CORTICOSTEROID; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; INTERLEUKIN 5; LEUKOTRIENE B4; LEUKOTRIENE C4; LEUKOTRIENE D4; LEUKOTRIENE E4; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR; LIPOXYGENASE; MONTELUKAST; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PLACEBO; PRANLUKAST; SALMETEROL; ZAFIRLUKAST; ZILEUTON;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADD ON THERAPY; ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTHRALGIA; ASPIRIN EXACERBATED RESPIRATORY DISEASE; ASTHMA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CONCURRENT INFECTION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TRANSFORMATION; EAR INFECTION; EOSINOPHILIA; EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HEADACHE; HUMAN; LOEFFLER PNEUMONIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; MILD INTERMITTENT ASTHMA; MILD PERSISTENT ASTHMA; MORNING DOSAGE; NAUSEA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PHARYNGITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; REVIEW; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TREMOR; VIRAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; WHEEZING;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS; LEUKOTRIENES; RECEPTORS, LEUKOTRIENE;

EID: 84865366781     PISSN: 11745878     EISSN: 11792019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11599930-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Institute. Expert panel report 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. No. 07-4051 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guide lines/asthma/asthgdln.htm [Accessed 2012 Jul 24]
2. Van den Akker-van Marle ME, Bruil J, Detmar SB. Evaluation of cost of disease: Assessing the burden to society of asthma in children in the European Union. Allergy 2005; 60: 140-9
3. Szefler SJ, Apter A. Advances in pediatric and adult asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 470-7
4. Peters-Golden M, Henderson Jr WR, Leukotrienes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1841-54
5. Dahlen SE. Treatment of asthma with antileukotrienes: First line or last resort therapy? Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533: 40-56
6. Salvi SS, Krishna MT, Sampson AP, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of leukotriene-modifying drugs and their use in asthma. Chest 2001; 119: 1533-46
7. Schwab JM, Serhan CN. Lipoxins and new lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006; 6: 414-20
8. Kanoaka Y, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: Cellular distribution and function in immune and inflammatory responses. J Immunol 2004; 173: 1503-10
9. Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Page CP. Inflammatory mediators in asthma: An update. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 515-96
10. Hay DWP, Torphy TJ, Undem RJ. Cysteinyl leukotrienes in asthma: Old mediators up to new tricks. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995; 16: 304-9
11. Dahlen SE, Hedqvist P, Hammarstrom S, et al. Leukotrienes are potent constrictors of human bronchi. Nature 1980; 288: 484-6 12. Weiss JW, Drazen JM, Coles N, et al. Bronchoconstrictor effects of leukotriene C in humans. Science 1982; 216: 196-8
12. Wenzel SE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY, et al. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma: persistent inflammation associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 737-43
13. Capra V. Molecular and functional aspects of human cystenil leukotriene receptors. Pharmacol Res 2004; 50: 1-11
14. Elias J, Lee CG, Zheng T, et al. New insights into the pathogenesis of asthma. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 291-7
15. Brightling CE, Bradding P, Symon FA, et al. Mast cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. N Engl J Med 2003; 346: 1699-705
16. Jeffrey PK, Laitnen A, Venge P. Biopsy markers of airway inflammation and remodelling. Respir Med 2000; 94: S9-15
17. Dworsky R, Fitzgerald GA, Oates JA, et al. Effects of oral prednisone on airway inflammatory mediators in atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 194: 953-9
18. Henderson Jr WR, Chiang GK, Tien YT, et al. Reversal of allergen-induced airway remodeling by CysLT1 receptor blockade. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 718-28
19. Kelly MM, Chakir J, Vethanayagam D, et al. Montelukast treatment attenuates the increase in myofibroblasts following low-dose allergen challenge. Chest 2006; 130: 741-53
20. Zyflo consumer information [online]. Available from URL: http:// www.drugs.com/pro/zyflo-cr.html [Accessed 2011 Aug 21]
21. Montuschi P, Sala A, Dahle'n S-E, et al. Pharmacological modulation of the leukotriene pathway in allergic airway disease. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12: 404-12
22. Singulair paediatric 4mg chewable tablets: summary of product characteristics. Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, 2001 Jan [online]. Available from URL: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/21560 [Accessed 2012 Jul 26]
23. US FDA. Follow-up to the March 27, 2008 communication about the ongoing safety review of montelukast Singulair). 2009 Jan 13 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInfor mationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfe sionals/ucm079523.htm [Accessed 2011 Nov 11]
24. Busse W, Kraft M. Cysteinyl leukotrienes in allergic inflammation. Chest 2005; 127: 1312-26
25. Storms W. Update on montelukast and its role in the treatment of asthma, allergic rhinitis and exercise-induced bronchoconstrinction. Expert Opinion Pharmacother 2007; 8: 2173-3287
26. Knorr B, Nguyen HH, Kearins G, et al. Montelukast dose selection in children ages 2-to 5- years: Comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41: 612-9
27. Brocks DR, Upward JW, Georgiou P, et al. The single and multiple pharmacokinetics of pranlukast in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 51: 303-8
28. Merck & Co., Inc. Singulair montelukast sodium): package insert. Whitehouse Station NJ): Merck & Co., Inc., May 2010
29. Knoell DL, Lucas J, Allen JN. Churg-Strauss syndrome associated with zafirlukast. Chest 1998; 114: 332-4
30. Montuschi P, Sala A, Dahle'n S-E, et al. Pharmacological modulation of the leukotriene pathway in allergic airway disease. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12: 404-12
31. Green RH, Pavord ID. Leukotriene antagonists and symptom control in chronic persistent asthma. Lancet 2001; 357: 1991-
32. Leff JA, Busse WW, Pearlman D, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 147-52
33. Straub DA, Moeller A, Minocchieri S, et al. The effect of montelukast on lung function and exhaled nitric oxide in infants with early childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 289-94
34. Global Initiative for Asthma GINA) [online]. Available from URL: http:// www.ginasthma.org/ [Accessed 2011 Sep 5]
35. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: A PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy 2008; 63: 5-34
36. Del Giudice MM, Pezzulo A, Capristo C, et al. Leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of asthma in children. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 3 5): 245-51
37. The British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: quick reference guide. May 2008, revised May 2011 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.sign. ac.uk/pdf/qrg101.pdf [Accessed 2012 Jul 26]
38. Spahn JD, Covar RA, Jain N, et al. Effect of montelukast on peripheral airflow obstruction in children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96: 541-9
39. Bisgaard H, Zielen S, Garcia-Garcia L, et al. Montelukast reduces asthma exacerbations in 2- to 5-years old children with intermittent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 315-22
40. Van Adelsberg J, Moy J, Wei LX, et al. Safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of montelukast in 6- to 24-month-old patients with asthma. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21: 971-9
41. Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics 2001; 108: E48
42. Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: A randomized, doubleblind trial. Pediatric Montelukast Study Group. JAMA 1998; 279: 1181-6
43. Wahn U, Dass SB. Review of recent results of montelukast use as a monotherapy in children with mild asthma. Clin Ther 2008; 30: 1026-35
44. Dempsey OJ. Leukotrienes receptor antagonist therapy. Postgrad Med J 2000; 76: 767-73
45. Knorr B, Maganti L, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of montelukast in children aged 3 to 6 months. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46: 620-7
46. Kearns GL, Lu S, Maganti L, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of montelukast oral granules in children 1 to 3 months of age with bronchiolitis. J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 48: 502-11
47. Ducharme FM. Inhaled glucocorticoids versus leukotriene receptor antagonists as single agent asthma treatment: systematic review of current evidence. BMJ 2003; 326: 621
48. Sorkness CA, Lemanske Jr RF, Mauger DT, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: The Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 64-72
49. Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, et al. Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-tomoderate persistent childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 45-52
50. Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, et al. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 233-42
51. Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr 2005; 147 2): 213-20
52. Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, et al. Montelukast compared with fluticasone, control of asthma among 6 to 14 year old patients with mild asthma: The MOSAIC Study. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 360-9
53. Jartti T. Inhaled corticosteroids or montelukast as the preferred primary longterm treatment for pediatric asthma? Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 731-6
54. Becker AB Kuznetsova O Vermeulen J et al. Linear growth in prepubertal asthmatic children treated with montelukast beclomethasone or placebo 56-week Randomized Double-blind Study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96 800-7
55. Pedersen S, Agertoft L, Williams-Herman D, et al. Placebo-controlled study of montelukast and budesonide on short-term growth in prepubertal asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42: 838-43
56. Wang L, Hollenbeak CS, Mauger DT, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of fluticasone versus montelukast in children with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma in the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127 1): 161-6, 166.e1
57. Price D, Musgrave SD, Shepstone L, et al. Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy.N Engl J Med 2011; 364 18): 1695-707
58. Bukstein DA, Luskin AT, Bernstein A. ''Real-world'' effectiveness of daily controller medicine in children with mild persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90: 543-9
59. Ducharme FM, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 5): CD003137
60. Lemanske Jr RF, Mauger DT, Sorkness CA, et al. Childhood Asthma Research and Education CARE) Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 975-85
61. Miraglia del Giudice M, Piacentini GL, Capasso M, et al. Formoterol, montelukast and budesonide in asthmatic children: Effect on lung function and exhaled nitric oxide. Respir Med 2007; 101: 1809-13
62. Buchvald F, Bisgaard H. Comparisons of the complementary effect on exhaled nitric oxide of salmeterol vs montelukast in asthmatic children taking regular inhaled budesonide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91: 309-13
63. Ducharme FM, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ. Long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 4): CD003137
64. Ringdal N, Eliraz A, Prunizec R, et al. The salmeterol/fluticasone combination is more effective than fluticasone plus oral montelukast in asthma. Respir Med 2003; 97: 234-41
65. Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J, et al. Montelukast and fluticasone compared with salmeterol and fluticasone in protecting against asthma, exacerbation in adults: One year, double blind, randomised, comparative trial. BMJ 2008; 327: 891-7
66. Van den Burgt JA, Busse WW, Martin RJ, et al. Efficacy and safety overview of a new inhaled corticosteroid in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: 1209-26
67. Laviolette M, Malmstrom K, Lu S, et al. Montelukast added to inhaled beclomethasone in treatment of asthma. Montelukast/Beclomethasone Additivity Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1862-8
68. Currie GP, Bates CE, Lee DK, et al. Effects of montelukast on surrogate inflammatory markers in corticosteroid treated patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1232-8
69. Strunk RC, Bacharier LB, Phillips BR, et al. Azithromycin or montelukast as inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agents in moderate-to-severe childhood asthma study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122: 1138-44
70. Reiss TF, Hill JB, Harman E, et al. Increased urinary excretion of LTE4 after exercise and attenuation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by montelukast, a cystenil leukotriene receptor antagonist. Thorax 1997; 52: 1030-5
71. Sandrini A, Ferreira IM, Gutierrez C, et al. Effects of montelukast on exaled nitric oxide and non-volatile markers of inflammation in mild asthma. Chest 2003; 124: 1334-40
72. Kopriva F, Janostakova A, Jarmila S, et al. Montelukast decreases plasma endothelin-1 and serum eosinophil cationic protein levels in paediatric atopic asthma. Clin Drug Investig 2006; 26: 351-6
73. Strauch E, Moske O, Thomas S. A randomised controlled trial on the effect of montelukast on sputum eosinophil cationic protein in children with corticosteroid- dependent asthma. Pediatr Res 2003; 54: 198-203
74. Borker R, Emmett A, Jhingran P, et al. Determining economic feasibility of fluticasone propionate-salmeterol vs montelukast in the treatment of persistent asthma using a net benefit approach and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005 Aug; 95 2): 181-9
75. Navarro RP, Parasuraman B. Cost effectiveness of asthma controller therapies: Influence of disease severity and other variables. Manag Care Interface 2005; 18 6): 31-40
76. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Ress M, et al. Time efficacy of a single dose of montelukast on exercise-induced asthma in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002; 13: 434-7
77. Pajaron-Fernandez M, Garcia-Rubia S, Sanchez- Solis M, et al. Montelukast administred in the morning or evening to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstiction in children. Ped Pulmonol 2006; 41: 222-7
78. De Benedictis FM, Miraglia del Giudice M, Forenza N, et al. Lack of tolerance to the protective effect of montelukast in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Eur Respir 2006; J28: 291-5
79. Villaran C, O'Neill SJ, Helbling A, et al. Montelukast versus salmeterol in patients with asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Montelukast/ Salmeterol Exercise Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 547-53
80. Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Shapiro GG, et al. Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma. J Pediatr 1998; 133: 424-8
81. Ramage L, Lipworth BJ, Ingram CG, et al. Reduced protection against exercise induced bronchoconstriction after chronic dosing with salmeterol. Respir Med 1994; 88: 363-8
82. Melo RE, Sole D, Naspitz CK. Exercise-inducedbronchoconstriction in children: montelukast attenuates the immediate phase and late phase responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 301-17
83. Robertson C, Price D, Henry R, et al. Short-course montelukast for intermittent asthma in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 323-9
84. Harmanci K, Bakirtas A, Turktas I, et al. Oral montelukast treatment of preschool-aged children with acute asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96: 731-5
85. Nelson KA, Smith SR, Trinkaus K, et al. Pilot study of oral montelukast added to standard therapy for acute asthma exacerbations in children aged 6 to 14 years. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008; 24: 21-7
86. Bacharier LB, Phillips BR, Zeiger RS, et al. Episodic use of an inhaled corticosteroid or leukotriene receptor antagonist in preschool children with moderate-to-severe intermittent wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122: 1127-35
87. Johnston NW, Mandhane P, Duncan J, et al. Attenuation of the September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: A randomised, controlled trial of montelukast added to usual therapy. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 702-12
88. Brand P, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, et al. Definition, assessment ant treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: An evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 1096-110
89. Heymann PW, Carper HT, Murphy DD, et al. Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 239-47
90. Montuschi P,Mondino C, Koch P, et al. Effects of montelukast treatment and withdrawal on fractional exhaled nitric oxide and lung function in children with asthma. Chest 2007; 132: 1876-81
91. Lee TH, Woszczek G, Farooque SP. Leukotriene E4: Perspective on the forgotten mediator. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124 3): 417-21
92. Christie PE, Tagari P, Ford-Hutchinson AW, et al. Urinary leukotriene E4 concentrations increase after aspirin challenge in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991 May; 143 5 Pt 1): 1025-9
93. Scha öper C, Noga O, Koch B, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist in patients with asthma and nasal polyposis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011; 21 1): 51-8
94. Park JS, Jang AS, Park SW, et al. Protection of leukotriene receptor antagonist against aspirin-induced bronchospasm in asthmatics. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2010 Jan; 2 1): 48-54
95. White A, Ludington E, Mehra P, et al. Effect of leukotriene modifier drugs on the safety of oral aspirin challenges. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006 Nov; 97 5): 688-93
96. Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, et al. Global Allergy and Asthma European Network. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010 Sep; 126 3): 466-76
97. Keskin O, Alyamac E, Tuncer A, et al. Do the LTRA work in children with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17: 259-68
98. Razi C, Bakirtas A, Harmanci K, et al. Effect of montelukast on symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide levels in 7- to 14-year-old children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97: 767-74
99. Chen ST, Lu KH, Sun HL, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing montelukast and cetirizine for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children aged 2-6 yr. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17: 49-54
100. Sazonov-Kocevar V, Laforest L, Travier N, et al. Asthma and allergy medication use and costs among pediatric primary care patients on asthma controller therapy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006 Dec; 17 8): 620-8
101. Szefler SJ, Martin RJ. Lessons learned from variation in response to therapy in clinical trials. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 285-92
102. Montuschi P, Mondino C, Koch P, et al. Effect of a leukotriene receptor antagonist on exhaled leukotriene E4 and prostanoids in asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 347-53
103. Rabinovitch N, Graber NJ, Chinchilli VM, et al. Urinary leukotriene E4/exhaled nitric oxide ratio and montelukast response in childhood asthma [published erratum appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 959- 60]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 545-51
104. Ward C, Pais M, Bish R, et al. Airway inflammation, basement membrane thickening and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax 2002; 57: 309-16
105. Hoshino M, Takahashi M, Takai Y, et al. ICS decrease subepithelial collagen deposition by modulation of the balance between matrix metalloproteinase- 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 1054-61
106. Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Loland L, et al. Intermittent ICS in infants with episodic wheezing. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1998-2005
107. Woszczek G, Chen LY, Alsaaty S, et al. Concentration-dependent noncysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor-mediated inhibitory activity of leukotriene receptor antagonists. J Immunol 2010; 184 4): 2219-25
108. Woodruff PG, Modrek B, Choy DF, et al. T-helper type 2-driven inflammationdefines major subphenotypes of asthma [published erratum appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180 8): 796]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180 5): 388-95
109. Choy DF, Modrek B, Abbas AR, et al. Gene expression patterns of Th2 inflammation and intercellular communication in asthmatic airways. J Immunol 2011; 186 3): 1861-9
110. Corren J, Lemanske RF, Hanania NA, et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 12): 1088-98