Whose e-democracy the democratic divide in American electoral campaigns

Information Polity

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 131-150

  Nam, Taewoo ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

democratic divide; digital divide; E democracy; equality; political participation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864782884     PISSN: 15701255     EISSN: 18758754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/IP-2011-0220     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. S. Albrecht, Whose voice is heard in online deliberation: a study of participation and representation in political debates on the Internet, Information, Communication & Society 9(1) (2006), 62-82. (Pubitemid 43279630)
2. F. B́elanger and L. Carter, The impact of the digital divide on e-government use, Communications of the ACM 52(4) (2009), 132-135.
3. J.C. Baumgartner and J.S. Morris, MyFaceTube politics: Social networking sites and political engagement of young adults, Social Science Computer Review 28(1) (2010), 24-44.
4. B. Bimber, Information and political engagement in America: the search for effects of information technology at the individual level, Political Research Quarterly 54(1) (2001), 53-67. (Pubitemid 33580263)
5. D. Boyd and H. Jenkins, MySpace and deleting online predators act (DOPA), MIT Tech Talk, 2006, Available at http://www.danah.org/papers/MySpaceDOPA.html.
6. K.Brants,Guest editor's introduction: the Internet and the public sphere, Political Communication 22(2) (2005), 143-146.
7. A. Bruns, Produsage: towards a broader framework for user-led content creation, in: Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity and Cognition, Washington, D.C., Jun 13-15, 2007.
8. S.H. Church, YouTube politics: YouChoose and leadership rhetoric during the 2008 election, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2/3) (2010), 124-142.
9. B.M. Compaine, The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Myth, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
10. C. diGennaro andW.Dutton, The Internet and the public: online and offline political participation in the UnitedKingdom, Parliamentary Affairs 59(2) (2006), 299-313.
11. C. Fuchs, The role of income inequality in a multivariate cross-national analysis of the digital divide, Social Science Computer Review 27(1) (2009), 41-58.
12. R.K. Gibson, W. Lusoli and S.Ward, Online campaigning in the UK: the public respond, in: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, Aug 28, 2002.
13. R.K. Gibson, W. Lusoli and S. Ward, Online participation in the UK: testing a contextualised model of Internet effects, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 7(4) (2005), 561-583. (Pubitemid 41522867)
14. Å. Gr̈onlund, Democracy in an IT-framed society: introduction, Communications of the ACM 44(1) (2001), 22-26.
15. G.J. Gulati and C.B. Williams, Congressional candidates' use of YouTube in 2008: its frequency and rationale, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2/3) (2010), 93-109.
16. D.J. Gunkel, Second thoughts: Toward a critique of the digital divide, New Media & Society 5(4) (2003), 499-522. (Pubitemid 37551082)
17. J. Habermas, The Structural Transformations of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989.
18. E. Hargittai, Second-level digital divide: differences in people's online skills. First Monday 7(4) (2002), Available at http://firstmonday.org/issues/ issue7 4/hargittai/.
19. E. Hargittai, The digital divide and what to do about it, in: New Economy Handbook, D.C. Jones, ed., San Diego: Academic Press, 2007.
20. E. Hargittai and S. Shafer, Differences in actual and perceived online skills: the role of gender, Social Science Quarterly 87(2) (2006), 432-448. (Pubitemid 43751401)
21. E. Hargittai and G. Walejko, The participation divide: content creation and sharing in the digital age, Information, Communication & Society 11(2) (2008), 239-256.
22. A.Hermida and N. Thurman, Aclash of cultures: the integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites, Journalism Practice 2(3) (2008), 343-356.
23. P.S. Herrnson, A.K. Stokes-Brown and M. Hindman, Campaign politics and the digital divide: constituency characteristics, strategic considerations, and candidate Internet use in state legislative elections, Political Research Quarterly 60(1) (2007), 31-42.
24. M. Hindman, The Myth of Digital Democracy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
25. N. Howe and W. Strauss, Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, New York: Random House, 2000.
26. N. Howe and W. Strauss, Millennials Go to College, New York: LifeCourse, 2003.
27. L.A. Jackson, A. Eye, G. Barbatsis, F. Biocca, H.E. Fitzgerald and Y. Zhao, The impact of Internet use on the other side of the digital divide, Communications of the ACM 47(7) (2004), 43-47.
28. M.J. Jensen, J.N. Danziger and A. Venkatesh, Civil society and cyber society: the role of the Internet in community associations and democratic politics, The Information Society 23(1) (2007), 39-50.
29. L.A. Jordan, Broadcasting yourself (and others): how YouTube and blogging have changed the rules of the campaign, Hinckley Journal of Politics 9 (2008), 75-84.
30. K. Keniston, Introduction: the four digital divides, in:IT Experience in India, K. Keniston and D. Kumar, eds, Delhi: Sage, 2004.
31. K. Kenski and N.J. Stroud, Connections between Internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media June (2006), Available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi m6836/is 2 50/ai n24996015/tag=content;col1.
32. R.J. Klotz, The sidetracked 2008 YouTube senate campaign, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2/3) (2010), 110-123.
33. B.S. Krueger, Assessing the potential of Internet political participation in the United States: a resource approach, American Politics Research 30(5) (2002), 476-498. (Pubitemid 36668743)
34. B.S. Krueger, A comparison of conventional and Internet political mobilization, American Politics Research 34(6) (2006), 759-776. (Pubitemid 44651953)
35. A. Kukulska-Hulme, J. Traxler and J. Pettit, Designed and user-generated activity in the mobile age, Journal of Learning Design 2(1) (2007), 52-65.
36. B. Libert and R. Faulk, Barack, Inc: Winning Business Lessons of the Obama Campaign, Upper Saddle River NJ: FT Press, 2009.
37. C.A. Lin, M.B. Salwen and R.A. Abdulla, Uses and gratification of online and offline news: new wine in old bottles, in: Online News and the Public, M.B. Salwen, B. Garrison and P.D. Driscoll, eds, Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005.
38. S. Livingstone, M. Bober and E.J. Helsper, Active participation or just more information: young people's take-up of opportunities to act and interact on the Internet, Information, Communication & Society 8(3) (2005), 287-314. (Pubitemid 41664495)
39. J. MacDonald and C. Tolbert, Something rich and strange: participation, engagement, and the tempest of online politics, in: Civic Engagement in a Network Society, K. Yang and E. Bergrud, eds, Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 2008, pp. 271-298.
40. M. Margolis and D. Resnick, Politics as Usual: The Cyberspace "Revolution", Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2000.
41. S. Min, From the digital divide to the democratic divide: Internet skills, political interest, and the second-level digital divide in political Internet use, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(1) (2010), 22-35.
42. K. Mossberger, C.J. Tolbert and R.S. McNeal, Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.
43. K. Mossberger, C.J. Tolbert and M. Stansbury, Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide, Washington, D.C.: George Washington University Press, 2003.
44. National Telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA), A Nation Online: How Americans Are Expanding Their Use of the Internet,Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2002, Available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ ntiahome/dn/anationonline2.pdf.
45. C.R. Neu, R.H. Anderson and T.K. Bikson, E-mail Communication between Government and Citizens: Security, Policy Issues, and Next Steps, Santa Monica: Rand Corp, 1998.
46. N.H. Nie and L. Erbring, Internet and society: a preliminary report, IT & Society 1(1) (2002), 275-283.
47. N.H. Nie, D.S. Hillygus and L. Erbring, Internet use, interpersonal relations, and sociability, in: The Internet in Everyday Life, B. Wellman and C. Haythornwaite, eds, Malden MA: Blackwell, 2002, pp. 215-243.
48. P. Norris, Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
49. P. Norris, Democratic divide The impact of the Internet on parliaments worldwide, in: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (Political Communications Panel: Media Virtue and Disdain), Washington D.C., Aug 31-Sep 2, 2000.
50. P. Norris, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
51. P. Norris, The impact of the Internet on political activism: evidence from Europe, International Journal of Electronic Government Research 1(1) (2005), 20-39.
52. Z. Papacharissi, The virtual sphere: the Internet as a public sphere, New Media & Society 4(1) (2002), 9-27.
53. S.M. Petersen, Loser generated content: from participation to exploitation, First Monday 13(3) (2008), Available at http://firstmonday.org/ htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2141/1948.
54. N. Poor, Mechanisms of an online public sphere: the website Slashdot, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10(2) (2005), Available at http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/poor.html.
55. M. Prensky, Digital natives, digital immigrants, On the Horizon 9(5) (2001), Available at http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20- %Digital%Natives,%Digital%Immigrants%-%Part1.pdf.
56. R.D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Touchstone, 2000.
57. E. Qualman, Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way We Live and Do Business, Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
58. L. Ricke, A new opportunity for democratic engagement: the CNN-YouTube presidential candidate debates, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2/3) (2010), 202-215.
59. S.P. Robertson, R.K. Vatrapu and R. Medina, Social networks: making connections between citizens, data and government, in: Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o), 2009.
60. S.P.Robertson, R.K.Vatrapu and R. Medina, Online video "friends" social networking: overlapping online public spheres in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7(2/3) (2010), 182-201.
61. ∅. Sæbø, J. Rose and T. Nyvang, The role of social networking services in eParticipation, in: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronic Participation, Linz, Austria, Sep 1-3, 2009.
62. D.A. Scheufele and M. Nisbet, Being a citizen online: new opportunities and dead ends, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 7(3) (2002), 55-75. (Pubitemid 36714720)
63. D.V. Shah, N. Kwak and R. Holbert, 'Connecting' and 'disconnecting' with civic life: patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital, Political Communication 18(2) (2001), 141-162.
64. T.A. Small, The Facebook effect Online campaigning in the 2008 Canadian and US elections, Policy Options 29(10) (2009), 85-87, Available at http://irpp.org/po/archive/nov08/small.pdf.
65. A. Smith, The Internet's Role in Campaign 2008, Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2009, Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/6- The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008.aspx.
66. R.M. Smith, Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: the multiple traditions of America, American Political Science Review, 87(3) (1993), 549-566.
67. M. Stansbury, Access, skills, economic opportunities, and democratic participation: connecting four facets of the digital divide through research, in: Proceedings of the annual conference of the Canadian Association of Information Science, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2003.
68. J. Steyaert, Inequality and the digital divide: myths and realities, in: Advocacy, Activism and the Internet, S. Hick and J. McNutt, eds, Chicago: Lyceum Press, 2002, pp. 199-211.
69. J. Stromer-Galley, New voices in the public sphere: a comparative analysis of interpersonal and online political talk, Javnost-The Public 9(2) (2002), 23-42.
70. D. Tapscott, Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
71. D. Tapscott, Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation is Changing Your World, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
72. E. Theiss-Morse and J.R. Hibbing, Citizenship and civic engagement, Annual Review of Political Science 8 (2005), 227-249. (Pubitemid 40977453)
73. J.C. Thomas and G. Streib, The new face of government: citizen-initiated contacts in the era of e-government, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13(1) (2003), 83-102. (Pubitemid 37416990)
74. A. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, G. Lawrence, Trans., Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1840/1969.
75. C.J. Tolbert, K.Mossberger and R.S.McNeal,Beyond the digital divide: exploring attitudes about information technology, political participation, and electronic government, in: Proceedings of the annualmeeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, Aug 28, 2002.
76. J.A.G.M. van Dijk, Aframework for digital divide research, Electronic Journal of Communication 12(1) (2003), Available at http://www.cios.org/ EJCPUBLIC/012/1/01211.html.
77. J.A.G.M. van Dijk, The Deepening Divide Inequality in the Information Society, Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2005.
78. J.A.G.M. van Dijk, Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings, Poetics 34(4/5) (2006), 221-235.
79. S. Verba, K.L. Schlozman and H.E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
80. G. Vickery and S.Wunsch-Vincent, Participative Web and User-created Content: Web 2.0, Wikis and Social Networking, Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2007.
81. K. Wallsten, "Yes we can": how online viewership, blog discussion, campaign statements, and mainstream media coverage produced a viral video phenomenon, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(2/3) (2010), 163-181.
82. K.C. Walsh, Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Life, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004.
83. M. Warschauer, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.
84. C.B. Williams and G.J. Gulati, Social networks in political campaigns: Facebook and the 2006 midterm elections, in: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Aug 30, 2007.
85. E.J. Wilson, The Information Revolution and Developing Countries, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.
86. K.R. Wilson, J.S. Wallin and C. Reiser, Social stratification and the digital divide, in: Public Administration and Public Policy: A Comprehensive Publication Program (2nd ed.), G.D. Garson, ed., Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005, pp. 173-184.
87. C. Zukin, S. Keeter, M. Andolina, K. Jenkins and M.X. Delli Carpini, A New Engagement Political Participation, Civic Life, and the Changing American Citizen, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.