Second thoughts: Toward a critique of the digital divide

New Media and Society

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 499-522

  Gunkel, David J ^a  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Computers; Computers social aspects; Ethics; Internet; Technology; Theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348207939     PISSN: 14614448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/146144480354003     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), Inc (1999) 'Digital Divide: No Computer, No Internet', ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, 1 March (6.30 pm ET).
2. Angwin, J. and L. Castaneda (1998) The Digital Divide: High-tech Boom a Bust for Blacks, Latinos', San Francisco Chronicle, 4 May, p. A1.
3. Barlow, J.P. (1994) 'Jack in, Young Pioneer!', URL (consulted 23 July 2003): http://www.eff.org/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/jack_jn_young_pioneer. html
4. Barlow, J.P. (1997) 'A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace', in E. Stiftinger and E. Strasser (eds) Binäre mythen/Binary Myths, proceedings from the Binary Myths - the Renaissance of Lost Emotions Conference, 14 September 1996, Vienna, Austria. Wien: Zukunftes-werkstätte.
5. Benedikt, M. (1993) Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
6. Benton Foundation (2001) 'Digital Divide Network', 7 July, URL (consulted 20 July, 2002): http://www.digitaldividenetwork.org.
7. Bolt, D. and R.A.K. Crawford (2000) Digital Divide: Computers and Our Children's Future. New York: TV Books.
8. Bolter, J.D. (1984) Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
9. Brady, M. (2000) 'The Digital Divide Myth', E-Commerce Times, 4 August, URL (consulted 16 June 2001): http://www.ecommercetimes.com/perl/printer/3953
10. Bucy, E.P. (2000) 'Social Access to the Internet', Harvard International Journal of Press Politics 5(1): 50-61.
11. Burkeman, O. (1998) 'Internet's Global Reach Is Not at all Utopian; the Evolution of Net Surfing May Be Unwittingly Creating a New Class of Inequality', Independent, 17 August, p. 14.
12. Carey, J. (1989) Communication as Culture. New York: Routledge.
13. Carvin, A. (2001) 'Mind the Gap: The Digital Divide as the Civil Rights Issue of the New Millennium', Multimedia Schools 7(1): 56-8
14. Chandler, D. (1994) 'Biases of the Ear and Eye: Great Divide Theories, Phonocentrism, Graphocentrism, and Logocentrism', URL (consulted 21 June 2001): http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/litoral/litoral.html
15. Chandler, D. (1995) 'Technological or Media Determinism', URL (consulted 21 June 2001): http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/tecdet/tecdet.html
16. Chandler, D. (1996) 'Shaping and Being Shaped: Engaging with Media', Computer-mediated Communication Magazine, 1 February, URL (consulted 21 June 2001): http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/feb/chandler.html
17. Cohen, E. (2000) 'United We Surf: the Clinton Administration and the Business Community Are Eager to Solve a Problem - the 'Digital Divide' - that Does Not Exist', Weekly Standard, 28 February, p. 26.
18. Compaine, B. (2001) The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
19. Cooley, C.H. (1962) Social Organization. New York: Schocken Books.
20. Cope, B. and M. Kalantzis (eds) (2000) Multiliteracies: Literacy Learning and the Design of Social Futures. London: Routledge.
21. Crabtree, J. (2001) 'The Digital Divide is Rubbish - a Kind of Exclusion that Shouldn't Worry Us', New Statesman, 14 May, p. 26.
22. De Castell, S. and A. Luke (1986) 'Models of Literacy in North American Schools: Social and Historical Conditions and Consequences', in S. de Castell and A. Luke (eds), Literacy, Society, and Schooling, pp. 87-109. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. De Landa, M. (1991) War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. New York: Zone Books.
24. Dery, M. (1994) Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
25. Dery, M. (1996) Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century. New York: Grove Press.
26. Digital Nations Summit (2000), conference held at Cambridge, MA.
27. Digitaldivide@list.benton.org (2001) 'Origin of the Term "Digital Divide"', 3 January, URL (consulted 11 June 2001): http://www.rtpnet.org/lists/rtpnet-tact/msg00080.html
28. Dreyfus, H. (2001) On the Internet. New York: Routledge.
29. Dyson, E., G. Gilder, G. Keyworth and A. Toffler (1996) 'Cyberspace and the American Dream: a Magna Carta for the Knowledge Age', Information Society 12(3): 295-308 (also available online: http://www.pff.org:80/position.html).
30. Ebo, B. (1998) Cyberghetto or Cyberutopia: Race, Class, and Gender on the Internet. Westport, CT: Praeger Press.
31. Eisenstein, Z. (1998) Global Obscenities: Patriarchy, Capitalism, and the Lure of Cyberfantasy. New York: New York University Press.
32. Ellul, J. (1964) The Technological Society. New York: Vintage.
33. Finnegan, R. (1975) Communication and Technology. Making Sense of Society: Communication. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
34. Gans, D. and R.U. Sirius (1991) 'Civilizing the Electronic Frontier', Mondo 2000 3 (Winter): 35.
35. Gee, J.P. (1996) Social Linguistics and Literacies. London: Taylor and Francis.
36. Gibson, W. (1993) 'Academy Leader', in M. Benedikt (ed.) Cyberspace: First Steps, pp. 27-9. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37. Goody, J. (1968) Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Gore, A. (1998) 'Remarks at the Digital Divide Event', 28 April, URL (consulted 28 June 2001): http://clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/edtech.html
39. Graff, H.J. (1987) The Labyrinths of Literacy: Reflections on Literacy Past and Present. London: Bodley Head.
40. Graham, G. (1999) The Internet: a Philosophical Inquiry. New York: Routledge.
41. Gunkel, D. (2001) Hacking Cyberspace. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42. Hafner, K. and M. Lyon (1996) Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. New York: Simon and Schuster.
43. Harmon, A. (1996) 'Daily Life's Digital Divide', Los Angeles Times, 3 July, p. A1.
44. Harvard/MIT eDevelopment (2000), conference held at Cambridge, MA.
45. Havelock, E.A. (1963) Preface to Plato. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
46. Hoffman, D.L., T.P. Novak and A.E. Schlosser (2000) 'The Evolution of the Digital Divide: How Gaps in Internet Access May Impact Electronic Commerce', Journal of Computer-mediated Communication 5(3), URL (consulted 25 November 2002): http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue3/hoffman.html
47. Horvath, J. (2000) 'Delving into the Digital Divide', Telepolis, 17 July, URL (consulted 10 June 2001): http://www.telepolis.de/tp/english/inhalt/co/8393/1.html
48. House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business (1999) The Digital Divide: Bridging the Technology Gap, serial no. 106-25, 27 July. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
49. House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business (2000) The Digital Divide, serial no. 106-54, 25 April. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
50. Informa Publishing Group (1997) 'Absat Bridges Digital Divide with Astra Package: Pay-TV France', New Media Markets, 18 September, p. 3.
51. Innes, H. (1951) The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
52. Johnson, B. (trans.) (1981) 'Translator's Introduction', in J. Derrida, Dissemination, pp. vii-xxxiii. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
53. Jones, B. (1990) Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Jones, W.G. (1999) 'Crossing the Digital Divide: Moving from Film to Filmless Radiology 'Journal of Digital Imaging 12(2): 47-54.
55. Katz, J. and P. Aspden (1997) 'Motivations for and Barriers to Internet Usage: Results of a National Public Opinion Survey', Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy 7(3): 170-88.
56. Katz, J. and P. Aspden (1998) 'Internet Dropouts in the USA: the Invisible Group', Telecommunications Policy 22(4/5): 327-39.
57. Lenhart, A. (2000) 'Who's not Online', Pew Internet American Life Project, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, URL (consulted 5 November 2002): http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=21
58. Lévi-Strauss, C. (1966 [1962]) The Savage Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
59. Lohr, S. (1996) 'A Nation Ponders its Growing Digital Divide', New York Times, 21 October, p. D5, col. 1.
60. Lubar, S. (1993) InfoCulture. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
61. McLuhan, M. (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
62. McRae, H. (1998) 'Unleashing the Digital Divide; the Changes in Television Will Change Global Society as We Lose Something that Unifies a Nation', Independent, 17 November, p. 5.
63. MacKenzie, D. and J. Wajcman (eds) (1985) The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
64. Mattelart, A. (1994[1991]) Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, Culture (trans. S. Emanuel and J.A. Cohen). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
65. Mattelart, A. (1996[1994]) The Invention of Communication (trans. S. Emanuel). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
66. Mediaweek (1997) 'The Great Digital Divide: Broadcasters Are at Odds with Congress over whether HDTV of Multicasting Will Prevail', Mediaweek 7(39): 4.
67. Michel, B. (2001) 'Internet, ou la communauté retablie', Le Monde, 10 February, p. 1.
68. Moore, D.W. (1995) The Emperor's Virtual Clothes: The Naked Truth About Internet Culture. New York: Algonquin Books.
69. National Communication Association (2000), annual conference held at Seattle, WA.
70. National Communication Association (2001), annual conference held at Atlanta, GA.
71. National Communication Association (2002), annual conference held at New Orleans, LA.
72. National Public Radio (NPR) (2000) 'New Poll by National Public Radio, the Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard's Kennedy School of Government', Talk of the Nation, 29 February (3.00 pm ET).
73. National Public Radio, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Kennedy School of Government (2000) 'National Survey of American Adults on Technology', URL (consulted 1 September 2000): http://www.kff.org/content/2000/02222228a/technologytoplines.pdf
74. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (1995) Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the 'Have-nots' in Rural and Urban America. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html.
75. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (1998) Falling Through the Net II: New Data on the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/net2/falling.html.
76. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (1999) Falling through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/contents.html.
77. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (2000) Falling Through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn00/contents00.html.
78. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (2002) A Nation Online: How Americans Are Expanding Their Use of the Internet. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/html/anationonline2.htm.
79. Negroponte, N. (1995) Being Digital New York: Vintage.
80. Novak, T. P. and D.L. Hoffman (1998) 'Bridging the Digital Divide: the Impact of Race on Computer Access and Internet Use', URL (consulted 20 June 2001): http://ecommerce.vanderbilt.edu/papers/race/science.html
81. Perio, A. (2001) 'The Digital Divide and Institutional Racism', Political Affairs 80(2): 4-10.
82. Poole, G.A. (1996) 'A New Gulf in American Education, the Digital Divide', New York Times, 29 January, p. D3, col. 3.
83. Postman, N. (1993) Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Vintage.
84. Public Broadcasting System (PBS) (2001) 'Digital Divide', URL (consulted 20 June 2001): http://www.pbs.org/digitaldivide/
85. Rheingold, H. (1993) The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Addison-Wesley.
86. Roberts, J.L. (1997) 'TV: Digital Divide', Newsweek 129(16), 50-1.
87. Robins, K. and F. Webster (1999) Times of the Technoculture: From the Information Society to the Virtual Life. New York: Routledge.
88. Schrader, C. (2000) 'Brücken über den digital graben', Süddeutsche zeitung, 5 December, P. V2/13.
89. Schuman, B. (1988) 'Utopian Computer Networking', URL (consulted 2 November 2000): http://www.rain.org/̃origin/ucs.html
90. Shapiro, A.L. (1999) The Control Revolution: How the Internet Is Putting Individuals in Charge and Changing the World We Know. New York: Century Foundation Books.
91. Smith, M.R. and L. Marx (eds) (1994) Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
92. Somerson, P. (2000) 'Great Divide', ZDNet, 17 April, URL (consulted 16 June 2001): http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/comment/0,5859,2499151,00.html
93. Spinelli, M. (1996) 'Radio Lessons for the Internet', Postmodern Culture 6(2), URL (consulted 21 April 2000): http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v006/6.2.spinelli.html
94. Steward, S. (1997) 'Diminishing the Digital Divide', Cellular Business, 14(2): 32-8.
95. Street, B. (1984) Literacy in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Taylor, C. (2000) 'Digital Divide; So Close Yet So Far,' Time, 4 December, pp. 120-8.
97. Taylor, M. (1997) Hiding. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
98. Technology Alliance (1999) 'Seeking Solutions to the Digital Divide', conference held at Seattle, WA.
99. Thierer, A.D. (2000) 'Nonsense to Say that 'Have-nots' Need Computers', Houston Chronicle, 3 March, p. A-41.
100. Toffler, A. (1980) The Third Wave. New York: Bantam Books.
101. United States Department of Commerce (1998) 'The Emerging Digital Economy', April, URL (consulted 11 July 2001): http://www.ecommerce.gov/danc1.htm
102. Van Dijk, J. (2000) The Networked Society: Social Aspects of New Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
103. Walsh, E.O. (2000) 'The Truth About the Digital Divide', Forrester Technographics Brief. Cambridge, MA: Forrester Research, Inc.
104. Warschauer, M. (2001) 'What Is the Digital Divide?', 26 April, URL (consulted 26 June 2001): http://www.gse.uci.edu/markw
105. Wilhelm, A. (2001) 'From Crystal Palaces to Silicon Valleys: Market Imperfections and the Enduring Digital Divide', in S. Lax (ed.) Access Denied in the Information Age, pp. 199-217. New York: Palgrave.
106. Wolinsky, H. (1996) 'The Digital Divide', Chicago Sun-times, 17 March, p. 6.
107. Wresch, W. (1996) Disconnected: Haves and Have-nots in the Information Age. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.