Oxidation of cod liver oil during gastrointestinal in vitro digestion

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Volumn 60, Issue 30, 2012, Pages 7556-7564

  Larsson, Karin ^a   Cavonius, Lillie ^a   Alminger, Marie ^a   Undeland, Ingrid ^a  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

cod liver oil; digestion; fish oil; gastrointestinal; hemoglobin; lipid oxidation; lipid peroxidation; n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; TBARS

Indexed keywords

COD LIVER OIL; FISH OIL; GASTROINTESTINAL; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPID PEROXIDATION; TBARS;

EMULSIFICATION; HEMOGLOBIN; LIPIDS; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS; SLUDGE DIGESTION;

OXIDATION;

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; COD LIVER OIL; FATTY ACID; HEMOGLOBIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; TRACE ELEMENT;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECT; EMULSION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLISM; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PH; PHYSIOLOGY;

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; COD LIVER OIL; EMULSIONS; FATTY ACIDS, NONESTERIFIED; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; LIPID METABOLISM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES; TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 84864755849     PISSN: 00218561     EISSN: 15205118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jf301444x     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Schmidt, E. B.; Arnesen, H.; Christensen, J. H.; Rasmussen, L. H.; Kristensen, S. D.; De Caterina, R. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Part II: Clinical trials and recommendations Thromb. Res. 2005, 115, 257-262
2. Calder, P. C. n-3 fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity - relevance to postsurgical and critically ill patients Lipids 2004, 39, 1147-1161
3. Cockbain, A. J.; Toogood, G. J.; Hull, M. A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer Gut 2012, 61, 135-149
4. Bucher, H. C.; Hengstler, P.; Schindler, C.; Meier, G. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Am. J. Med. 2002, 112, 298-304
5. Harris, W. S. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 65, 1645S-1654S
6. Hooper, L.; Thompson, R. L.; Harrison, R. A.; Summerbell, C. D.; Ness, A. R.; Moore, H. J.; Worthington, H. V.; Durrington, P. N.; Higgins, J. P. T.; Capps, N. E.; Riemersma, R. A.; Ebrahim, S. B. J.; Smith, G. D. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review Br. Med. J. 2006, 332, 752-755
7. Turner, R.; McLean, C. H.; Silvers, K. M. Are the health benefits of fish oils limited by products of oxidation? Nutr. Res. Rev. 2006, 19, 53-62
8. Del Rio, D.; Stewart, A. J.; Pellegrini, N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress Nutr., Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2005, 15, 316-328
9. Long, E. K.; Picklo, M. J. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, a product of n-3 fatty acid peroxidation: make some room HNE Free Radical Biol. Med. 2010, 49, 1-8
10. Halliwell, B.; Zhao, K.; Whiteman, M. The gastrointestinal tract: a major site of antioxidant action? Free Radical Res. 2000, 33, 819-830
11. Kanner, J.; Lapidot, T. The stomach as a bioreactor: dietary lipid peroxidation in the gastric fluid and the effects of plant-derived antioxidants Free Radical Biol. Med. 2001, 31, 1388-1395
12. Tagliazucchi, D.; Elena, V.; Angela, C. Effect of dietary melanoidins on lipid peroxidation during simulated gastric digestion: their possible role in the prevention of oxidative damage J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 2513-2519
13. Kuffa, M.; Priesbe, T. J.; Krueger, C. G.; Reed, J. D.; Richards, M. P. Ability of dietary antioxidants to affect lipid oxidation of cooked turkey meat in a simulated stomach and blood lipids after a meal J. Funct. Foods 2009, 1, 208-216
14. Lapidot, T.; Granit, R.; Kanner, J. Lipid peroxidation by "free" iron ions and myoglobin as affected by dietary antioxidants in simulated gastric fluids J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3383-3390
15. Lapidot, T.; Granit, R.; Kanner, J. Lipid hydroperoxidase activity of myoglobin and phenolic antioxidants in simulated gastric fluid J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3391-3396
16. Gorelik, S.; Lapidot, T.; Shaham, I.; Granit, R.; Ligumsky, M.; Kohen, R.; Kanner, J. Lipid peroxidation and coupled vitamin oxidation in simulated and human gastric fluid inhibited by dietary polyphenols: health implications J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3397-3402
17. Verzelloni, E.; Tagliazucchi, D.; Conte, A. From balsamic to healthy: traditional balsamic vinegar melanoidins inhibit lipid peroxidation during simulated gastric digestion of meat Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 2097-2102
18. Fuentes-Broto, L.; Martínez-Ballarín, E.; Miana-Mena, J.; Berzosa, C.; Piedrafita, E.; Cebrián, I.; Reiter, R. J.; García, J. J. Lipid and protein oxidation in hepatic homogenates and cell membranes exposed to bile acids Free Radical Res. 2009, 43, 1080-1089
19. Jonsdottir, R.; Hamaguchi, P.; Geirsdottir, M.; Kristinsson, H. G. Stability of bioactive compounds added to a washed cod model system. 2012, in preparation.
20. Svelander, C. A.; Tibäck, E. A.; Ahrné, L. M.; Langton, M. I. B. C.; Svanberg, U. S. O.; Alminger, M. A. G. Processing of tomato: impact on in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene and textural properties J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90, 1665-1672
21. Mel'nikov, S. M.; Seijen Ten Hoorn, J. W. M.; Eijkelenboom, A. P. A. M. Effect of phytosterols and phytostanols on the solubilization of cholesterol by dietary mixed micelles: an in vitro study Chem. Phys. Lipids 2004, 127, 121-141
22. Sreejayan, N.; Von Ritter, C. Effect of bile acids on lipid peroxidation: the role of iron Free Radical Biol. Med. 1998, 25, 50-56
23. Schmedes, A.; Hølmer, G. A new thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method for determining free malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroperoxides selectively as a measure of lipid peroxidation J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1989, 66, 813-817
24. Undeland, I.; Hultin, H. O.; Richards, M. P. Added triacylglycerols do not hasten hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed minced cod muscle J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 6847-6853
25. Silversand, C.; Haux, C. Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of lipid classes: application to fish lipids J. Chromatogr., B: Biomed. Appl. 1997, 703, 7-14
26. Fredrikson, M.; Carlsson, N. G.; Almgren, A.; Sandberg, A. S. Simultaneous and sensitive analysis of Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Mn, and Fe in food and biological samples by ion chromatography J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 59-65
27. Larsson, K.; Almgren, A.; Undeland, I. Hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation and compositional characteristics of washed fish mince model systems made from cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus), and salmon (Salmo salar) muscle J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 9027-9035
28. Richards, M. P.; Hultin, H. O. Contributions of blood and blood components to lipid oxidation in fish muscle J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 555-564
29. Kanazawa, K.; Ashida, H. Dietary hydroperoxides of linoleic acid decompose to aldehydes in stomach before being absorbed into the body Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Lipids Lipid Metab. 1998, 1393, 349-361
30. 2+ induced peroxidation of phospholipids Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem. 1995, 59, 55-58
31. Ryter, S. W.; Tyrrell, R. M. The heme synthesis and degradation pathways: role in oxidant sensitivity heme oxygenase has both pro- and antioxidant properties Free Radical Biol. Med. 2000, 28, 289-309
32. Shewfelt, R. L. Fish muscle lipolysis. A review J. Food Biochem. 1981, 5, 79-100
33. Waraho, T.; McClements, D. J.; Decker, E. A. Impact of free fatty acid concentration and structure on lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions Food Chem. 2011, 129, 854-859
34. Armand, M. Lipases and lipolysis in the human digestive tract: where do we stand? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2007, 10, 156-164
35. Armand, M.; Pasquier, B.; André, M.; Borel, P.; Senft, M.; Peyrot, J.; Salducci, J.; Portugal, H.; Jaussan, V.; Lairon, D. Digestion and absorption of 2 fat emulsions with different droplet sizes in the human digestive tract Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 1096-1106
36. Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J. M. C. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview Methods Enzymol. 1990, 186, 1-85
37. Mozuraityte, R.; Rustad, T.; Storrø, I. The role of iron in peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liposomes J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 537-543
38. Undeland, I.; Kristinsson, H. G.; Hultin, H. O. Hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of washed minced cod muscle phospholipids: effect of pH and hemoglobin source J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 4444-4451
39. Wetterskog, D.; Undeland, I. Loss of redness (a*) as a tool to follow hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod mince J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 7214-7221
40. Grunwald, E. W.; Richards, M. P. Studies with myoglobin variants indicate that released hemin is the primary promoter of lipid oxidation in washed fish muscle J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4452-4460
41. Baron, C. P.; Andersen, H. J. Myoglobin-induced lipid oxidation. A review J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 3887-3897
42. Carlsen, C. U.; Skibsted, L. H. Myoglobin species with enhanced prooxidative activity is formed during mild proteolysis by pepsin J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 1675-1681
43. He, G.; Shankar, R. A.; Chzhan, M.; Samouilov, A.; Kuppusamy, P.; Zweier, J. L. Noninvasive measurement of anatomic structure and intraluminal oxygenation in the gastrointestinal tract of living mice with spatial and spectral EPR imaging Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 4586-4591
44. Vogt, G.; Thorkildsen, T.; Ottestad, I.; Haugen, J. E.; Nilsson, A. Oxidation status in omega-3 oils in the Norwegian health care market. Presented at 26th LipidForum Symposium, Ålesund, Norway, 2011.
45. Ottestad, I.; Vogt, G.; Retterstøl, K.; Myhrstad, M.; Haugen, J. E.; Nilsson, A.; Ravn-Haren, G.; Nordvi, B.; Wettre Brønner, K.; Frost Andersen, L.; Holven, K. B.; Ulven, S. M. Intake of oxidized cod liver oil and health effects: a randomized controlled trial. Presented at 9th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2011.
46. Grimmer, S.; Todorcevic, M.; Lilac, M.; Vogt, G.; Ruyter, B. Potential health effects of oxidised marine oil enriched with omega-3. Presented at 26th LipidForum Symposium, Ålesund, Norway, 2011.
47. Slatter, D. A.; Bolton, C. H.; Bailey, A. J. The importance of lipid-derived malondialdehyde in diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 2000, 43, 550-557
48. Aw, T. Y. Molecular and cellular responses to oxidative stress and changes in oxidation-reduction imbalance in the intestine Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 557-565
49. Tham, D. M.; Whitin, J. C.; Kim, K. K.; Zhu, S. X.; Cohen, H. J. Expression of extracellular glutathione peroxidase in human and mouse gastrointestinal tract Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1998, 275, G1463-G1471
50. Dyall, S. C. Methodological issues and inconsistencies in the field of omega-3 fatty acids research Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 2011, 85, 281-285