Nutrition and the healthy heart with an exercise boost

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Volumn 90, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 967-976

  Whayne, Thomas F ^a   Maulik, Nilanjana ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Calories; Coronary heart disease; Diet; Exercise; Lipoproteins; Metabolic syndrome; Nutrition; Vitamins

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTHOCYANIN; ANTIOXIDANT; ARGININE; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTIN; FATTY ACID; FLAVONOID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; OLIVE OIL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHYTOSTEROL; POLICOSANOL; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; RESVERATROL; RETINOL; SOYBEAN PROTEIN; STANOZOLOL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UBIDECARENONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; EXERCISE; FOOD COMPOSITION; FRUIT; GRAIN; HEART FUNCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MYOPATHY; NONHUMAN; NUT; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RED WINE; REVIEW; VASODILATATION; VEGETABLE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 84864245697     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: 12057541     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Y2012-074     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Abbey, M., Noakes, M., Belling, G.B., and Nestel, P.J. 1994. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59(5): 995-999. PMID:8172107.
2. Ahmed, W., Khan, N., Glueck, C.J., Pandey, S., Wang, P., Goldenberg, N., et al. 2009. Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients. Transl. Res. 153(1): 11-16. doi:10.1016/j. trsl.2008.11.002. PMID:19100953.
3. Andre, D., and Wolf, D.L. 2007. Recent advances in free-living physical activity monitoring: a review. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 1 (5): 760-767. PMID:19885145.
4. Arad, Y., Spadaro, L.A., Roth, M., Newstein, D., and Guerci, A.D. 2005. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: the St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(1): 166-172. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.089. PMID: 15992652.
5. Autier, P., and Gandini, S. 2007. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(16): 1730-1737. doi:10.1001/archinte.167. 16.1730. PMID:17846391.
6. Baur, J.A., and Sinclair, D.A. 2006. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(6): 493-506. doi:10.1038/nrd2060. PMID:16732220.
7. Berger, M.M. 2005. Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Clin. Nutr. 24(2): 172-183. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.10.003. PMID:15784476.
8. Berthold, H.K., Unverdorben, S., Degenhardt, R., Bulitta, M., and Gouni-Berthold, I. 2006. Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 295(19): 2262-2269. doi:10.1001/jama.295.19.2262. PMID:16705107.
9. Bijnen, F.C., Caspersen, C.J., Feskens, E.J., Saris, W.H., Mosterd, W.L., and Kromhout, D. 1998. Physical activity and 10-year mortality from cardiovascular diseases and all causes: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 158(14): 1499-1505. doi:10. 1001/archinte.158.14.1499. PMID:9679790.
10. Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L.L., Simonetti, R.G., and Gluud, C. 2007. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 297(8): 842-857. doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.842. PMID:17327526.
11. Caso, G., Kelly, P., Mcnurlan, M.A., and Lawson, W.E. 2007. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on myopathic symptoms in patients treated with statins. Am. J. Cardiol. 99(10): 1409-1412. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard. 2006.12.063. PMID:17493470.
12. Coombes, R. 2011. Trans fats: chasing a global ban. BMJ, 343(sep07 1): d5567. doi:10.1136/bmj.d5567. PMID:21900347.
13. Cooper-DeHoff, R.M., and Pepine, C.J. 2007. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: challenges and opportunities. Clin. Cardiol. 30(12): 593-597. doi:10.1002/clc.7. PMID:17607758.
14. Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. Á., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Covas, M.I., et al. (PREDIMED Study Investigators). 2006. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 145(1): 1-11. PMID:16818923.
15. Fitó, M., Guxens, M., Corella, D., Sáez, G., Estruch, R., de la Torre, R., et al. (PREDIMED Study Investigators). 2007. Effect of a traditional Mediterranean diet on lipoprotein oxidation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(11): 1195-1203. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.11.1195. PMID:17563030.
16. Flores-Mateo, G., Carrillo-Santisteve, P., Elosua, R., Guallar, E., Marrugat, J., Bleys, J., and Covas, M.-I. 2009. Antioxidant enzyme activity and coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of observational studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 170(2): 135-147. doi:10. 1093/aje/kwp112. PMID:19465742.
17. Franco, O.H., De Laet, C., Peeters, A., Jonker, J., Mackenbach, J., and Nusselder, W. 2005. Effects of physical activity on life expectancy with cardiovascular disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (20): 2355-2360. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.20.2355. PMID: 16287764.
18. German, J.B., and Dillard, C.J. 2004. Saturated fats: what dietary intake? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80(3): 550-559. PMID:15321792.
19. Grundy, S.M., Cleeman, J.I., Merz, C.N., Brewer, H.B., Jr, Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D.B., et al. (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-American College of Cardiology Foundation-American Heart Association). 2004. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation, 110(2): 227-239. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E. PMID:15249516.
20. Grundy, S.M., Cleeman, J.I., Daniels, S.R., Donato, K.A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B.A., et al. (American Heart Association-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). 2005. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation, 112(17): 2735-2752. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404. PMID:16157765.
21. Hakim, A.A., Curb, J.D., Petrovitch, H., Rodriguez, B.L., Yano, K., Ross, G.W., et al. 1999. Effects of walking on coronary heart disease in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation, 100(1): 9-13. PMID:10393674.
22. Hathcock, J.N., Shao, A., Vieth, R., and Heaney, R. 2007. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85(1): 6-18. PMID: 17209171.
23. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. 2002. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 360(9326): 7-22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02) 09327-3. PMID:12114036.
24. Hellénius, M.L., De Faire, U., Berglund, B., Hamsten, A., and Krakau, I. 1993. Diet and exercise are equally effective in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. Results of a randomized controlled study in men with slightly to moderately raised cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis, 103(1): 81-91. doi:10.1016/0021-9150 (93)90042-S. PMID:8280188.
25. Hercberg, S., Bertrais, S., Czernichow, S., Noisette, N., Galan, P., Jaouen, A., et al. 2005. Alterations of the lipid profile after 7.5 years of low-dose antioxidant supplementation in the SU. VI. MAX Study. Lipids, 40(4): 335-342. doi:10.1007/s11745-006-1391-3. PMID:16032784.
26. Hernandez, F., Illnait, J., Mas, R., Fernandez, G.G., Gonzalez, L., Cordovi, M., and Fernandez Jc, N. 1992. Effect of policosanol on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy volunteers. Curr. Ther. Res. 51: 568-575.
27. Holick, M.F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(3): 266-281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553. PMID:17634462.
28. Howard, A.A., Arnsten, J.H., and Gourevitch, M.N. 2004. Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 140(3): 211-219. PMID:14757619.
29. Iannitti, T., and Palmieri, B. 2009. Antioxidant therapy effectiveness: an up to date. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 13(4): 245-278. PMID:19694341.
30. Jellin, J.M., and Gregory, P.J. (Editors). 2008. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Therapeutic Research Faculty, Stockton, Calif.
31. Jennings, G., Nelson, L., Nestel, P., Esler, M., Korner, P., Burton, D., and Bazelmans, J. 1986. The effects of changes in physical activity on major cardiovascular risk factors, hemodynamics, sympathetic function, and glucose utilization in man: a controlled study of four levels of activity. Circulation, 73(1): 30-40. doi:10.1161/01.CIR. 73.1.30. PMID:3510088.
32. Kastorini, C.M., Milionis, H.J., Esposito, K., Giugliano, D., Goudevenos, J.A., and Panagiotakos, D.B. 2011. The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individuals. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 57(11): 1299-1313. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.073. PMID:21392646.
33. Katan, M.B., Grundy, S.M., Jones, P., Law, M., Miettinen, T., and Paoletti, R. StresaWorkshop Participants. 2003. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin. Proc. 78(8): 965-978. PMID:12911045.
34. Kujala, U.M., Kaprio, J., Sarna, S., and Koskenvuo, M. 1998. Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: the Finnish twin cohort. JAMA, 279(6): 440-444. doi:10.1001/jama. 279.6.440. PMID:9466636.
35. Lakka, T.A., Lakka, H.M., Rankinen, T., Leon, A.S., Rao, D.C., Skinner, J.S., et al. 2005. Effect of exercise training on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy adults: the HERITAGE Family Study. Eur. Heart J. 26(19): 2018-2025. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi394. PMID:15987707.
36. Lee, J.H., O'keefe, J.H., Bell, D., Hensrud, D.D., and Holick, M.F. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52(24): 1949-1956. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.050. PMID:19055985.
37. Leitzmann, M.F., Park, Y., Blair, A., Ballard-Barbash, R., Mouw, T., Hollenbeck, A.R., and Schatzkin, A. 2007. Physical activity recommendations and decreased risk of mortality. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(22): 2453-2460. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2453. PMID:18071167.
38. Lind, L., Hanni, A., Lithell, H., Hvarfner, A., Sorensen, O.H., and Ljunghall, S. 1995. Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. Am. J. Hypertens. 8(9): 894-901. doi:10.1016/0895-7061(95)00154-H. PMID:8541004.
39. Liu, J., Zhang, J., Shi, Y., Grimsgaard, S., Alraek, T., and Fonnebo, V. 2006. Chinese red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) for primary hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chin. Med. 1(1): 4. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-1-4. PMID:17302963.
40. Marcoff, L., and Thompson, P.D. 2007. The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy: a systematic review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(23): 2231-2237. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.049. PMID:17560286.
41. Marie, J. 2011 The best sources of resveratrol [Online]. Available from www.livestrong.com/article/350715-the-best-sources-of-resveratrol/[Accessed 8 November 2011].
42. Maron, D.J. 2004. Flavonoids for reduction of atherosclerotic risk. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 6(1): 73-78. doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0119-1. PMID:14662111.
43. Martins, D., Wolf, M., Pan, D., Zadshir, A., Tareen, N., Thadhani, R., et al. 2007. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(11): 1159-1165. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.11. 1159. PMID:17563024.
44. Melanson, E.L., Jr, Freedson, P.S., and Blair, S. 1996. Physical activity assessment: a review of methods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 36(5): 385-396. doi:10.1080/10408399609527732. PMID: 8725670.
45. Micha, R., and Mozaffarian, D. 2010. Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids, 45(10): 893-905. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3393-4. PMID:20354806.
46. Mish, F. (Editor). 2003. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition.
47. Mozaffarian, D., Aro, A., and Willett, W.C. 2009. Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63(Suppl. 2): S5-S21. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602973. PMID:19424218.
48. Nemerovski, C.W., Dorsch, M.P., Simpson, R.U., Bone, H.G., Aaronson, K.D., and Bleske, B.E. 2009. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapy, 29(6): 691-708. doi:10.1592/phco.29.6.691. PMID:19476421.
49. Nojiri, S., Daida, H., and Inaba, Y. 2004. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease: Still a topic of interest. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 9(5): 200-213. doi:10.1007/BF02898101. PMID: 21432304.
50. Pedersen, T.R. 1994. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet, 344(8934): 1383-1389. PMID:7968073.
51. Reaven, G.M. 1997. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Nutrition, 13(1): 64. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007 (96)00380-2. PMID:9058458.
52. Sabaté, J., Fraser, G.E., Burke, K., Knutsen, S.F., Bennett, H., and Lindsted, K.D. 1993. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N. Engl. J. Med. 328(9): 603-607. doi:10.1056/NEJM199303043280902. PMID:8357360.
53. Sacks, F.M., Pfeffer, M.A., Moye, L.A., Rouleau, J.L., Rutherford, J.D., Cole, T.G., et al. 1996. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 335(14): 1001-1009. doi:10. 1056/NEJM199610033351401. PMID:8801446.
54. Sacks, F.M., Svetkey, L.P., Vollmer, W.M., Appel, L.J., Bray, G.A., Harsha, D., et al. (DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group). 2001. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASHSodium Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 344(1): 3-10. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101043440101. PMID:11136953.
55. Sacks, F.M., Lichtenstein, A., Van Horn, L., Harris, W., Kris-Etherton, P., and Winston, M. (American Heart Association Nutrition Committee). 2006. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation, 113(7): 1034-1044. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171052. PMID:16418439.
56. Schauss, A. G. 2009. Acai: An Extraordinary Antioxidant-Rich Palm Fruit from the Amazon. BioSocial Publications, Tacoma, Wash.
57. Schleithoff, S.S., Zittermann, A., Tenderich, G., Berthold, H.K., Stehle, P., and Koerfer, R. 2006. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83(4): 754-759. PMID:16600924.
58. Segura, R., Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M.A., and Ros, E. 2006. Other relevant components of nuts: phytosterols, folate and minerals. Br. J. Nutr. 96(Suppl. 2): S36-S44. doi:10.1017/BJN20061862. PMID:17125532.
59. Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S.M., Ford, I., Isles, C.G., Lorimer, A.R., Macfarlane, P.W., et al. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. 1995. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(20): 1301-1308. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511163332001. PMID: 7566020.
60. Sugden, J.A., Davies, J.I., Witham, M.D., Morris, A.D., and Struthers, A.D. 2008. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet. Med. 25(3): 320-325. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007. 02360.x. PMID:18279409.
61. Sullivan, S., and Samuel, S. 2006. Effect of short-term Pritikin diet therapy on the metabolic syndrome. J. Cardiometab. Syndr. 1(5): 308-312. doi:10.1111/j.1559-4564.2006.05732.x. PMID: 17679787.
62. Tanaka, K., Ishikawa, Y., Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Saito, Y., et al. (JELIS Investigators, Japan). 2008. Reduction in the recurrence of stroke by eicosapentaenoic acid for hypercholesterolemic patients: subanalysis of the JELIS trial. Stroke, 39(7): 2052-2058. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.509455. PMID: 18451347.
63. Thompson, P.D., Buchner, D., Pina, I.L., Balady, G.J., Williams, M.A., Marcus, B.H., et al. (American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and PreventionAmerican Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Subcommittee on Physical Activity). 2003. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation, 107(24): 3109-3116. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77. PMID: 12821592.
64. Tonkin, A., Alyward, P., Colquhoun, D., Glasziou, P., Harris, P., Hunt, D., et al. (The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group). 1998. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 339(19): 1349-1357. doi:10.1056/NEJM199811053391902. PMID:9841303.
65. Vacek, J.L., Vanga, S.R., Good, M., Lai, S.M., Lakkireddy, D., and Howard, P.A. 2012. Vitamin d deficiency and supplementation and relation to cardiovascular health. Am. J. Cardiol. 109(3): 359-363. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.09.020. PMID:22071212.
66. Viitala, P., and Newhouse, I.J. 2004. Vitamin E supplementation, exercise and lipid peroxidation in human participants. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 93(1-2): 108-115. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1178-2. PMID:15248069.
67. Visioli, F., and Galli, C. 2002. Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 42(3): 209-221. doi:10. 1080/10408690290825529. PMID:12058980.
68. Visioli, F., Poli, A., and Gall, C. 2002. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Med. Res. Rev. 22(1): 65-75. doi:10.1002/med.1028. PMID:11746176.
69. Wallerath, T., Poleo, D., Li, H., and Forstermann, U. 2003. Red wine increases the expression of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a mechanism that may contribute to its beneficial cardiovascular effects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41(3): 471-478. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02826-7. PMID:12575978.
70. Wang, J., Ruotsalainen, S., Moilanen, L., Lepisto, P., Laakso, M., and Kuusisto, J. 2008a. The metabolic syndrome predicts incident stroke: a 14-year follow-up study in elderly people in Finland. Stroke, 39(4): 1078-1083. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107. 499830. PMID:18323501.
71. Wang, T.J., Pencina, M.J., Booth, S.L., Jacques, P.F., Ingelsson, E., Lanier, K., et al. 2008b. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 117(4): 503-511. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127. PMID:18180395.
72. Whayne, T.F., Jr. 2009. In defense of the metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Lipidol. 3(4): 247-249. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2009.06.003. PMID: 21291820.
73. Whayne, T.F., Jr. 2011. Vitamin D: Popular Cardiovascular Supplement but Benefit Must Be Evaluated. Int. J. Angiol. 20 (2): 63-71. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1279679.
74. Wright, J.D., Wang, C., Kennedy-Stephenson, J., and Ervin, R.B. 2003. Dietary Intake of Ten Key Nutrients for Public Health, United States: 1999-2000. Advance data from vital and health statistics. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics.
75. Wright, C., Zielke, J., and Whayne, T., Jr. 2004. Policosanol, an aliphatic alcohol sugarcane derivative: use in patients intolerant of or inadequately responsive to statin therapy. Int. J. Angiol. 13(4): 173-175. doi:10.1007/s00547-005-2002-5.
76. Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Matsuzawa, Y., Saito, Y., Ishikawa, Y., et al. (Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) Investigators). 2007. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet, 369(9567): 1090-1098. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3. PMID:17398308.
77. Zambón, D., Sabaté, J., Munoz, S., Campero, B., Casals, E., Merlos, M., et al. 2000. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 132(7): 538-546. PMID:10744590.
78. Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Ungvari, Z., and Zhang, C. 2009. Resveratrol improves endothelial function: role of TNFa and vascular oxidative stress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29(8): 1164-1171. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.187146. PMID:19478208.