A connectionist approach to embodied conceptual metaphor

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 1, Issue NOV, 2010, Pages

  Flusberg, Stephen J ^a   Thibodeau, Paul H ^a   Sternberg, Daniel A ^a   Glick, Jeremy J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conceptual metaphor; Connectionism; Embodiment; Models; Space; Time

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864235102     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00197     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Ackerman, J., Nocera, C., and Bargh, J. (2010). Incidental haptic sensations influence social judgments and decisions. Science 328, 1712.
2. Andrews, M., Vigliocco, G., and Vinson, D. (2009). Integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations. Psychol. Rev. 116, 463-498.
3. Barsalou, L. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behav. Brain Sci. 22, 577-660.
4. Barsalou, L. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 617-645.
5. Bechtel, W. (1997). "Embodied connectionism," in The Future of the Cognitive Revolution, eds D. M. Johnson and C. E. Erneling (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press), 187-208.
6. Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition 75, 1-28.
7. Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cogn. Psychol. 43, 1-22.
8. Boroditsky, L., and Gaby, A. (2010). Absolute spatial representations of time in an aboriginal Australian community. Psychol. Sci. doi:10.1177/0956797610386621
9. Boroditsky, L., and Prinz, J. (2008). "What thoughts are made of," in Embodied Grounding: Social, Cognitive, Affective, and Neuroscientific Approaches, eds G. Semin and E. Smith (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 98.
10. Boroditsky, L., and Ramscar, M. (2002). The roles of body and mind in abstract thought. Psychol. Sci. 13, 185-189.
11. Boroditsky, L., Schmidt, L. A., and Phillips, W. (2003). "Sex, syntax, and semantics," in Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought, eds D. Gentner and S. Goldin-Meadow (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 61-79.
12. Boulenger, V., Hauk, O., and Pulvermüller, F. (2009). Grasping ideas with the motor system: semantic somatotopy in idiom comprehension. Cereb. Cortex 19, 1905-1914.
13. Broadbent, D. (1987). "Simple models for experimentable situations," in Modelling Cognition, ed. P. Morris (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons), 169-185.
14. Bueti, D., and Walsh, V. (2009). The parietal cortex and the representation of time, space, number and other magnitudes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 364, 1831-1840.
15. Casasanto, D., and Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: using space to think about time. Cognition 106, 579-593.
16. Chemero, A. (2009). Radical Embodied Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
17. Clark, A. (1998). Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
18. Clark, H. (1973). "Space, time, semantics, and the child," in Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language, ed. T. E. Moore (New York, NY: Academic Press), 27-63.
19. Collins, A. M., and Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 8, 240-247.
20. Dilkina, K., McClelland, J. L., and Boroditsky, L. (2007). "How language affects thought in a connectionist model," in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, eds D. S. McNamara and J. G. Trafton (Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society), 215-220.
21. Estes, W. K. (1955). Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression. Psychol. Rev. 62, 145-154.
22. Evans, V. (2004). The Structure of Time: Language, Meaning and TemporalCognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
23. Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K., and Gentner, D. (1989). The structure-mapping engine: algorithm and examples. Artif. Intell. 41, 1-63.
24. Feldman, J. (2006). From Molecule to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
25. Fodor, J. (1975). The Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Fuhrman, O., and Boroditsky, L. (2010). Cross-cultural differences in mental representations of time: Evidence from an implicit nonlinguistic task. Cogn. Sci. 34, 1430-1451.
27. Gentner, D., Imai, M., and Boroditsky, L. (2002). As time goes by: evidence for two systems in processing space ? time metaphors. Lang. Cogn. Process. 17, 537-565.
28. Gibbs, R. (1994). The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
29. Gibbs, R. (1996). Why many concepts are metaphorical. Cognition 61, 309-319.
30. Gibbs, R. (2006). Embodiment and Cognitive Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Gibson, J., and Gibson, E. (1955). Perceptual learning: differentiation or enrichment? Psychol. Rev. 62, 32-41.
32. Gleitman, L., and Papafragou, A. (2005). "Language and thought," in Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, eds K. Holyoak and B. Morrison (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 633-661.
33. Glenberg, A. (1997). What memory is for: creating meaning in the service of action. Behav. Brain Sci. 20, 41-50.
34. Grice, H. (1975). "Logic and conversation," in Readings in Languageand Mind, eds H. Geirsson and M. Losonsky (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers), 41-58.
35. Hinton, G. E., and Salakhutdinov, R. R. (2006). Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313, 504-507.
36. Hintzman, D. (1991). "Why are formal models useful in psychology," in Relating Theory and Data: Essays on Human Memory in Honor of Bennet B. Murdock, eds W. E. Hockley and S. Lewandowsky (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 39-56.
37. Hubbard, E. M., Piazza, M., Pinel, P., and Dehaene, S. (2005). Interactions between number and space in parietal cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 435-448.
38. Jostmann, N. B., Lakens, D., and Schubert, T. W. (2009). Weight as an embodiment of importance. Psychol. Sci. 20, 1169-1174.
39. Kemp, C., and Tenenbaum, J. B. (2008). The discovery of structural form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 10687-10692.
40. Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
41. Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York, NY: Basic Books.
42. Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D. B. M., and Levinson, S. C. (2004). Can language restructure cognition? The case for space. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 108-114.
43. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
44. Matlock, T., Ramscar, M., and Boroditsky, L. (2005). On the experiential link between spatial and temporal language. Cogn. Sci. 29, 655-664.
45. McClelland, J. L. (2009). The place of modeling in cognitive science. Top. Cogn. Sci. 1, 11-38.
46. McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., and O'Reilly, R. C. (1995).Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychol. Rev. 102, 419-437.
47. McGlone, M., and Harding, J. (1998). Back (or forward?) to the future: the role of perspective in temporal language comprehension. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 24, 1211-1223.
48. Murphy, G. (1997). Reasons to doubt the present evidence for metaphoric representation. Cognition 62, 99-108.
49. Murphy, G. L. (1996). On metaphoric representation. Cognition 60, 173-204.
50. Niedenthal, P., Barsalou, L., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., and Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 9, 184.
51. Noë, A. (2004). Action in Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
52. Oliveri, M., Bonnì, S., Turriziani, P., Koch, G., Lo Gerfo, E., Torriero, S., Vicario, C. M., Petrosini, L., and Caltagirone, C. (2009). Motor and linguistic linking of space and time in the cerebellum. PLoS ONE 4, e7933. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007933.
53. Pinker, S. (2007). The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into HumanNature. New York, NY: Viking Press.
54. Proffitt, D. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 1, 110.
55. Ramscar, M., Yarlett, D., Dye, M., Denny, K., and Thorpe, K. (2010). The effects of feature-label-order and their implications for symbolic learning. Cogn. Sci. 34, 909-957.
56. Rescorla, R. A. (1988). Pavlovian conditioning: it's not what you think it is. Am. Psychol. 43, 151-160.
57. Rizzolatti, G., and Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 169-192.
58. Rogers, T., and McClelland, J. (2004). Semantic Cognition: A Parallel Distributed Processing Approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
59. Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Garrad, P., Bozeat, S., McClelland, J. L., Hodges, J. R., and Patterson, K. (2004). Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: a neuropsychological and computational investigation. Psychol. Rev. 111, 205-235.
60. Rogers, T. T., and McClelland, J. L. (2008). Précis of Semantic Cognition: A Parallel Distributed Processing Approach. Behav. Brain Sci. 31, 689-749.
61. Searle, J. (1979). "Metaphor," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. A. Ortony (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press), 83-111.
62. Seidenberg, M. (1993). Connectionist models and cognitive theory. Psychol. Sci. 4, 228-235.
63. Smolensky, P. (1988). On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behav. Brain Sci. 11, 1-74.
64. Spencer, J., Thomas, M., and McClelland, J. (2009). Toward a Unified Theory of Development. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
65. Spivey, J. (2007). The Continuity of Mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
66. Thibodeau, P. H., McClelland, J. L., and Boroditsky, L. (2009). "When a bad metaphor may not be a victimless crime: the role of metaphor in social policy," Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, eds N. Taatgen and H. van Rijn (Amsterdam: Cognitive Science Society), 809-814.
67. Toskos Dils, A., and Boroditsky, L. (2010). Visual motion aftereffect from understanding motion language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 16396-16400.
68. Varela, F., Thompson, E., and Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
69. Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9, 625.
70. Winawer, J., Witthoft, N., Frank, M. C., Wu, L., Wade, A. R., and Boroditsky, L. (2007). Russian blues reveal effects of language on color discrimination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7780-7785.
71. Ziemke, T. (2003). "What's that thing called embodiment," in Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, eds R. Alterman and D. Kirsch (Mahwah, NJ: Cognitive Science Society), 1305-1310.