Motivation and retention of health workers in Ghana's district hospitals: Addressing the critical issues

Journal of Health, Organisation and Management

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 467-485

  Adzei, Francis A ^a   Atinga, Roger A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GHANA BUSINESS SCHOOL   (Ghana)

Author keywords

District hospital; Ghana; Hospitals; Incentives; Medical personnel; Motivation (psychology); Nurses; Retention

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864117663     PISSN: 14777266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/14777261211251535     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Adams, O. and Hicks, V. (2000), "Pay and non-pay incentives, performance, and motivation", Global Health Workforce Strategy Group, World Health Organization, Geneva.
2. Agyepong, I.A., Anafi, P., Asiamah, E., Ansah, E., Ashon, D. and Narh-Dometey, C. (2004), "Health worker (internal customer) satisfaction and motivation in the public sector in Ghana" in International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 319-36.
3. Akintoye, I.R. (2000), "The place of financial management in personnel psychology", University of Ibadan, Ibadan, paper presented at Personnel Psychology Guest Lecture Series.
4. Allen, D.R. and Rao, T.R. (2000), Analysis of Customer Satisfaction Data, ASQ Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI.
5. Amundsen, S. and Corey, E. (2000), "Decisions behind career choice for nurse practitioners: independent versus collaborative practice and motivational-needs behaviour" in Clinical Excellence of Nursing Practice, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 309-15.
6. Awases, M., Gbary, A. and Chatora, R. (2003), Migration of Health Professionals in Six Countries: A Synthesis Report, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville.
7. Awofeso, N. (2010), "Improving health workforce recruitment and retention in rural and remote regions of Nigeria", Rural and Remote Health, Vol. 10, No. 1319.
8. Bennett, S., Gzirishvili, D. and Kanfer, R. (2000), "An in-depth analysis of the determinants and consequences of worker motivation in two hospitals in Tbilisi, Georgia", Partnerships for Health Reform, Bethesda, MD, Major Applied Research 5, Working Paper 9.
9. Blodgett, J.G., Hill, D.J. and Tax, S.S. (1997), "The effects of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on post complaint behaviour" in Journal of Retailing, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 185-210.
10. Bolger, J., Mandie, F.A. and Hauck, V. (2005), "Papua New Guinea's health sector - a review of capacity, change and performance issues", European Centre for Development Policy Management, Discussion Paper 57F.
11. Chen, L., Evans, T., Anand, S., Boufford, J.I., Brown, H. and Chowdhury, M. (2004), "Human resources for health: overcoming the crisis" in Lancet, Vol. 364, No. 1984, p. 90.
12. Chikanda, A. (2005), "Nurse migration from Zimbabwe: analysis of recent trends and impacts" in Nursing Inquiry, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 162-74.
13. Chirdan, O.O., Akosu, J.T., Ejembi, C.L., Bassi, A.P. and Zoakah, A.I. (2009), "Perceptions of working conditions amongst health workers in state-owned facilities in northeastern Nigeria" in Annals of African Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 243-9.
14. Creswell, J.W. (2003), Research Design - Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
15. Dieleman, M., Cuong, P.V., Anh, L.V. and Martineau, T. (2003), "Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Vietnam", Human Resources for Health, Vol. 1, No. 10.
16. Donnelly, M. (1994), "Managing people and quality in a climate of change" in Managing Service Quality, Vol. 4, pp. 41-4.
17. Ebuehi, O.M. and Campbell, P.C. (2011), "Attraction and retention of qualified health workers to rural areas in Nigeria: a case study of four LGAs in Ogun State, Nigeria", Rural and Remote Health, Vol. 11, No. 1515.
18. Elbeck, M. (1987), "An approach to client satisfaction measurement as attributes of health service quality" in Healthcare Management Review, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 47-52.
19. Flynn, B.B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R.G., Bates, K.A. and Flynn, E.J. (1990), "Empirical research methods in operations management" in Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 250-84.
20. Franco, L.M., Bennett, S., Kanfer, R. and Stubblebine, P. (2004), "Determinants and consequences of health worker motivation in hospitals in Ordan and Georgia" in Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 343-55.
21. Ghana Health Service (2007), Annual Report of the Ghana Service, Ghana Health Service, Accra.
22. Grafham, E., Matheson, C. and Bond, C. (2004), "Specialist drug misuse nurse's motivation, clinical decision-making and professional communication: an exploratory study" in Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Nursing, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 690-7.
23. Green, S., Salkind, N. and Akey, T. (2000), Using SPSS for Windows: Analysing and Understanding Data, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
24. Gruen, R., Anwar, R., Begum, T., Killingsworth, J.R. and Normand, C. (2002), "Dual job holding practitioners in Bangladesh: an exploration" in Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 267-79.
25. Gwynne, R. (1997), "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" in pp. 1-3, available at: http://web.utk.edu/gwynnemaslow.htm (accessed 17 August 2003).
26. Hagopian, A., Zuyderduin, A., Kyobutungi, N. and Yumkella, F. (2009), "Job satisfaction and morale in the Ugandan health workforce" in Health Affairs, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 863-75.
27. Henderson, L.N. and Tulloch, J. (2008), "Incentives for retaining and motivating health workers in Pacific and Asian countries", Human Resources for Health, Vol. 6, No. 18.
28. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Synderman, B.B. (1959), The Motivation of Works, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
29. Huitt, W.G. (2003) in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, pp. 1-4, available at: www.chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/edpsyint.html (accessed 7 April 2010).
30. Infinedo, P. (2003), "Employee motivation and job satisfaction in Finnish organisations: a study of employees in the Oulu Region, Finland", University of London, London, Master of Business Administration thesis.
31. Johns, G. (1996), Organisational Behavior: Understanding and Managing Life at Work, 4th ed., HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.
32. Kotter, J.P. (1996), Leading Change, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
33. Kotzee, T. and Couper, I.D. (2006), "What interventions do South African qualified doctors think will retain them in rural hospitals of the Limpopo province of South Africa?", Rural Remote Health, Vol. 6, No. 3.
34. Kreitner, R. (1995), Management, 6th ed., Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.
35. Kyaddondo, D. and Whyte, S.R. (2003), "Working in a decentralised system: a threat to health workers' respect and survival in Uganda" in International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol. 18, pp. 329-42.
36. Locke, E.A. and Latham, G.P. (2004), "What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 388-403.
37. Longest, B.B., Rakich, J.S. and Darr, K. (1992), Managing Health Services Organizations, 3rd ed., Health Profession Press, Baltimore, MD.
38. Lum, L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F. and Sirola, W. (1998), "Explaining nursing turnover intent: job satisfaction, pay satisfaction or organizational commitment?" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 305-21.
39. Luthans, F. (1998), Organisational Behaviour, 8th ed., Irwin McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA.
40. McShane, S.L. and Glinow, M.A. (2000), Organizational Behavior: Emerging Realities for the Work Place Revolution, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
41. Manafa, O., McAuliffe, E., Maseko, F., Bowie, C., MacLachlan, M. and Normand, C. (2009), "Retention of health workers in Malawi: perspectives of health workers and district management", Human Resources for Health, Vol. 7, No. 65.
42. Manongi, R., Marchant, T. and Bygbjerg, I.C. (2006), "Improving motivation among primary health care workers in Tanzania: a health worker perspective", Human Resources for Health, Vol. 4, No. 1.
43. Maslow, A.H. (1943), "A theory of human motivation" in Psychological Review, Vol. 50, p. 370.
44. Maslow, A.H. (1970), Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed., Harper and Row, New York, NY.
45. Ministry of Health (2002), "Internal report on human resources", Ministry of Health, Accra.
46. Mintzberg, H. (1989), Mintzberg on Management: Inside Our Strange World of Organizations, Free Press, New York, NY.
47. Moody, R.C. and Pesut, D.J. (2006), "The motivation to care: application and extension of motivation theory to professional nursing work" in Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 15-48.
48. Morrison, R., Jones, L. and Fuller, B. (1997), "The relation between leadership style and empowerment on job satisfaction of nurses" in Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 27-34.
49. Mullei, K., Mudhune, S., Wafula, J., Masamo, E., English, M. and Goodman, C. (2010), "Attracting and retaining health workers in rural areas: investigating nurses' views on rural posts and policy intervention", BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 10, available at: www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/10/S1/S (accessed 11 January 2011).
50. Nahavandi, A. and Malekzadeh, A. (1999), Organizational Behavior: The Person-Organization Fit, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
51. Naylor, J. (1999), Management, Prentice Hall, Harlow.
52. Nguyen, B.N., Nguyen, B.L. and Nguyen, L.H. (2005), "Human resources for health in Vietnam and the mobilization of medical doctors to commune health centres", Asia Pacific Action Alliance on Human Resources for Health Country Reviews, available at: www.aaahrh.org/docs.php (accessed 10 January 2010).
53. Ogunrin, F.O., Ogunrin, O. and Akerele, A. (2007), "Motivating Nigerian doctors for improved healthcare delivery" in International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 290-306.
54. Ololube, N.P. (2006), "Teacher job satisfaction and motivation for school effectiveness: an assessment", Essays in Education, Vol. 18, available at: www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED496539.pdf (accessed 2 September 2010).
55. Patriota, D. (2009), "Employee retention: an integrative view of supportive human resource practices and perceived organisational support", Master thesis in International Business Management.
56. Ramlall, S. (2004), "A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations" in Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 5, Nos 1/2, pp. 52-63, available at: http://83.143.248.39/students/JNS101/Motivation%20Theories.pdf (accessed 4 June 2010).
57. Revelle, W. and Anderson, K. (1995) in Personality, Motivation and Performance, pp. 1-8, available at: www.pmc.psych.nwu.edu/revelle/publication/broadbent/broad.html (accessed 7 April 2010).
58. Steiber, S.R. (1989), "Preventing pitfalls in patient surveys" in Health Care Strategic Management, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 13-16.
59. Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Vujicic, M., Adams, O. and Dal, P.M. (2004), "Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management" in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 82, pp. 595-600.
60. Tietjen, M.A. and Myers, R.M. (1998), "Motivation and job satisfaction" in Management Decision, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 226-31.
61. WHO (2006), The World Health Report - Working Together For Health, WHO, Geneva.
62. Wibulpolprasert, S. and Pengpaiboon, P. (2003), "Integrated strategies to tackle the inequitable distribution of doctors in Thailand: four decades of experience" in Human Resources for Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 12.
63. Willis-Shattuck, M., Bidwell, P., Thomas, S., Wyness, L., Blaauw, D. and Ditlopo, P. (2008), "Motivation and retention of health workers in developing countries: a systematic review", BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 8, No. 247, available at: www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/8/247 (accessed 6 April 2010).
64. Yammarino, F.J. and Dubinsky, A.J. (1994), "Transformational leadership theory: using levels of analysis to determine boundary condition" in Personnel Psychology, Vol. 47, pp. 787-811.
65. Yin, R.K. (2003), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 3rd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
66. Zydziunaite, V. and Egle, K. (2007), "Improving motivation among health care workers in private health care organisations: a perspective of nursing personnel" in Baltic Journal of Management, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 213-22.
67. Ministry of Health (2007), Human Resource Policies and Strategies for the Health Sector, 2007-2011, Ministry of Health, Accra.
68. Pesut, D.J. and Moody, R.C. (2006), "The motivation to care: application and extension of motivation theory to professional nursing" in Journal of Health Organization and Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 15-48.