Caffeine enhances real-world language processing: Evidence from a proofreading task

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 95-108

  Brunyé, Tad T ^a,b   Mahoney, Caroline R ^a,b   Rapp, David N ^c   Ditman, Tali ^b,d   Taylor, Holly A ^b  

^a US Army NSRDEC ^*  (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Arousal; Caffeine; Discourse cohesion; Language

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT;

AFFECT; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

AFFECT; AROUSAL; CAFFEINE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; DECISION MAKING; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

EID: 84863790950     PISSN: 1076898X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0025851     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Albrecht, J. E., O'Brien, E. J., Mason, R. A., & Myers, J. L. (1995). The role of perspective in the accessibility of goals during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 364-372. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.2.364
2. Anderson, K. J., & Revelle, W. (1982). Impulsivity, caffeine, and proof-reading: A test of the Easterbrook hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception, and Performance, 8, 614-624. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.8.4.614
3. Anderson, K. J., Revelle, W., & Lynch, M. J. (1989). Caffeine, impulsivity, and memory scanning: A comparison of two explanations for the Yerkes-Dodson Effect. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 1-20. doi:10.1007/BF00995541
4. Arató, M., Frecska, E., MacCrimmon, D., Guscott, R., Saxena, B., Tekes, K., & Tothfalusi, L. (1991). Serotonergic interhemispheric asymmetry: Neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG evidence. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 15, 759-764. doi: 10.1016/0278-5846(91)90004-K
5. Arnold, M. E., Petros, T. V., Beckwith, B. E., Coons, G., & Gorman, N. (1987). The effects of caffeine, impulsivity, and sex on memory for word lists. Physiology & Behavior, 41, 25-30. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90126-0
6. Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Cortese, M. J., Hutchison, K. I., Kessler, B., Loftis, B.,Treiman, R. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 445-459. doi:10.3758/BF03193014
7. Barry, R. J., Johnstone, S. J., Clarke, A. R., Rushby, J. A., Brown, C. R., & McKenzie, D. N. (2007). Caffeine effects on ERPs and performance in an auditory Go/NoGo task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2692-2699. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.08.023
8. Barry, R. J., Rushby, J. A., Wallace, M. J., Clarke, A. R., Johnstone, S. J., & Zlojutro, I. (2005). Caffeine effects on resting-state arousal. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 2693-2700. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.08.008
9. Bavelier, D., Corina, D., Jezzard, P., Padmanabhan, S., Clark, V. P., Karni, A.,Neville, H. (1997). Sentence reading: A functional MRI study at 4 Tesla. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 664-686. doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.664
10. Beeman, M. (1993). Semantic processing in the right hemisphere may contribute to drawing inferences during comprehension. Brain & Lan-guage, 44, 80-120. doi:10.1006/brln.1993.1006
11. Beeman, M. (1998). Coarse semantic coding and discourse comprehension. In M. Beeman & C. Chiarello, (Eds.), Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience (pp. 255-284). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2000). Right and left hemisphere cooperation for drawing predictive and coherence inferences during normal story comprehension. Brain & Language, 71, 310-336. doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2268
13. Bialystok, E. (1993). Symbolic representation and attentional control in pragmatic competence. In S. Blum-Kulka & G. Kasper (Eds.), Interlan-guage pragmatics (pp. 43-57). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
14. Bialystok, E., & Mitterer, J. (1987). Metalinguistic differences among three kinds of readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 147-153.
15. Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & Rapp, D. N. (2011). Depending on my mood: Mood-driven influences on text comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103, 562-577.
16. Bookheimer, S. (2002). Functional MRI of language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 151-188. doi:10.1146/an-nurev.neuro.25.112701.142946
17. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37, 204-215. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720204
18. Brownell, H. H., & Martino, G. (1998). Deficits in inference and social cognition: The effects of right hemisphere brain damage on discourse. In M. Beeman & C. Chiarello (Eds.), Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience (pp. 309-328). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Emotional state and local versus global spatial memory. Acta Psycho-logica, 130, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.11.002
20. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Giles, G. E., Lieberman, H. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2010). Acute caffeine consumption enhances the executive con-trol of visual attention in habitual consumers. Brain and Cognition, 74, 186-192. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.07.006
21. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Lieberman, H. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Global versus local object focus during periods of physiological arousal. Poster session presented at the 2009 Object Perception, Atten-tion, and Memory Conference (OPAM), Boston, MA.
22. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Lieberman, H. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2010). Caffeine modulates attention network function. Brain and Cognition, 72, 181-188. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.013
23. Brunyé, T. T., & Taylor, H. A. (2008). Working memory in developing and applying mental models from spatial descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 701-729. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.08.003
24. Capek, S., & Guenther, R. K. (2009). Caffeine's effects on true and false memory. Psychological Reports, 104, 787-795. doi:10.2466/pr0.104.3.787-795
25. Caplan, D. (1992). Language: Structure, processing, and disorders. Cam-bridge, MA: MIT Press.
26. Clark, H. H. (1979). Responding to indirect speech acts. Cognitive Psy-chology, 11, 430-477. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90020-3
27. Compton, R. J., & Weissman, D. H. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetries in global-local perception: Effects of individual differences in neuroticism. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain, and Cognition, 7, 333-350.
28. Coull, J. T., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S., & Grasby, P. M. (1996). A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: A PET study of sustained attention and working memory. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1085-1095. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(96)00029-2
29. Coulson, S., & Williams, R. F. (2005). Hemispheric asymmetries and joke comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 43, 128-141.
30. Coulson, S., & Wu, Y. C. (2005). Right hemisphere activation of joke-related information: An event-related brain potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 494-506. doi:10.1162/0898929053279568
31. Culm-Merdek, K. E., von Moltke, L. L., Harmatz, J. S., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2005). Fluvoxamine impairs single-dose caffeine clearance without altering caffeine pharmacodynamics. British Journal of Clinical Phar-macology, 60, 486-493. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02467.x
32. Damasio, A. R., & Damasio, H. (1992). Brain and language. Scientific American, 267, 88-95. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0992-88
33. Daval, J-L., von Lubitz, D. K. J. E., Deckert, J., Redmond, D. J., & Marangos, P. J. (1989). Protective effect of cyclohexyladenosine on adenosine A1-receptors, guanine nucleotide and forskolin binding sites following brain ischemia: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Research, 491, 212-226. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90058-9
34. Davidson, M. C., Horvitz, J. C., Tottenham, N., Fossella, J. A., Watts, R., Ulug, A. M., & Casey, B. J. (2004). Differential cingulate and caudate activation following unexpected non-rewarding stimuli. Neuroimage, 23, 1039-1045. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.049
35. Davis, J. M., Zhao, Z., Stock, H. S., Mehl, K. A., Buggy, J., & Hand, G. A. (2003). Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. American Journal of Physiology -Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284, R399-R404.
36. Fan, J., Fossella, J. A., Sommer, T., Wu, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 100, 7406-7411. doi:10.1073/pnas.0732088100
37. Fassbender, C., Simoes-Franklin, C., Murphy, K., Hester, R., Meaney, J., Robertson, I. H., & Garavan, H. (2006). The role of a right fronto-parietal cortex in cognitive control: Common activations for "cues-to-action" and response inhibition. Journal of Psychophysiology, 20, 286-296. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.286
38. Fastbom, J., Post, C., & Fredholm, B. B. (1990). Antinociceptive effects and spinal distribution of two adenosine receptor agonists after intrathe-cal administration. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 66, 69-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1990.tb00706.x
39. Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (1999). Right words and left words: Electrophysiological evidence for hemispheric differences in meaning processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 8, 373-392. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(99)00036-1
40. Ferré, S., Fredholm, B. B., Morelli, M., Popoli, P., & Fuxe, K. (1997). Adenosine-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia. Trends in Neuroscience, 20, 482-487. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01096-5
41. Ferstl, E. C., Neumann, J., Bogler, C., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2008). The extended language network: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on text comprehension. Human Brain Mapping, 29, 581-593. doi:10.1002/hbm.20422
42. Ferstl, E. C., Rinck, M., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2005). Emotional and temporal aspects of situation model processing during text comprehen-sion: An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 724-739. doi:10.1162/0898929053747658
43. Fine, B. J., Kobrick, J. L., Lieberman, H. R., Marlowe, B., Riley, R. H., & Tharion, W. J. (1994). Effects of caffeine or diphenhydramine on visual vigilance. Psychopharmacology, 114, 233-238. doi:10.1007/BF02244842
44. Fink, M., Wadsak, W., Savli, M., Stein, P., Moser, U., Hahn, A.,Lanzenberger, R. (2009). Lateralization of the serotonin-1A receptor distribution in language areas revealed by PET. NeuroImage, 45, 598-605. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.033
45. Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psy-chology, 32, 221-233. doi:10.1037/h0057532
46. Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., & Bianco, A. T. (2003). Speed/accuracy deci-sions in task performance: Built-in trade-off or separate strategic con-cerns? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 148-164. doi:10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00509-5
47. Frary, C. D., Johnson, R. K., & Wang, M. K. (2005). Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, 110-113. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.027
48. Fredholm, B. B., Arslan, G., Johansson, B., Kull, B., & Svenningsson, P. (1997). Adenosine A2A receptors and the actions of caffeine. In Y. Okada (Ed.), The role of adenosine in the nervous system (pp. 51-74). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
49. Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A., & Zvartau, E. (1999). Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacology Reviews, 51, 83-133.
50. Garrett, B. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (1997). The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and humans. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 57, 533-541. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00435-2
51. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1994). Handbook of psycholinguistics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
52. Geschwind, N. (1970). The organization of language and the brain. Sci-ence, 170, 940-944. doi:10.1126/science.170.3961.940
53. Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing infer-ences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.371
54. Gruber, R. P., & Block, R. A. (2005). Effects of caffeine on prospective duration judgments of various intervals depend on task difficulty. Hu-man Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 20, 275-285. doi:10.1002/hup.687
55. Helenius, P., Salmelin, R., Service, E., & Connolly, J. F. (1998). Distinct time courses of word and context comprehension in the left temporal cortex. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 121, 1133-1142. doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1133
56. Heller, W. (1993). Neuropsychological mechanisms of individual differ-ences in emotion, personality, and arousal. Neuropsychology, 7, 476-489. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.7.4.476
57. Heller, W., Etienne, M. A., & Miller, G. A. (1995). Patterns of perceptual asymmetry in depression and anxiety: Implications for neuropsycholog-ical models of emotion and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 327-333. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.2.327
58. Hough, M. S. (1990). Narrative comprehension in adults with right and left hemisphere brain-damage: Theme organization. Brain and Language, 38, 253-277. doi:10.1016/0093-934X(90)90114-V
59. Humphries, C., Willard, K., Buchsbaum, B., & Hickok, G. (2001). Role of anterior temporal cortex in auditory sentence comprehension: An fMRI study. NeuroReport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Re-search, 12, 1749-1752. doi:10.1097/00001756-200106130-00046
60. Hutsler, J., & Galuske, R. A. W. (2003). Hemispheric asymmetries in cerebral cortical networks. Trends in Neurosciences, 26, 429-435. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00198-X
61. Institute of Medicine. (2001). Institute of Medicine. Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
62. Jones, D. M., Miles, C., & Page, J. (1990). Disruption of proofreading by irrelevant speech: Effects of attention, arousal or memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 89-108. doi:10.1002/acp.2350040203
63. Juliano, L. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology, 176, 1-29. doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x
64. Jung-Beeman, M. (2005). Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 712-718. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.009
65. Junghöfer, M., Bradley, M. M., Elbert, T. R., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Fleeting images: A new look at early emotion discrimination. Psychophysiology, 38, 175-178. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820175
66. Keil, A., Müller, M. M., Gruber, T., Wienbruch, C., Stolarova, M., & Elbert, T. (2001). Effects of emotional arousal in the cerebral hemi-spheres: A study of oscillatory brain activity and event-related poten-tials. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 2057-2068.
67. Kenemans, J. L., Wieleman, J. S., Zeegers, M., & Verbaten, M. N. (1999). Caffeine and stroop interference. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Be-havior, 63, 589-598. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00022-2
68. Kimchi, R., & Merhav, I. (1991). Hemispheric processing of global form, local form, and texture. Acta Psychologica, 76, 133-147. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(91)90042-X
69. Kircher, T. T. J., Brammer, M., Tous-Andreu, N., Williams, S. C. R., & McGuire, P. K. (2001). Engagement of right temporal cortex during processing of linguistic context. Neuropsychologia, 39, 798-809. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00014-8
70. Knutson, K. M., Wood, J. N., & Grafman, J. (2004). Brain activation in processing temporal sequence: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 23, 1299-1307. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.012
71. Koelega, H. S. (1993). Stimulant drugs and vigilance performance: A review. Psychopharmacology, 111, 1-16. doi:10.1007/BF02257400
72. Koppelstaetter, F., Poeppel, T. D., Siedentopf, C. M., Ischebeck, A., Verius, M., Haals, I.,Krause, B. J. (2008). Does caffeine modulate verbal working memory processes? An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 39, 492-499. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.037
73. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Fitzsimmons, J. R., Cuthbert, B. N., Scott, J. D., Moulder, B., & Nangia, V. (1998). Emotional arousal and activa-tion of the visual cortex: An fMRI analysis. Psychophysiology, 35, 199-210. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3520199
74. Larisch, R., Meyer, W., Klimke, A., Kehren, F., Vosberg, H., & Muller-Gartner, H. W. (1998). Left-right asymmetry of striatal dopamine D2 receptors. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 19, 781-788. doi: 10.1097/00006231-199808000-00009
75. Leathwood, P. D., & Pollet, P. (1982-1983). Diet induced mood changes in normal populations. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 147-154. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90016-4
76. Lehéricy, S., Cohen, L., Bazin, B., Samson, S., Giacomini, E., Rougelet, T.,Baulac, M. (2000). Functional MR evaluation of temporal and frontal language dominance compared with the Wada test. Neurology, 54, 1625-1633.
77. Levy, J., Heller, W., Banich, M. T., & Burton, L. A. (1983). Are variations among right-handed individuals in perceptual asymmetries caused by characteristic arousal differences between hemispheres? Journal of Ex-perimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 329-359. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.9.3.329
78. Lieberman, H. R. (1992). Caffeine. In D. M. Jones & A.P. Smith (Eds.), Factors affecting human performance. Volume II: The physical environ-ment (pp. 49-72). London, England: Academic Press.
79. Lieberman, H. R. (2001). The effects of ginseng, ephedrine, and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood, and energy. Nutrition Reviews, 59, 91-102. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb06995.x
80. Lieberman, H. R., Tharion, W. J., Shukitt-Hale, B., Speckman, K. L., & Tulley, R. (2002). Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Psychophar-macology, 164, 250-261. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9
81. Lieberman, H. R., Wurtman, R. J., Emde, G. G., Roberts, C., & Coviella, I. L. G. (1987). The effects of low doses of caffeine on human performance and mood. Psychopharmacology, 92, 308-312. doi:10.1007/BF00210835
82. Linde, L. (1994). An auditory attention task. A note on the processing of verbal information. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 563-570. doi: 10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.563
83. Liotti, M., & Tucker, D. M. (1992). Right hemisphere sensitivity to arousal and depression. Brain and Cognition, 18, 138-151. doi:10.1016/0278-2626(92)90075-W
84. Loke, W. H. (1992). The effects of caffeine and automaticity on a visual information processing task. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 7, 379-388. doi:10.1002/hup.470070603
85. Lorist, M. M., & Snel, J. (1997). Caffeine effects on perceptual and motor processes. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 102, 401-413. doi:10.1016/S0921-884X(97)95729-5
86. Lorist, M. M., Snel, J., Kok, A., & Mulder, G. (1994). Influence of caffeine on selective attention in well-rested and fatigued subjects. Psychophys-iology, 31, 525-534. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02345.x
87. Lorist, M. M., & Tops, M. (2003). Caffeine, fatigue, and cognition. Brain and Cognition, 53, 82-94. doi:10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00206-9
88. Lundqvist, L. O., Carlsson, F., Hilmersson, P., & Juslin, P. N. (2008). Emotional responses to music: Experience, expression, and physiology. Psychology of Music, 37, 61-90. doi:10.1177/0305735607086048
89. Mahoney, C. R., Brunyé, T. T., Giles, G., Lieberman, H. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2011). Caffeine-induced physiological arousal accentuates global processing biases. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 99, 59-65. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.024
90. Mahoney, C. R., Brunyé, T. T., Lieberman, H. R., Shirer, W., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Physiological arousal facilitates global attentional focus. Poster session presented at the Society for Neurosci-ence Conference, Chicago, IL.
91. Malinauskas, B. M., Aeby, V. G., Overton, R. F., Carpenter-Aeby, T., & Barber-Heidal, K. (2007). A survey of energy drink consumption pat-terns among college students. Nutrition Journal, 6, 35.
92. Marrocco, R. T., Witte, E. A., & Davidson, M. C. (1994). Arousal systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4, 166-170. doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90067-1
93. Mason, R. A., & Just, M. A. (2004). How the brain processes causal inferences in text: A theoretical account of generation and integration component processes utilizing both cerebral hemispheres. Psychological Science, 15, 1-7. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01501001.x
94. Mayer, J. D., & Gaschke, Y. N. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 102-111. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.102
95. McCusker, R. R., Goldberger, B. A., & Cone, E. J. (2003). Caffeine content of specialty coffees. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27, 520-522.
96. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Inference during reading. Psycholog-ical Review, 99, 440-466. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.440
97. McNamara, D. S., Kintsch, E., Songer, N. B., & Kintsch, W. (1996). Are good texts always better? Interactions of text coherence, background knowledge, and levels of understanding in learning from text. Cognition and Instruction, 14, 1-43. doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1401_1
98. Meyer, M., Friederici, A. D., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2000). Neurocognition of auditory sentence comprehension: Event related fMRI reveals sensi-tivity to syntactic violations and task demands. Cognitive Brain Re-search, 9, 19-33. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(99)00039-7
99. Milner, B., Branch, C., & Rasmussen, T. (1964). Observations on cerebral dominance. In A. V. S. DeReuck & M. O. O'Connor (Eds.), Disorders of language (pp. 200-214). London, England: Churchill.
100. Müller, M. M., Keil, A., Gruber, T., & Elbert, T. (1999). Processing of affective pictures modulates right-hemispheric gamma band EEG activ-ity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 1913-1920. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00151-0
101. Nehlig, A. (1999). Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 23, 563-576. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(98)00050-5
102. Nitschke, J. B., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2000). Anxiety, stress, and cortical brain function. In J. C. Borod (Ed.), The neuropsychology of emotion (pp. 298-319). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
103. Norton, T. R., Lazev, A. B., & Sullivan, M. J. (2011). The "buzz" on caffeine: Patterns of caffeine use in a convenience sample of college students. Journal of Caffeine Research, 1, 35-40.
104. Nyklícek, I., Thayer, J. F., & Van Doornen, L. J. P. (1997). Cardiorespi-ratory differentiation of musically-induced emotions. Journal of Psycho-physiology, 11, 304-321.
105. Oke, A., Keller, R., Mefford, I., & Adams, R. N. (1978). Lateralization of norepinephrine in human thalamus. Science, 200, 1411-1413. doi: 10.1126/science.663623
106. Oke, A., Lewis, R., & Adams, R. N. (1980). Hemispheric asymmetry of norepinephrine distribution in rat thalamus. Brain Research, 188, 269-272. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90575-2
107. Pilott, M., Chodorow, M., & Thornton, K. C. (2005). Effects of familiarity and type of encoding on proofreading of text. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18, 325-341.
108. Popoli, P., Reggio, R., Pezzola, A., Fuxe, K., & Ferré S. (1998). Adenosine A1 and A2A receptor antagonists stimulate motor activity: Evidence for an increased effectiveness in aged rats. Neuroscience Letters, 251, 201-204. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00533-3
109. Rapp, D. N., & Mensink, M. C. (2011). Focusing effects from online and offline reading tasks. In M. T. McCrudden, J. P. Magliano, & G. Schraw (Eds.), Text relevance and learning from text (pp. 141-164). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
110. Rapp, D. N., van den Broek, P., McMaster, K. L., Kendeou, P., & Espin, C. A. (2007). Higher-order comprehension processes in struggling read-ers: A perspective for research and intervention. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11, 289-312. doi:10.1080/10888430701530417
111. Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009). Caffeinated energy drinks-A growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001
112. Robelin, M., & Rogers, P. J. (1998). Mood and psychomotor performance effects of the first, but not of subsequent, cup-of-coffee equivalent doses of caffeine consumed after overnight caffeine abstinence. Behavioural Pharmacology, 9, 611-618. doi:10.1097/00008877-199811000-00016
113. Robertson, L. C., & Delis, D. (1986). "Part-Whole" processing in unilateral brain-damaged patients: Dysfunction of hierarchical organization. Neu-ropsychologia, 24, 363-370. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(86)90021-7
114. Robertson, L. C., & Lamb, M. R. (1991). Neuropsychological contribu-tions to theories of part/whole organization. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 299-330. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(91)90012-D
115. Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 803-814.
116. Ruijter, J., DeRuiter, M. B., & Snel, J. (2000). The effects of caffeine on visual selective attention to color: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 37, 427-439. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3740427
117. Rusted, J. (1999). Caffeine and cognitive performance: Effects on mood or mental processing. In B. S. Gupta & U. Gupta (Eds.), Caffeine and behavior: Current views and research trends (pp. 221-229). Washing-ton, DC: CRC Press.
118. Schneiderman, E. I., & Saddy, J. D. (1988). A linguistic deficit resulting from right hemisphere damage. Brain and Language, 34, 38-53. doi: 10.1016/0093-934X(88)90123-X
119. Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R., & Maer, F. (1975). Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: Interactions with cogni-tion. Science, 190, 286-288. doi:10.1126/science.1179210
120. Sergent, J. (1982). The cerebral balance of power: Confrontation or coop-eration? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 253-272. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.8.2.253
121. Shatz, M., & McCloskey, L. (1984). Answering appropriately: A develop-mental perspective on conversational knowledge. In S. Kuczaj (Ed.), Discourse development (pp. 19-36). New York, NY: Springer.
122. Sicard, B. A., Perault, M. C., Enslen, M., Chauffard, F., Vandel, B., & Tachon, P. (1996). The effects of 600 mg of slow release caffeine on mood and alertness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 67, 859-862.
123. Smit, H. J., & Rogers, P. J. (2000). Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology, 152, 167-173. doi:10.1007/s002130000506
124. Smith, A. (2002). Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 1243-1255. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
125. Smith, A. B., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Toone, B., & Rubia, K. (2006). Task-specific hypoactivation in prefrontal and temporoparietal brain regions during motor inhibition and task switching in medication-naive children and adolescents with ADHD. The American Journal of Psychi-atry, 163, 1044-1051. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.6.1044
126. Smits, P., Boekema, P., De Abreu, R., Thien, T., & van't Laar, A. (1987). Evidence for an antagonism between caffeine and adenosine in the human cardiovascular system. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacol-ogy, 10, 136-143. doi:10.1097/00005344-198708000-00002
127. Snel, J., Lorist, M. M., & Tieges, Z. (2004). Coffee, caffeine, and cognitive performance (A. Nehlig, Ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
128. Solinas, M., Ferré, S., You, Z. B., Karcz-Kubicha, M., Popoli, P., & Goldberg, S. R. (2002). Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. The Journal of Neurosci-ence: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 22, 6321-6324.
129. Sotillo, M., Carretie, L., Hinojosa, J. A., Tapia, M., Mercado, F., Lopez-Martin, S., & Albert, J. (2005). Neural activity associated with metaphor comprehension: Spatial analysis. Neuroscience Letters, 373, 5-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.071
130. Spiller, G. (Ed.). (1997). Caffeine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
131. Statland, B. E., & Demas, T. J. (1980). Serum caffeine half-lives. Healthy subjects vs. patients having alcoholic hepatic disease. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 73, 390-393.
132. St George, M., Kutas, M., Martinez, A., & Sereno, M. I. (1999). Semantic integration in reading: Engagement of the right hemisphere during discourse processing. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 122, 1317-1325. doi:10.1093/brain/122.7.1317
133. Svenningsson, P., Nomikos, G. G., Ongini, E., & Fredholm, B. B. (1997). Antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors underlies the behavioural ac-tivating effect of caffeine and is associated with reduced expression of messenger RNA for NGFI-A and NGFI-B in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 79, 753-764. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00046-8
134. Taylor, K. I., Brugger, P., Weniger, D., & Regard, M. (1999). Qualitative hemispheric differences in semantic category matching. Brain and Lan-guage, 70, 119-131. doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2148
135. Tieges, Z., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Snel, J., & Kok, A. (2004). Caffeine strengthens action monitoring: Evidence from the error-related negativ-ity. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 87-93. doi:10.1016/j.cog-brainres.2004.06.001
136. Tieges, Z., Snel, J., Kok, A., Plat, N., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2007). Effects of caffeine on anticipatory control processes: Evidence from a cued task-switch paradigm. Psychophysiology, 44, 561-578. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00534.x
137. Tieges, Z., Snel, J., Kok, A., Wijnen, J. G., Lorist, M. M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2006). Caffeine improves anticipatory processes in task switch-ing. Biological Psychology, 73, 101-113. doi:10.1016/j.biopsy-cho.2005.12.005
138. Troy, L. (1995). Quick access reference for writers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
139. Tucker, D. M., Hartry-Speiser, A., McDougal, L., Luu, P., & deGrandpre, D. (1999). Mood and spatial memory: Emotion and right hemisphere contribution to spatial cognition. Biological Psychology, 50, 103-125. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00005-8
140. Tucker, D. M., Roth, R. S., Arneson, B. A., & Buckingham, V. (1977). Right hemisphere activation during stress. Neuropsychologia, 15, 697-700. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(77)90076-8
141. Van Kleeck, M. H. (1989). Hemispheric differences in global versus local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli by normal subjects: New data and a meta-analysis of previous studies. Neuropsychologia, 27, 1165-1178. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90099-7
142. Varani, K., Portaluppi, F., Merighi, S., Ongini, E., Belardinelli, L., & Borea, P. A. (1999). Caffeine alters A2A adenosine receptors and their function in human platelets. Circulation, 99, 2499-2502.
143. Wang, L., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Knight, R. T., Ghajar, J., & Fan, J. (2010). Effective connectivity of the fronto-parietal network during attentional control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 543-553. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21210
144. Weinstein, N. D. (1974). Effect of noise on intellectual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 548-554. doi:10.1037/h0037338
145. Weissman, D. H., & Banich, M. T. (1999). Global-local interference modulated by communication between the hemispheres. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 283-308. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.283
146. Wernicke, C. (1874). Der aphasische symptomenkomplex [The Aphasic Symptom-Complex]. Breslau, Poland: Cohn and Weigert.
147. Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162-185. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162
148. Zwaan, R. A., & Rapp, D. N. (2006). Discourse comprehension. In M. A. Gernsbacher & M. J. Traxler (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 725-764). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012369374-7/50019-5