Reverse solange - Protecting the essence of fundamental rightsagainst EU member states

Common Market Law Review

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 489-519

  Bogdandy, Armin Von ^a   Kottmann, Matthias ^a   Antpöhler, Carlino ^a   Dickschen, Johanna ^a   Hentrei, Simon ^a   Smrkolj, Maja ^a  

^a Institute for Comparative Public Law and Intternational Law   (Germany)

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EID: 84863580114     PISSN: 01650750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Groundbreaking: Alston and Weiler, "An 'Ever Closer Union'in Need of a Human Rights Policy", 9 EJIL (1998), 658; see for the effect of that report in impact assessments, European Commission, "Commission StaffWorking Paper - Operational Guidance on taking account of Fundamental Rights in Commission Impact Assessments", SEC(2011)567 final, 6 May 2011; for a historical overview Rideau, Le role de l'Union européenne en matière de protection des droits de l'homme (Martinus Nijhoff, 1999), pp. 29 et seq.
2. See in this regard the letters of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights to the Bulgarian (letter of 17 Nov. 2010, CommDH(2010)47) and the Romanian Prime Ministers (letter of 7 Oct. 2010, CommDH(2010)53) regarding mainly the situation of national and religious minorities; letters to the Italian Minister of the Interior (letter of 25 Aug. 2009, CommDH(2009)40 and of 2 July 2009, CommDH(2010)23) regarding the treatment of migrants and asylum seekers; on the 2010 case of Roma in France, see Dawson and Muir, "Individual, institutional and collective vigilance in protecting fundamental rights in the EU: Lessons from the Roma", 48CMLRev. (2011), 751 et seq. on the dramatic situation of refugees in Greece, see UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Observations on Greece as a country of asylum, Dec. 2009, available at: (last visited 1 March 2012); ECtHR, Appl. No. 30696/09, M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, 21 Jan. 2011, nyr. www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4b4b3fc82.html
3. In detail, Hoffmeister, Menschenrechts- und Demokratieklauseln in den vertraglichen Außenbeziehungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Springer, 1998)
4. Zaru, "EU Reactions to Violations of Human Rights Norms by Third States", European Yearbook on Human Rights (EYHR) (2011), 225.
5. De Búrca, "Beyond the Charter. How enlargement has enlarged the human rights policy of the European Union", 27 Ford. Int. LJ (2004), 679-699 et seq.
6. Albi, "Ironies in human rights protection in the EU. Pre-accession conditionality and post-accession conundrums", 15 ELJ (2009), 46-48 et seq.
7. Hillion, "Enlargement of the European Union - The discrepancy between membership obligations and accession conditions as regards the protection of minorities", 27 Ford. Int. LJ (2004), 715 et seq.
8. Williams, EU Human Rights Policies: A Study in Irony (OUP, 2004), p. 97 et seq.
9. Toggenburg (Ed.), Minority Protection and the enlarged European Union: The way forward (Open Society Institute, 2004)
10. Greer and Williams, "Human Rights and the Council of Europe and the EU. Towards 'individual', 'constitutional' or 'institutional' justice?", 15 ELJ (2009), 462-473.
11. See the speech by Neelie Kroes at the extraordinary meeting of the European Parliament's Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Committee Strasbourg, 17th Jan. 2011, SPEECH/11/22, available at last visited 1 March: europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/11/ 22&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en (2012).
12. Weiler, "Fundamental rights and fundamental boundaries" in Weiler (Ed.), The Constitution of Europe (Cambridge University Press p. 105, 1999), p. 102, at et seq.
13. von Bogdandy, "The European Union as a Human Rights Organization?", 37 CML Rev. (2000), 1307, 1316 et seq.
14. In detail von Bogdandy, "The European Union as situation, executive, and promoter of the international law of cultural diversity - Elements of a beautiful friendship", 19 EJIL (2008), 241 et seq.
15. See the essays by Cunha Rodrigues, Tridimas, Kumm and Bryde in Poiares Maduro and Azoulai (Eds.), The Past and Future of EU Law: The Classics of EU Law Revisited on the 50th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty (Hart Publishing, 2010), p. 87 et seq.
16. See for this concept: MacCormick, "Beyond the Sovereign State", 56MLR 9(1993), 1-6,
17. Poiares Maduro, "Contrapunctual Law: Europe's constitutional pluralism in action" in Walker (Ed.), Sovereignty in Transition (Hart Publishing, 2003), p. 501
18. Walker, "The idea of constitutional pluralism", 65 MLR (2002), 317
19. Kumm, "Who is the final arbiter of constitutionality in Europe?: Three conceptions of the relationship between the German Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice", 36 CML Rev. (1999), 351.
20. Report on the risks of violation, in the EU and especially in Italy, of freedom of expression and information (Art. 11(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights) (2003/2237/(INI)), Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs (Rapporteur: J. L.A. Boogerd-Quaak), 5 April 2004, Doc. A5-0230/2004 (Final). This led to the European Parliament Resolution on the risks of violation, in the EU and especially in Italy, of freedom of expression and information (Art. 11(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights) of 22 April 2004, O.J. 2004, C 104 E, 1026.
21. While in the 2010 ReportersWithout BordersWorld Press Index, thirteen EU Member States are listed in the top 20, others rank remarkably low, including Spain 39th, France 44th, Italy 49th, Romania 52nd and Greece and Bulgaria 70th. Available at: (last visited 11 Feb. 2012). See for similar conclusions Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2011:A Global Survey of Media Independence, issued on 2 May 2011, available at: (last visited 1 March 2012). en.rsf.org/pressfreedom- index-2010,1034.html. www.freedomhouse.org
22. See the report of the Committee on Culture, Science and Education to the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Respect for Media Freedom of 6 Jan. 2010, Doc. 12102, listing incidents in Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Spain; OSCE, Analysis of the Hungarian Media Legislation, 28 Feb. 2011, available at: (last visited 1 March 2012). www.osce.org/fom/75990
23. Act CLXXXV of 2010 on media services and mass media from 31 Dec. 2010, as amended by the Act XIX from 22 Mar. 2011 and Act CIV of 2010 on the freedom of the press and the fundamental rules on media content, from 9 Nov. 2010, as amended by theAct XIX from 22 Mar. 2011; translations by the Hungarian government available at: (last visited 1 March 2012). See for an analysis Council of Europe, Opinion of the Commissioner for Human Rights on Hungary's media legislation in light of Council of Europe standards on freedom of the media, CommDH (2011)10, 25 Feb. 2011; some but not all critical parts of the legislation have now been annulled by the Hungarian Constitutional Court in a judgment of 19 Dec. that is not yet available in English. 2011 www.kormany .hu/download/c/b0/10000/act_civ_media_content.pdf.www.nmhh.hu/dokumentum.php?cid= 25694&letolt.www.kormany.hu./download/1/8c/10000/sz%C3%B6vegszer%C5%B1% 20v%C3%A1ltozat.doc
24. See, for example, with regard to sanctions on journalists: ECtHR Appl. No. 16023/07, Gutiérrez Suárez v. Spain, 1 Jun. 2010 (nyr); Appl. No. 5380/07, Karsai v. Hungary, 1 Dec. 2009 (nyr); with regard to the protection of journalistic sources ECtHR (GC) Appl. No. 17488/90, Goodwin v. UK ECHR 1996-II; Appl. No. 20477/05, Tillack v. Belgium ECHR 2007-XIII.
25. See Frowein, "The transformation of constitutional law through the European Convention of Human Rights", 41 Israeli Law Review (2008), 489; Harris, O'Boyle and Warbrick, Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, 2nd ed. (OUP, 2009), p. 30 et seq.; Scheeck, "The relationship between the European courts and integration through human rights", 65 ZaöRV (2005), 837.
26. Eeckhout, "The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the federal question", 39 CML Rev. (2002), 945
27. Kühling, "Fundamental Rights" in von Bogdandy and Bast (Eds.), Principles of European Constitutional Law, 2nd ed. (Hart Publishing, 2010), p. 479-496 et seq.
28. This is, inter alia, the premise of the famous critique by Coppel and O'Neill, "The European Court of Justice: Taking rights seriously?", 29 CML Rev. (1992), 669
29. see more recently Kingreen, "Art. 51 GRC", in Calliess and Ruffert (Eds.), EUV/AEUV, 4th ed. (C.H. Beck, 2011), paras. 11 et seq.
30. Papier, "Verhältnis des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zu den Fachgerichtsbarkeiten", 124 DVBL (2009), 473-480.
31. Prominently expressed in scholarship by the notions of "Zweckverband" or "regulatory State". See Ipsen, Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht (Mohr Siebeck, 1972), p. 197
32. Peters, Elemente einer Theorie der Verfassung Europas (Duncker & Humblot, 2001), pp. 556 et seq.
33. Habermas, Zur Verfassung Europas (Suhrkamp, 2011), 67
34. Dellavalle, "Between Citizens and Peoples", Annual of German & European Law II/III (2004/2005), 7
35. Pernice, "Europäisches und nationales Verfassungsrecht", 60 Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer (2001), 148-160.
36. Habermas, Die postnationale Konstellation (Suhrkamp, 1998), pp. 175 et seq.
37. Frowein, Schulhofer and Shapiro, "The protection of fundamental human rights as a vehicle of integration" in Cappelleti, Seccombe and Weiler (Eds.), Integration Through Law, Vol. 1 (de Gruyter, 1986), 231
38. Huber, "Auslegung und Anwendung der Charta der Grundrechte", 64 NJW (2011), 2385-2386
39. von Bogdandy, "The European Union as a supranational federation", 6 CJEL (2000), 27.
40. See for such fears Murswiek, "Die heimliche Entwicklung des Unionsvertrages zur europäischen Oberverfassung", 28 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht (2009), 481.
41. The actions taken against Austria in the Haider affair in 2000 were unilateral measures by the Member States. See in this regard Sadurski, "Adding bite to a bark: The story of Article 7, EU enlargement, and Jörg Haider", 16 CJEL (2009-2010), 385-400.
42. See de Schutter, "Les droits fondamentaux dans le traité d'Amsterdam" in Lejeune (Ed.), Le traité d'Amsterdam (Bruylant, 1998) pp. 153-179 et seq.
43. Stein, "Die rechtlichen Reaktionsmöglichkeiten der Europäischen Union bei schwerwiegender und anhaltender Verletzung der demokratischen und rechtsstaatlichen Grundsätze in einem Mitgliedstaat" in Götz, Selmer and Wolfrum (Eds.), Liber amicorum Günther Jaenicke - zum 85. Geburtstag (Springer, 1998), pp. 871-898
44. Crawford, "Democracy and the body of international law" in Fox and Roth (Eds.), Democratic Governance and International Law (Cambridge University Press, note 85, arguing that Art. 7TEU is rather of "symbolic character". 2000), p. 91-112
45. See Lenaerts, Procedural Law of the European Union, 2nd ed. (Sweet and Maxwell, 2006), p. 148.
46. See Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, 15 Oct. 2003, COM606 final, 3. 2003
47. "The clause only would apply if there was a complete breakdown of national jurisdictional orders and fundamental rights systems." Freedom of Expression and Information in Italy: Declaration in the European Parliament Plenary by EU Media Commissioner Viviane Reding, 8 Oct. 2009, (last visited 1 March 2012). www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+ 20091008+ITEM-005+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN
48. Case C-201/85, Klensch, [1986] ECR 3477, paras. 9-11
49. Case C-276/01, Steffensen, [2003] ECR I-3735, paras. 69 et seq.
50. See for an account Calliess, "Europäische Gesetzgebung und nationale Grundrechte", 64 JZ (2009), 113.
51. Case C-540/03, Parliament v. Council, ECR I-5769, paras. 103 et seq. 2006
52. Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on audiovisual media services, O.J. 2010, L 95/1. As its Art. 4(1) evokes, "Member States shall remain free to require media service providers under their jurisdiction to comply with more detailed or stricter rules in the fields coordinated by this Directive provided that such rules are in compliance with Union law."
53. There is some Union legislationwhich covers a fewmarginal aspects of other media law. Cf. inter alia Art. 9 of Directive 95/46/EC, O.J. 1995, L 281/31, which provides for a specific regime concerning "the processing of personal data carried out solely for journalistic purposes". See for EU competences in media law Drechsler, "Verantwortung der Europäischen Union für eine freie Berichterstattung in den Medien", 57 Osteuropa-Recht (2011), 53.
54. Case C-465/00, ORF, [2003] ECR I-4989, paras 31-47
55. see for a critique Classen, annotation, 41 CML Rev. (2004), 1377, 1381 et seq. 55. Case C-555/07, Kücükdeveci, [2010] ECR I-00365, paras. 23-26
56. See e.g. Manthey and Unseld, "Grundrechte vs. effet utile" -Vom Umgang des EuGH mit seiner Doppelrolle als Fach- und Verfassungsgericht", 14 Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien (2011), 323-334 et seq.
57. Case C-368/95, Familiapress, ECR I-3689 1997
58. Case C-245/01, RTL Television, ECR I-12489. 2003
59. See Jacobs, "Human Rights in the European Union: The Role of the Court of Justice", EL Rev. (2001), 331-337
60. Huber, "Unitarisierung durch Gemeinschaftsgrundrechte - Zur Überprüfungsbedürftigkeit der ERT-Rechtsprechung", 43 EuR (2008), 190.
61. Cartabia, "Art. 51", in Mock and Demuro (Eds.), Human Rights in Europe (Carolina Academic Press, 2010), at p. 320
62. Mangas Martín, "Art. 51", in Mangas Martín (Ed.), Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea (Fundación BBVA, 2008), at p. 817.
63. Case C-60/00, Carpenter [2002] ECR I-6279; for a critique see Mager, annotation, 58 JZ (2003), 204; Acierno, "The Carpenter Judgment: Fundamental rights and the limits of the Community legal order", 28 EL Rev. (2003), 398-402 et seq.
64. Case C-71/02, Karner, [2004] ECR I-3025, paras. 37 et seq.; a limitation of free movement of goods was ruled out in line with the so-called Keck doctrine. See Joined Cases C-267 & 268/91, Keck, ECR I-6097. 1993
65. See the critique by Bergmann, "Neuerungen beim EU Grundrechtsschutz", 32 Verwaltungsblätter für Baden-Württemberg (2011), 169-172.
66. See with regard to external action: de Witte, "Too much constitutional law in the European Union's foreign relations?" in Cremona and DeWitte (Eds.), EU Foreign Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2008), p. 3-11.
67. For a powerful analysis in historical and comparative perspective, see Schönberger, "European citizenship as federal citizenship", 19 Revue Européenne de Droit Public (2007), 61 et seq.
68. Hallstein, Der Schuman-Plan (Vittorio Klostermann, 1951), p. 18.
69. The term was coined by Ipsen and Nicolaysen, "Haager Konferenz für Europarecht und Bericht über die aktuelle Entwicklung des Gemeinschaftsrechts", 18 NJW (1965), 339-340.
70. Cf. only Grabitz, Europäisches Bürgerrecht zwischen Marktbürgerschaft und Staatsbürgerschaft (Europa Union, 1970)
71. Lhoest, "Le Citoyen à la une de l'Europe", 18 RMC (1975), 431.
72. Resolution on the Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union, O.J. C 77/33, 1984
73. FamouslyWeiler, "Citizenship and Human Rights" inWinter et al (Eds.), Reforming the Treaty on European Union (Kluwer LawInternational little more than a cynical exercise in public relations on the part of the High Contracting Parties, 1996), 57-65: "".
74. Closa, "The concept of Union Citizenship in the Treaty on European Union", 29 CML Rev. (1992), 1137 et seq.
75. Soysal, Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (University of Chicago Press, 1994)
76. O'Leary, The Evolving Concept of Community Citizenship (Kluwer Law International, 1996)
77. Wiener, "Making sense of the new geography of citizenship: Fragmented citizenship in the European Union" 26 Theory and Society (1997), 529 et seq.
78. Shaw, "Citizenship of the Union: Towards a Post-National Membership?" in Collected Courses of theAcademy of European Law, Vol. VI-1 (Kluwer Law International, 1995), pp. 237 et seq.
79. See Levade, "Citoyenneté de l'Union européenne et identité constitutionelle", 18 Revue des Affaires Européennes (2011), 98 et seq.
80. See BVerfGE 123, 267, 331 (Lisbon), English translation at: (last visited 1 March 2012) www.bverfg.de/en /decisions/es20090630_2bve000208en.html.
81. We understand the other values "human dignity", "freedom" and "equality" to formpart of "human rights".
82. In Ruiz Zambrano the Commission and nine Member States intervened, submitting that the Court should dismiss the case.
83. Wollenschläger, "A new fundamental freedom beyond the market", 17 ELJ (2011), 1-25 et seq.
84. See for critique Hailbronner and Thym, case note on Zambrano, 48 CML Rev. (2011), 1253-1259 et seq.
85. Lansbergen and Miller, "European citizenship rights in internal situations: An ambiguous revolution?", 7 EuConst (2011), 287-306 et seq.
86. Dittert, "Les droits des citoyens de l'Union: Vers un statut détaché de tout élément transfrontalier?", 18 Revue des Affaires Européennes (2011), 223, 226; Van Elsuwege, "European Union Citizenship and the Purely Internal Rule Revisited", 7 EuConst (2011), 308-313 et seq.
87. See O'Leary, "The relationship between Community citizenship and the protection of fundamental rights in Community law", 32 CML Rev. (1995), 519
88. Benlolo Carabot, Les fondements juridiques de la Citoyenneté Européenne (Bruylant, 2008), pp.606-614 et seq.
89. Opinion of A.G. Colomer in Case C-228/07, Petersen, [2008] ECR I-6989, paras. 25 et seq.
90. See for a recent example the reference in the pending Case C-40/11, Iida.
91. See Graf Vitzthum, "Die Entdeckung der Heimat der Unionsbürger", 46 EuR (2011), 550-557 et seq.
92. See BVerfGE 73, 339, 376 (1986) (Solange II); 89, 155, 174 et seq. (1993) (Maastricht); 102, 147, 164 (2000) (Bananas); 125, 260, 306 (Data Retention). A different formula is used only in 123, 267, 335 (2009) (Lisbon). As is equally well known, the Court had initially claimed such competence, as long as fundamental rights protection in the EU had not reached such a level. See 37, 271, 280 (1974) (Solange I).
93. Schmahl, "Die Reaktion auf den Einzug der Freiheitlichen Partei Österreichs in das österreichische Regierungskabinett - Eine europa- und völkerrechtliche Analyse", 5 EuR (2000), 819-822
94. Schorkopf, Homogenität in der Europäischen Union - Ausgestaltung und Gewährleistung durch Art. 6 Abs. 1 und Art. 7 EUV (Duncker & Humblot, 2000), pp. 69-99 et seq.
95. Verhoeven, "How democratic need European Union members be?", 23 EL Rev 217, 234. (1998), 222-224,
96. Declaration of the Presidency of the Convention, 6 Feb., CONV 528/03, 11 2003
97. European Commission, COM(2003)606, at 5.
98. In addition it is also referred to in Art. 32 (1) and 42(5) TEU. For the interrelationship between Art. 7 and 49 TEU see Rötting, Das verfassungsrechtliche Beitrittsverfahren zur Europäischen Union (Springer, 2009), p. 232-263.
99. Conclusions of the Presidency of 21-22 June 1993 (SN 180/1/93), 13
100. Cf. the principle of equality in Art. TEU. 4(2)
101. Art. 4(4) Czech Fundamental Rights Charter; Art. 19(2) German Basic Law; Art. 8(2) Hungarian Constitution; Art. 30(3) Polish Constitution; Art. 18(3) Portuguese Constitution; Art. 49(2) Rumanian Constitution; Art. 13(4) Slovakian Constitution; Art. Spanish Constitution. 53(1)
102. Czech Constitutional Court, Case Pl ÚS 19/08, Judgment of 22 Nov., paras 110 and 196. 2008
103. See in detail von Bernstorff, "Kerngehaltsschutz durch den UNMenschenrechtsausschuss und den EGMR:VomWert kategorialerArgumentationsformen", 50 Der Staat (2011), 165-169 et seq.
104. Demirel v Turkey, cited supra.; Ürper v Turkey, cited supra, paras 38 et seq.
105. See European Commission, Turkey 2010 Progress Report, 9 Nov. 2010, COM(2010)660-661 et seq.
106. European Commission, FYROM Progress Report, 9 Nov. 2010, COM(2010)660, 36; both expressing "serious" or "ongoing concern" about intimidation and pressure on the media. 2010
107. See ECtHR (GC) Appl. No. 45036/98, Bosphorus v. Ireland ECHR 2005-VI, paras.
108. t seq.; for an overview of national jurisprudence see Huber, "Offene Staatlichkeit: Vergleich" in von Bogdandy, Cruz Villalón and Huber (Eds.), Handbuch Ius Publicum Europaeum Vol. II (C.F. Müller, 2008), § 26 paras. 34 et seq.; Sadurski, "'Solange, chapter 3': Constitutional Courts in Central Europe - Democracy - European Union", 14 ELJ (2008), 1.
109. See Halberstam and Stein, "The UN, the EU and the King of Sweden: Economic sanctions and individual rights in a plural world order", 46 CML Rev. (2009), 13-63.
110. In both cases, the violation of the rule of law principle in Art. 2 would aggravate the fundamental rights infringement. See for this interplay also COM(2003)606, 9.
111. See with regard to this and to further categories Schmitt von Sydow, in Von der Groeben and Schwarze (Eds.), Kommentar zum EUV und EGV, 6th ed. (Nomos,), Art. 7 EU, paras. 20 et seq. 2003
112. See Weiler, "The Least Dangerous Branch", in The Constitution of Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 188, pp. 192 et seq.; Alter, Establishing the Supremacy of European Law (OUP, 2001).
113. Here the example of the Hungarian Constitutional Court, which has recently been stripped of some competences and packed with judges appointed by the government's majority, comes to mind. See European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Opinion on the New Constitution of Hungary, Opinion No. 618/2011 of 20 June 2011, CDL-AD(2011)016, paras. 91 et seq.
114. See also for a definition of judicial lawmaking von Bogdandy and Venzke, "Beyond dispute: International judicial institutions as lawmakers", 12 German Law Journal (2011), 979-986 et seq.
115. BVerfGE 126, 286, 305 (Honeywell).
116. According to Art. 46(d)TEU (Nice version) the ECJ was only competent for what was then Art 6(2) TEU (Nice) but not for the values laid down in Art TEU (Nice). 6(1)
117. Joined Cases C-6 & 9/90, Francovich, [1991] ECR I-5357.
118. See Besson and Utzinger, "Towards European Citizenship", 39 Journal of Social Philosophy (2008), 185-193 et seq.
119. See CoE Informal Group onAccession of the European Union to the Convention, Final version of the draft legal instruments on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights, CDDH-EU (2011) 16fin (19 July 2011), available at: (last visited 1 March 2012); see also Lock, "EU Accession to the ECHR, Implications for Judicial Review in Strasbourg", 35 EL Rev. (2010), 777-798.
120. See Joint Communication from Presidents Costa and Skouris following the meeting of delegations from the ECtHR and the ECJ of 17 Jan. 2011, available at: (last visited 1 March 2012). www.echr.coe.int/NR /rdonlyres/02164A4C-0B63-44C3-80C7-FC594EE16297/0/2011Communication_CEDHCJUE _EN.pdf
121. See also, with an optimistic account, Douglas-Scott, "A Tale Of Two Courts: Luxembourg, Strasbourg and the growing European human rights acquis", 43 CML Rev. (2006), 629-664.
122. See Ress, "Effect of decisions and judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the domestic legal order", 40 Texas International Law Journal (2005), 359-382.
123. For current deliberations see Keller, Fischer and Kühne, "Debating the Future of the European Court of Human Rights after the Interlaken Conference: Two innovative proposals", 21 EJIL (2010), 1025-1048; Wolfrum and Deutsch (Eds.), The European Court of Human Rights Overwhelmed by Applications: Problems and Possible Solutions (Springer, 2009).