Making sense of the new geography of citizenship: Fragmented citizenship in the European Union

Theory and Society

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 529-560

  Wiener, Antje ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 26444467791     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006809913519     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. I would like to thank Michael Hanagan, Jane Jenson, David Long, Rianne Mahon, Elizabeth Meehan, Liora Salter, and Miriam Smith for comments on earlier written versions of this article. The article has also benefited from discussions at the Political Science Association in Glasgow, 1996, the Workshop of the European Forum on Citizenship at the European University Institute, February 1996, the Anglo-Spanish Workshop on Citizenship at the Sussex European Institute, 1996, and the Research in Progress Seminar Series in Social and Political Thought at the University of Sussex. I thank the participants of these conferences, and Andrew Chitty, Carlos Closa, Klaus Eder, Soledad Garcia, William Outhwaite, Martin Shaw, Margaret Somers, Paul Taggart, and Helen Wallace in particular for constructive criticism. Responsibility for this version is of course mine.
2. For the concept of "naming," see, for example, Jane Jenson, "De-constructing Dualities: Making Rights Claims in Political Institutions." In New Approaches to Welfare Theory, ed. Glenn Drover and Patrick Kerans (Cambridge, 1993), 127-142;
3. and Jane Jenson, "Mapping, Naming, and Remembering: Globalization at the End of the Twentieth Century," Review of International Political Economy 2/1 (1995), 96-116.
4. The hearings were organized by the institutional committee of the European Parliament (EP) on 18-19 October 1995 "with a view to preparing the Dury and Maij-Weggen Reports on revision of the Maastricht Treaty" (AE, 18.10.95, p. 4). According to Agence Europe, the hearings were attended by "dozens of NGOs" while "over 300 NGOs had asked to take part" (AE 18.10.95, p. 4 and AE 19.10.95, p. 4, respectively).
5. See, Philippe C. Schmitter, "Is It Really Possible to Democratize the Europe-Polity?" paper prepared for presentation at the European Forum workshop Social and Political Citizenship in a World of Migration, European University Institute Florence, 22-24 February 1996;
6. and Svein S. Anderson and Kjell A. Eliassen, "Introduction: Dilemmas, Contradictions and the Future of European Democracy," Andersen, S. and K. Eliassen, editors, The European Union: How Democratic Is It? (London: Sage, 1996), 1-12.
7. The debate over exclusion and inclusion and Union citizenship has developed most visibly over the issue of the exclusion of "third country nationals" (i.e., individuals who live within the territory of the Union but are not a national of a Member State). It has, however, also been led over exclusion along the lines of gender, sexual preference, and economic participation. See, for example, the European Parliament's Bindi Reports of 1991 and 1993 (PE 207.047/fin.), as well as the Imbeni Report of 1993 (PE 206.762), the Banotti Report of 1993 (PE 206.769/fin.).
8. See, Michelle C. Everson and Ulrich K. Preuss, Concepts, Foundations, and Limits of European Citizenship (Bremen: ZERP-Diskussionspapier #2, 1995), 8. Legal attempts to grapple, with Union citizenship do, however, often point to the important dimension of a possible evolution of Union citizenship based on Article 8e EC Treaty.
9. See, David O'Keeffe. "Union Citizenship," in Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty, ed. David O'Keeffe and Patrick M. Twomey (London: Wiley Chancery Law, 1994), 106.
10. See, Elizabeth Meehan, Citizenship and the European Community (London: Sage, 1993), xii.
11. This type of sociohistorical analysis follows insights from Charles Tilly's work on "State-Making." See, Charles Tilly, editor, The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1975).
12. See also, Margaret R. Somers, "Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship," Law & Social Inquiry 19 (1994): 63-112.
13. These policy objectives have been adopted within the final communiquè of the 1974 Paris summit meeting. See, Bulletin of the European Communities [hereafter: Bull. EC] 12, 1974, 8-9.
14. For the term "Euro-polity" see, Gary Marks, Fritz Scharpf, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Wolfgang Streeck, editors, Governance in the European Union (London: Sage, 1996).
15. David Held points to this important gap between the language (as in theory) and the practice of citizenship, when he writes "to what political entity does the democratic citizen belong? Everywhere the sovereignty of the nation state itself - the entity to which the language of citizenship refers, and within which the claims of citizenship, community and participation are made - is being eroded and challenged." See David Held, "Between State and Civil Society: Citizenship," in Citizenship, ed. Geoff Andrews (London: Lawrende & Wishart, 1991), 24.
16. See, Veit Bader, "Citizenship and Exclusion. Radical Democracy, Community, and Justice. Or, What's Wrong with Communitarianism?" in Political Theory 23/2 (1995): 224.
17. I apply the term "post-modern" similarly to Ruggie and Caporaso as a means of expressing newly emergent models of political organization that build on modern ones but cannot be fully understood in modern terms only. See, John G. Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organisation 47/1 (1993): 139-174;
18. and James Caporaso, "The European Union and Forms of State: Westphalian, Regulatory or Post-Modern?" Journal of Common Market Studies 34/1 (1996): 29-52.
19. Indeed, the inverse situation has been recently stated with regard to the "deborderization" of states and global politics as a process that renders the notion of citizenship as equally problematic. See Lothar Brock and Mathias Albert, "Entgrenzung der Staatenwelt. Zur Analyse weltgesellschaftlicher Entwicklungstendenzen," Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 2 (1995): 269.
20. Recent work on European citizenship has emphasized the conceptual importance of this distinction. See, for example, Ulrich K. Preuss, "Citizenship and Identity: Aspects of a Political Theory of Citizenship," in Democracy and Constitutional Culture in the Union of Europe, ed. Bellamy, Richard, Vittorio Bufacchi, and Dario Castiglione (London: Lothian FP, 1995), 109.