Impact of obesity on orthopaedics

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 94, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1045-1052

  Sabharwal, Sanjeev ^a   Root, Michael Z ^a  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTHROSCOPY; BACKACHE; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DEGENERATION; OBESITY; ORTHOPEDICS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 84863570661     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: 15351386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00330     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. World Health Organization.Obesity and overweight: fact sheet No 311. Updated 2011 Mar. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed 2011 Feb 27.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining overweight and obesity. Updated 2010 Jun 21. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/defining.html. Accessed 2011 Feb 27.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Basics about childhood obesity. Updated 2011 Apr 26. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html. Accessed 2011 Feb 27.
4. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R; IASO International Obesity TaskForce. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev. 2004May;5 Suppl 1:4-104. (Pubitemid 38967209)
5. Nielsen TL, Wraae K, Brixen K, Hermann AP, Andersen M, Hagen C. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and physical inactivity in 20- to 29-year-old, Danish men. Relation to sociodemography, physical dysfunction and low socioeconomic status: the Odense Androgen Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 May;30(5):805-15.
6. Achike FI, To NH, Wang H, Kwan CY. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, adipocytes and vascular function: a holistic viewpoint. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2011 Jan;38(1):1-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05460.x.
7. Zhang Y, Scarpace PJ. The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity. Physiol Behav. 2006 Jun 30;88(3):249-56. Epub 2006 Jun 16.
8. Aronne LJ, Isoldi KK. Overweight and obesity: key components of cardiometabolic risk. Clin. Cornerstone. 2007;8(3):29-37. (Pubitemid 351597782)
9. Kawano J, Arora R. The role of adiponectin in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2009 Winter;4(1):44-9.
10. Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD. Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med. 2006 Jan;12(1):62-6. Erratum in: Nat Med. 2006 Mar;12(3):367. (Pubitemid 43050076)
11. Russell GV, Pierce CW, Nunley L. Financial implications of obesity. Orthop Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;42(1):123-7, vii.
12. Hertz RP, Unger AN, McDonald M, Lustik MB, Biddulph-Krentar J. The impact of obesity on work limitations and cardiovascular risk factors in the U.S. workforce. J Occup Environ Med. 2004 Dec;46(12):1196-203. (Pubitemid 39644023)
13. McCarthy LH, Bigal ME, Katz M, Derby C, Lipton RB. Chronic pain and obesity in elderly people: results from the Einstein aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Jan;57(1):115-9. Epub 2008 Nov 19.
14. Pollack KM, Sorock GS, Slade MD, Cantley L, Sircar K, Taiwo O, Cullen MR. Association between body mass index and acute traumatic workplace injury in hourly manufacturing employees. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Jul 15;166(2):204-11. Epub 2007 May 7.
15. Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM. Obesity and Workers' Compensation: results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Apr 23;167(8):766-73. (Pubitemid 46658333)
16. Fehring TK, Odum SM, Griffin WL, Mason JB, McCoy TH. The obesity epidemic: its effect on total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007 Sep;22(6 Suppl 2):71-6. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
17. Uppot RN. Impact of obesity on radiology. Radiol Clin North Am. 2007 Mar;45(2):231-46. (Pubitemid 46719269)
18. Yanch JC, Behrman RH, Hendricks MJ, McCall JH. Increased radiation dose to overweight and obese patients from radiographic examinations. Radiology. 2009 Jul;252(1):128-39. Epub 2009 Apr 29.
19. Booth RE Jr. Total knee arthroplasty in the obese patient: tips and quips. J Arthroplasty. 2002 Jun;17(4 Suppl 1):69-70.
20. Sabharwal S, Zhao C. Assessment of lower limb alignment: supine fluoroscopy compared with a standing full-length radiograph. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Jan;90(1):43-51.
21. Ginde AA, Foianini A, Renner DM, Valley M, Camargo CA Jr. The challenge of CT and MRI imaging of obese individuals who present to the emergency department: a national survey. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Nov;16(11):2549-51.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC vital signs. Adult obesity: obesity rises among adults. Updated 2010 Aug 3. http://www.cdc.gov/ vitalsigns/AdultObesity/index.html. Accessed 2011 Feb 27.
23. Li Z, Bowerman S, Heber D. Health ramifications of the obesity epidemic. Surg Clin North Am. 2005 Aug;85(4):681-701, v. (Pubitemid 41095465)
24. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, Flint AJ, Hannan L, MacInnis RJ, Moore SC, Tobias GS, Anton-Culver H, Freeman LB, Beeson WL, Clipp SL, English DR, Folsom AR, Freedman DM, Giles G, Hakansson N, Henderson KD, Hoffman- Bolton J, Hoppin JA, Koenig KL, Lee IM, Linet MS, Park Y, Pocobelli G, Schatzkin A, Sesso HD, Weiderpass E, Willcox BJ, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 2;363(23):2211-9.
25. Ingrande J, Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ. Regional anesthesia and obesity. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009 Oct;22(5):683-6.
26. Thaisetthawatkul P. Neuromuscular complications of bariatric surgery. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2008 Feb;19(1):111-24, vii.
27. Juvin P, Lavaut E, Dupont H, Lefevre P, Demetriou M, Dumoulin JL, Desmonts JM. Difficult tracheal intubation is more common in obese than in lean patients. Anesth Analg. 2003 Aug;97(2):595-600, table of contents. (Pubitemid 36899772)
28. Lundstrøm LH, Møller AM, Rosenstock C, Astrup G, Wetterslev J. High body mass index is a weak predictor for difficult and failed tracheal intubation: a cohort study of 91,332 consecutive patients scheduled for direct laryngoscopy registered in the Danish Anesthesia Database. Anesthesiology. 2009 Feb;110(2):266-74.
29. Fujinaga A, Fukushima Y, Kojima A, Sai Y, Ohashi Y, Kuzukawa A, Seto T, Nosaka S. Anesthetic management of an extremely obese patient. J Anesth. 2007;21(2):261-4. Epub 2007 May 30.
30. Setzer N, Saade E. Childhood obesity and anesthetic morbidity. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007 Apr;17(4):321-6. (Pubitemid 46365126)
31. Cotter JT, Nielsen KC, Guller U, Steele SM, Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Pietrobon R. Increased body mass index and ASA physical status IV are risk factors for block failure in ambulatory surgery - an analysis of 9,342 blocks. Can J Anaesth. 2004 Oct;51(8):810-6. (Pubitemid 39561936)
32. Nielsen KC, Guller U, Steele SM, Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Pietrobon R. Influence of obesity on surgical regional anesthesia in the ambulatory setting: an analysis of 9,038 blocks. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jan;102(1):181-7. (Pubitemid 40082855)
33. Bearden DT, Rodvold KA. Dosage adjustments for antibacterials in obese patients: applying clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 May;38(5):415-26. (Pubitemid 30265261)
34. Casati A, Putzu M. Anesthesia in the obese patient: pharmacokinetic considerations. J Clin Anesth. 2005 Mar;17(2):134-45. (Pubitemid 40462234)
35. Guss D, Bhattacharyya T. Perioperative management of the obese orthopaedic patient. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006 Jul;14(7):425-32. (Pubitemid 44916644)
36. Jupiter JB, Ring D, Rosen H. The complications and difficulties of management of nonunion in the severely obese. J Orthop Trauma. 1995;9(5):363-70.
37. Patel N, Bagan B, Vadera S, Maltenfort MG, Deutsch H, Vaccaro AR, Harrop J, Sharan A, Ratliff JK. Obesity and spine surgery: relation to perioperative complications. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007 Apr;6(4):291-7. (Pubitemid 47066084)
38. Eichinger S, Hron G, Bialonczyk C, HirschlM,Minar E, Wagner O, Heinze G, Kyrle PA. Overweight, obesity, and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1678-83.
39. Lucena J, Rico A, Vázquez R, Marín R, Martínez C, Salguero M, Miguel L. Pulmonary embolism and sudden-unexpected death: prospective study on 2477 forensic autopsies performed at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Seville. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009 May;16(4):196-201.
40. Meissner MH, Chandler WL, Elliott JS. Venous thromboembolism in trauma: a localmanifestation of systemic hypercoagulability? J Trauma. 2003 Feb;54(2):224-31. (Pubitemid 36342822)
41. Memtsoudis SG, Besculides MC, Gaber L, Liu S, González Della Valle A. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism after hip and knee arthroplasty: a population-based study. Int Orthop. 2009 Dec;33(6):1739-45. Epub 2008 Oct 17.
42. Winslow EH, Brosz DL. Graduated compression stockings in hospitalized postoperative patients: correctness of usage and size.AmJ Nurs. 2008 Sep;108(9):40-50; quiz 50-1.
43. Lazar MA, Plocher EK, Egol KA. Obesity and its relationship with pelvic and lowerextremity orthopedic trauma. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2010 Apr;39(4):175-82.
44. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR. Old and new risk factors for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Nov;3(11):2471-8. (Pubitemid 41727164)
45. Taylor ED, Theim KR, Mirch MC, Ghorbani S, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Adler-Wailes DC, Brady S, Reynolds JC, Calis KA, Yanovski JA. Orthopedic complications of overweight in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;117(6):2167-74. (Pubitemid 46074634)
46. Stovitz SD, Pardee PE, Vazquez G, Duval S, Schwimmer JB. Musculoskeletal pain in obese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2008 Apr;97(4):489-93. (Pubitemid 351432319)
47. Nantel J, Brochu M, Prince F. Locomotor strategies in obese and non-obese children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Oct;14(10):1789-94. (Pubitemid 46214802)
48. Dowling AM, Steele JR, Baur LA. Does obesity influence foot structure and plantar pressure patterns in prepubescent children? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Jun;25(6):845-52. (Pubitemid 32601378)
49. Shultz SP, Anner J, Hills AP. Paediatric obesity, physical activity and the musculoskeletal system. Obes Rev. 2009 Sep;10(5):576-82. Epub 2009 May 12.
50. Sabharwal S. Blount disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Jul;91(7):1758-76.
51. Scott AC, Kelly CH, Sullivan E. Body mass index as a prognostic factor in development of infantile Blount disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007 Dec;27(8):921-5.
52. Sabharwal S, Zhao C, McClemens E. Correlation of body mass index and radiographic deformities in children with Blount disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1275-83. (Pubitemid 46897999)
53. Schroerlucke S, Bertrand S, Clapp J, Bundy J, Gregg FO. Failure of Orthofix eight-Plate for the treatment of Blount disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009 Jan-Feb;29(1):57-60.
54. McIntosh AL, Hanson CM, Rathjen KE. Treatment of adolescent tibia vara with hemiepiphysiodesis: risk factors for failure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Dec;91(12):2873-9.
55. de Sá Pinto AL, de Barros Holanda PM, Radu AS, Villares SM, Lima FR. Musculoskeletal findings in obese children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006 Jun;42(6):341-4. (Pubitemid 43823335)
56. Zhang AL, Exner GU, Wenger DR. Progressive genu valgum resulting from idiopathic lateral distal femoral physeal growth suppression in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008 Oct-Nov;28(7):752-6.
57. Denzer C, Weibel A, Muche R, Karges B, Sorgo W, Wabitsch M. Pubertal development in obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Oct;31(10):1509-19. Epub 2007 Jul 24.
58. Vignolo M, Naselli A, Di Battista E, Mostert M, Aicardi G. Growth and development in simple obesity. Eur J Pediatr. 1988 Apr;147(3):242-4.
59. Loder RT, Aronsson DD, Dobbs MB, Weinstein SL. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(8):1170-88. (Pubitemid 30624977)
60. Poussa M, Schlenzka D, Yrjönen T. Body mass index and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2003 Nov;12(6):369-71. (Pubitemid 37339811)
61. Azzopardi T, Sharma S, Bennet GC. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children aged less than 10 years. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2010 Jan;19(1):13-8.
62. Benson EC, Miller M, Bosch P, Szalay EA. A new look at the incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in New Mexico. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008 Jul-Aug;28(5):529-33.
63. Lehmann CL, Arons RR, Loder RT, Vitale MG. The epidemiology of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an update. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):286-90. (Pubitemid 44357051)
64. Bhatia NN, Pirpiris M, Otsuka NY. Body mass index in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2):197-9. (Pubitemid 44357085)
65. Brown CV, Neville AL, Salim A, Rhee P, Cologne K, Demetriades D. The impact of obesity on severely injured children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Jan;41(1):88-91; discussion 88-91.
66. Pollack KM, Xie D, Arbogast KB, Durbin DR. Body mass index and injury risk among US children 9-15 years old in motor vehicle crashes. Inj Prev. 2008 Dec;14(6):366-71.
67. Pomerantz WJ, Timm NL, Gittelman MA. Injury patterns in obese versus nonobese children presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics. 2010 Apr;125(4):681-5. Epub 2010 Mar 1.
68. Goulding A, Jones IE, Taylor RW, Piggot JM, Taylor D. Dynamic and static tests of balance and postural sway in boys: effects of previous wrist bone fractures and high adiposity. Gait Posture. 2003 Apr;17(2):136-41. (Pubitemid 36299155)
69. Leonard MB, Shults J, Wilson BA, Tershakovec AM, Zemel BS. Obesity during childhood and adolescence augments bone mass and bone dimensions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):514-23.
70. Ryan LM, Teach SJ, Searcy K, Singer SA, Wood R, Wright JL, Chamberlain JM. Epidemiology of pediatric forearm fractures in Washington, DC. J Trauma. 2010 Oct;69(4 Suppl):S200-5.
71. Skaggs DL, Loro ML, Pitukcheewanont P, Tolo V, Gilsanz V. Increased body weight and decreased radial cross-sectional dimensions in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Jul;16(7):1337-42. (Pubitemid 32574663)
72. Leet AI, Pichard CP, Ain MC. Surgical treatment of femoral fractures in obese children: does excessive body weight increase the rate of complications? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Dec;87(12):2609-13. (Pubitemid 41747025)
73. Moroz LA, Launay F, Kocher MS, Newton PO, Frick SL, Sponseller PD, Flynn JM. Titanium elastic nailing of fractures of the femur in children. Predictors of complications and poor outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Oct;88(10):1361-6. (Pubitemid 44636846)
74. Weiss JM, Choi P, Ghatan C, Skaggs DL, Kay RM. Complications with flexible nailing of femur fractures more than double with child obesity and weight >50 kg. J Child Orthop. 2009 Feb;3(1):53-8. Epub 2008 Dec 10.
75. Garner MR, Bhat SB, Khujanazarov I, Flynn JM, Spiegel D. Fixation of lengthstable femoral shaft fractures in heavier children: flexible nails vs rigid locked nails. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011 Jan-Feb;31(1):11-6.
76. Mehlman CT, Bishai SK. Tibial nails for femoral shaft fractures in large adolescents with open femoral physes. J Trauma. 2007 Aug;63(2):424-8. (Pubitemid 47254659)
77. O'Neill PJ, Karol LA, Shindle MK, Elerson EE, BrintzenhofeSzoc KM, Katz DE, Farmer KW, Sponseller PD. Decreased orthotic effectiveness in overweight patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 May; 87(5):1069-74. (Pubitemid 40617576)
78. Upasani VV, Caltoum C, Petcharaporn M, Bastrom T, Pawelek J, Marks M, Betz RR, Lenke LG, Newton PO. Does obesity affect surgical outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Feb 1;33(3):295-300.
79. Arbabi S, Wahl WL, Hemmila MR, Kohoyda-Inglis C, Taheri PA, Wang SC. The cushion effect. J Trauma. 2003 Jun;54(6):1090-3. (Pubitemid 36764875)
80. Brown CV, Neville AL, Rhee P, Salim A, Velmahos GC, Demetriades D. The impact of obesity on the outcomes of 1,153 critically injured blunt trauma patients. J Trauma. 2005 Nov;59(5):1048-51; discussion 1051.
81. Finkelstein EA, Chen H, Prabhu M, Trogdon JG, Corso PS. The relationship between obesity and injuries among U.S. adults. Am J Health Promot. 2007 May-Jun;21(5):460-8. (Pubitemid 46725452)
82. Bansal V, Conroy C, Lee J, Schwartz A, Tominaga G, Coimbra R. Is bigger better? The effect of obesity on pelvic fractures after side impact motor vehicle crashes. J Trauma. 2009 Oct;67(4):709-14.
83. Maheshwari R, Mack CD, Kaufman RP, Francis DO, Bulger EM, Nork SE, Henley MB. Severity of injury and outcomes among obese trauma patients with fractures of the femur and tibia: a crash injury research and engineering network study. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Oct;23(9):634-9.
84. Strauss EJ, Frank JB, Walsh M, Koval KJ, Egol KA. Does obesity influence the outcome after the operative treatment of ankle fractures? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Jun;89(6):794-8. (Pubitemid 47180201)
85. Abidi NA, Dhawan S, Gruen GS, Vogt MT, Conti SF. Wound-healing risk factors after open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 1998 Dec;19(12):856-61. (Pubitemid 29008964)
86. Carlson DA, Simmons J, Sando W, Weber T, Clements B. Morel-Lavalée lesions treated with debridement and meticulous dead space closure: surgical technique. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Feb;21(2):140-4. (Pubitemid 46279904)
87. Peltola EK, Lindahl J, Hietaranta H, Koskinen SK. Knee dislocation in overweight patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Jan;192(1):101-6.
88. Hagino RT, DeCaprio JD, Valentine RJ, Clagett GP. Spontaneous popliteal vascular injury in the morbidly obese. J Vasc Surg. 1998 Sep;28(3):458-62; discussion 462-3.
89. Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, Priemel M, Schilling AF, Beil FT, Shen J, Vinson C, Rueger JM, Karsenty G. Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass. Cell. 2000 Jan 21;100(2):197-207. (Pubitemid 30064908)
90. Einhorn TA. Brain, bone, and body mass: fat is beautiful again. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Dec;83-A(12):1782. (Pubitemid 33134430)
91. Haberland M, Schilling AF, Rueger JM, Amling M. Brain and bone: central regulation of bone mass. A new paradigm in skeletal biology. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Dec;83-A(12):1871-6. (Pubitemid 33134444)
92. Sato M, Takeda N, Sarui H, Takami R, Takami K, Hayashi M, Sasaki A, Kawachi S, Yoshino K, Yasuda K. Association between serum leptin concentrations and bone mineral density, and biochemical markers of bone turnover in adult men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5273-6. (Pubitemid 33070248)
93. Templeton DL, Kelly AS, Steinberger J, Dengel DR. Lower relative bone mineral content in obese adolescents: role of non-weight bearing exercise. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2010 Nov;22(4):557-68.
94. Beck TJ, Petit MA, Wu G, LeBoff MS, Cauley JA, Chen Z. Does obesity really make the femur stronger? BMD, geometry, and fracture incidence in the women's health initiative-observational study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Aug;24(8):1369-79.
95. Maffulli N, Dougall TW, Brown MT, Golden MH. Nutritional differences in patients with proximal femoral fractures. Age Ageing. 1999 Sep;28(5):458-62. (Pubitemid 29438516)
96. Campbell WW, Tang M. Protein intake, weight loss, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Oct;65(10):1115-22. Epub 2010 Jul 6.
97. Streubel PN, Gardner MJ, Ricci WM. Management of femur shaft fractures in obese patients. Orthop Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;42(1):21-35, v. Epub 2010 Oct 8.
98. Handolin LE, Hiltunen OJ. Peroperative difficulties in fluoroscopy of the femoral head in massive obese patient: enhanced visualization by intra-articular contrast agent. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006 Sep;126(7):498-9. Epub 2006 Jun 21.
99. McKee MD, Waddell JP. Intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in morbidly obese patients. J Trauma. 1994 Feb;36(2):208-10. (Pubitemid 24070810)
100. Tucker MC, Schwappach JR, Leighton RK, Coupe K, Ricci WM. Results of femoral intramedullary nailing in patients who are obese versus those who are not obese: a prospective multicenter comparison study. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Sep;21(8):523-9. (Pubitemid 47367959)
101. Ostrum RF. A greater trochanteric insertion site for femoral intramedullary nailing in lipomatous patients. Orthopedics. 1996 Apr;19(4):337-40. (Pubitemid 26125579)
102. Böstman OM. Body-weight related to loss of reduction of fractures of the distal tibia and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995 Jan;77(1):101-3.
103. Karunakar MA, Shah SN, Jerabek S. Body mass index as a predictor of complications after operative treatment of acetabular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jul;87(7):1498-502. (Pubitemid 40917749)
104. Porter SE, Russell GV, Dews RC, Qin Z, Woodall J Jr, GravesML. Complications of acetabular fracture surgery in morbidly obese patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 Oct;22(9):589-94.
105. Sems SA, Johnson M, Cole PA, Byrd CT, Templeman DC; Minnesota Orthopaedic Trauma Group. Elevated body mass index increases early complications of surgical treatment of pelvic ring injuries. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 May;24(5):309-14.
106. Felson DT. Does excess weight cause osteoarthritis and, if so, why? Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 Sep;55(9):668-70. (Pubitemid 26316292)
107. Flugsrud GB, Nordsletten L, Espehaug B, Havelin LI, Engeland A, Meyer HE. The impact of body mass index on later total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis: a cohort study in 1.2 million persons. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar;54(3):802-7.
108. Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Obesity and osteoarthritis in knee, hip and/or hand: an epidemiological study in the general population with 10 years follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 Oct 2;9:132.
109. Leach RE, Baumgard S, Broom J. Obesity: its relationship to osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1973 Jun;(93):271-3.
110. Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Verhagen AP, van Baar ME, Verhaar JA, Koes BW. Influence of obesity on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 Oct;41(10):1155-62. (Pubitemid 35203544)
111. Lievense AM, Reijman M, Pols HA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Obesity and hip osteoarthritis. Am J Med. 2003 Sep;115(4):329; author reply 329-30.
112. Reijman M, Pols HA, Bergink AP, Hazes JM, Belo JN, Lievense AM, Bierma- Zeinstra SM. Body mass index associated with onset and progression of osteoarthritis of the knee but not of the hip: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Feb;66(2):158-62. Epub 2006 Jul 12.
113. Bourne R,Mukhi S, Zhu N, Keresteci M, Marin M. Role of obesity on the risk for total hip or knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Dec;465:185-8. (Pubitemid 350306514)
114. Changulani M, Kalairajah Y, Peel T, Field RE. The relationship between obesity and the age at which hip and knee replacement is undertaken. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Mar;90(3):360-3. (Pubitemid 351428955)
115. Muthuri SG, Hui M, Doherty M, Zhang W. What if we prevent obesity? Risk reduction in knee osteoarthritis estimated through a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Jul;63(7):982-90.
116. Andrew JG, Palan J, Kurup HV, Gibson P, Murray DW, Beard DJ. Obesity in total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Apr;90(4):424-9. (Pubitemid 351542856)
117. Perka C, Labs K, Muschik M, Buttgereit F. The influence of obesity on perioperative morbidity and mortality in revision total hip arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120(5-6):267-71. (Pubitemid 30255844)
118. Namba RS, Paxton L, Fithian DC, Stone ML. Obesity and perioperative morbidity in total hip and total knee arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty. 2005 Oct; 20(7 Suppl 3):46-50. (Pubitemid 41425785)
119. Sadr Azodi O, Bellocco R, Eriksson K, Adami J. The impact of tobacco use and body mass index on the length of stay in hospital and the risk of post-operative complications among patients undergoing total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Oct;88(10):1316-20. (Pubitemid 44613146)
120. Lübbeke A, Moons KG, Garavaglia G, Hoffmeyer P. Outcomes of obese and nonobese patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 May 15;59(5):738-45. (Pubitemid 351679551)
121. Søballe K, Christensen F, Luxhøj T. Hip replacement in obese patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987 Jun;58(3):223-5. (Pubitemid 17145165)
122. Flugsrud GB, Nordsletten L, Espehaug B, Havelin LI, Meyer HE. The effect of middle-age body weight and physical activity on the risk of early revision hip arthroplasty: a cohort study of 1,535 individuals. Acta Orthop. 2007 Feb;78(1):99-107. (Pubitemid 46570265)
123. Malinzak RA, Ritter MA, Berend ME, Meding JB, Olberding EM, Davis KE. Morbidly obese, diabetic, younger, and unilateral joint arthroplasty patients have elevated total joint arthroplasty infection rates. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Sep;24(6 Suppl):84-8. Epub 2009 Jul 15.
124. Röder C, Bach B, Berry DJ, Eggli S, Langenhahn R, Busato A. Obesity, age, sex, diagnosis, and fixation mode differently affect early cup failure in total hip arthroplasty: a matched case-control study of 4420 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Aug 18;92(10):1954-63.
125. Dowsey MM, Choong PF. Obese diabetic patients are at substantial risk for deep infection after primary TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Jun;467(6):1577-81. Epub 2008 Oct 8.
126. Krushell RJ, Fingeroth RJ. Primary total knee arthroplasty in morbidly obese patients: a 5- to 14-year follow-up study. J Arthroplasty. 2007 Sep;22(6 Suppl 2): 77-80. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
127. Dewan A, Bertolusso R, Karastinos A, Conditt M, Noble PC, Parsley BS. Implant durability and knee function after total knee arthroplasty in the morbidly obese patient. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Sep;24(6 Suppl):89-94, 94.e1-3. Epub 2009 Jul 2.
128. Stern SH, Insall JN. Total knee arthroplasty in obese patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Oct;72(9):1400-4. (Pubitemid 20382266)
129. Naal FD, Neuerburg C, Salzmann GM, Kriner M, von Knoch F, Preiss S, Drobny T, Munzinger U. Association of body mass index and clinical outcome 2 years after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009 Apr;129(4): 463-8. Epub 2008 Apr 15.
130. Berend KR, Lombardi AV Jr, Mallory TH, Adams JB, Groseth KL. Early failure of minimally invasive unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is associated with obesity. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Nov;440:60-6. (Pubitemid 41579194)
131. Coventry MB, Ilstrup DM, Wallrichs SL. Proximal tibial osteotomy. A critical long-term study of eighty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993 Feb;75(2): 196-201. (Pubitemid 23093969)
132. Spahn G, Kirschbaum S, Kahl E. Factors that influence high tibial osteotomy results in patients with medial gonarthritis: a score to predict the results. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Feb;14(2):190-5. Epub 2005 Nov 4.
133. Amin AK, Clayton RA, Patton JT, Gaston M, Cook RE, Brenkel IJ. Total knee replacement in morbidly obese patients. Results of a prospective, matched study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Oct;88(10):1321-6. (Pubitemid 44636845)
134. Foran JR, Mont MA, Etienne G, Jones LC, Hungerford DS. The outcome of total knee arthroplasty in obese patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Aug;86-A(8):1609-15. (Pubitemid 39014302)
135. Jackson MP, Sexton SA, WalterWL, Walter WK, Zicat BA. The impact of obesity on the mid-term outcome of cementless total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009 Aug;91(8):1044-8.
136. Singh JA, O'Byrne M, Harmsen S, Lewallen D. Predictors of moderate-severe functional limitation after primary Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA): 4701 TKAs at 2-years and 2935 TKAs at 5-years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Apr;18(4): 515-21. Epub 2009 Dec 21.
137. Dowsey MM, Liew D, Stoney JD, Choong PF. The impact of pre-operative obesity on weight change and outcome in total knee replacement: a prospective study of 529 consecutive patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Apr;92(4):513-20.
138. Lachiewicz AM, Lachiewicz PF. Weight and activity change in overweight and obese patients after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008 Jan;23(1):33-40. (Pubitemid 350299751)
139. Zeni JA Jr, Snyder-Mackler L. Most patients gain weight in the 2 years after total knee arthroplasty: comparison to a healthy control group. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Apr;18(4):510-4. Epub 2009 Dec 21.
140. Heisel C, Silva M, dela Rosa MA, Schmalzried TP. The effects of lowerextremity total joint replacement for arthritis on obesity. Orthopedics. 2005 Feb;28(2):157-9. (Pubitemid 40305703)
141. Middleton FR, Boardman DR. Total hip arthroplasty does not aid weight loss. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007 Apr;89(3):288-91. (Pubitemid 46563965)
142. Woolf VJ, Charnley GJ, Goddard NJ. Weight changes after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1994 Aug;9(4):389-91. (Pubitemid 24266582)
143. Hitt HC, McMillen RC, Thornton-Neaves T, Koch K, Cosby AG. Comorbidity of obesity and pain in a general population: results from the Southern Pain Prevalence Study. J Pain. 2007 May;8(5):430-6. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
144. Samartzis D, Karppinen J, Mok F, Fong DY, Luk KD, Cheung KM. A population-based study of juvenile disc degeneration and its association with overweight and obesity, low back pain, and diminished functional status. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Apr 6;93(7):662-70.
145. Leboeuf-Yde C. Body weight and low back pain. A systematic literature review of 56 journal articles reporting on 65 epidemiologic studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Jan 15;25(2):226-37.
146. Chou R, Shekelle P. Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain? JAMA. 2010 Apr 7;303(13):1295-302.
147. Hadler NM. Editorial: the semiotics of backache. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Jun 15;29(12):1289.
148. Jarvik JG, HollingworthW,Heagerty PJ, Haynor DR, Boyko EJ, Deyo RA. Three-year incidence of low back pain in an initially asymptomatic cohort: clinical and imaging risk factors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Jul 1;30(13):1541-8; discussion 1549.
149. Dersh J, Gatchel RJ, Mayer T, Polatin P, Temple OR. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic disabling occupational spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 1;31(10):1156-62.
150. Blankmeyer BL, Smylie KD, Price DC, Costello RM, McFee AS, Fuller DS. A replicated five cluster MMPI typology of morbidly obese female candidates for gastric bypass. Int J Obes. 1990 Mar;14(3):235-47. (Pubitemid 20150408)
151. Wickramasekera I, Price DC. Morbid obesity, absorption, neuroticism, and the high risk model of threat perception. Am J Clin Hypn. 1997 Apr;39(4):291-301. (Pubitemid 27188373)
152. Videman T, Gibbons LE, Kaprio J, Battié MC. Challenging the cumulative injury model: positive effects of greater body mass on disc degeneration. Spine J. 2010 Jan;10(1):26-31. Epub 2009 Nov 18.
153. Böstman OM. Body mass index and height in patients requiring surgery for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993 Jun 1;18(7):851-4.
154. Liuke M, Solovieva S, Lamminen A, Luoma K, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, Riihimäki H. Disc degeneration of the lumbar spine in relation to overweight. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005 Aug;29(8):903-8. (Pubitemid 41076229)
155. Garcia RM, Messerschmitt PJ, Furey CG, Bohlman HH, Cassinelli EH. Weight loss in overweight and obese patients following successful lumbar decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Apr;90(4):742-7. (Pubitemid 351499961)
156. Andreshak TG, An HS, Hall J, Stein B. Lumbar spine surgery in the obese patient. J Spinal Disord. 1997 Oct;10(5):376-9. (Pubitemid 27524106)
157. Gepstein R, Shabat S, Arinzon ZH, Berner Y, Catz A, Folman Y. Does obesity affect the results of lumbar decompressive spinal surgery in the elderly? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Sep;(426):138-44. (Pubitemid 39167121)
158. Peng CW, Bendo JA, Goldstein JA, Nalbandian MM. Perioperative outcomes of anterior lumbar surgery in obese versus non-obese patients. Spine J. 2009 Sep;9(9):715-20. Epub 2009 Jun 13.
159. Park P, Upadhyaya C, Garton HJ, Foley KT. The impact of minimally invasive spine surgery on perioperative complications in overweight or obese patients. Neurosurgery. 2008 Mar;62(3):693-9; discussion 693-9.
160. Rodgers WB, Cox CS, Gerber EJ. Early complications of extreme lateral interbody fusion in the obese. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2010 Aug;23(6):393-7.
161. Rosen DS, Ferguson SD, Ogden AT, Huo D, Fessler RG. Obesity and selfreported outcome after minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Neurosurgery. 2008 Nov;63(5):956-60; discussion 960.
162. Berg EE. Knee joint arthroscopy in the morbidly obese. Arthroscopy. 1998 Apr;14(3):321-4. (Pubitemid 28199089)
163. Wendelboe AM, Hegmann KT, Gren LH, Alder SC, White GL Jr, Lyon JL. Associations between body-mass index and surgery for rotator cuff tendinitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Apr;86-A(4):743-7. (Pubitemid 38436716)
164. Spahn G, Mückley T, Kahl E, Hofmann GO. Factors affecting the outcome of arthroscopy in medial-compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2006 Nov;22(11):1233-40. (Pubitemid 44648673)
165. Harrison MM, Morrell J, Hopman WM. Influence of obesity on outcome after knee arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 2004 Sep;20(7):691-5. (Pubitemid 39179821)
166. Schippinger G, Wirnsberger GH, Obernosterer A, Babinski K. Thromboembolic complications after arthroscopic knee surgery. Incidence and risk factors in 101 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1998 Apr;69(2):144-6. (Pubitemid 28211838)
167. Dixon JB, Reuben Y, Halket C, O'Brien PE. Shoulder pain is a common problem following laparoscopic adjustable gastric band surgery. Obes Surg. 2005 Sep;15(8):1111-7. (Pubitemid 41390206)
168. Roquelaure Y, Ha C, Rouillon C, Fouquet N, Leclerc A, Descatha A, Touranchet A, GoldbergM, Imbernon E; Members of Occupational Health Services of the Pays de la Loire Region. Risk factors for upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders in the working population. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Oct 15;61(10):1425-34.
169. Geoghegan JM, Clark DI, Bainbridge LC, Smith C, Hubbard R. Risk factors in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Br. 2004 Aug;29(4):315-20. (Pubitemid 38878089)
170. Kouyoumdjian JA,Morita MD, Rocha PR, Miranda RC, Gouveia GM. Body mass index and carpal tunnel syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2000 Jun;58(2A):252-6.
171. Stallings SP, Kasdan ML, Soergel TM, Corwin HM. A case-control study of obesity as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome in a population of 600 patients presenting for independent medical examination. J Hand Surg Am. 1997 Mar; 22(2):211-5. (Pubitemid 27180599)
172. Kurt S, Kisacik B, Kaplan Y, Yildirim B, Etikan I, Karaer H. Obesity and carpal tunnel syndrome: is there a causal relationship? Eur Neurol. 2008;59(5):253-7. Epub 2008 Feb 8.
173. Linberg CJ, Sperling JW, Schleck CD, Cofield RH. Shoulder arthroplasty in morbidly obese patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009 Nov-Dec;18(6):903-6. Epub 2009 May 22.