Inflammation: What role in pediatric cancer?

Pediatric Blood and Cancer

Volumn 58, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 659-664

  Morgenstern, Daniel A ^a   Anderson, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cancer; IL 6; Inflammation; Neuroblastoma; Tumor associated macrophages

Indexed keywords

ASBESTOS; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 1; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITION FACTOR; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; STAT3 PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

BLADDER CANCER; BONE MARROW CELL; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CARCINOGENESIS; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; COLORECTAL CANCER; DNA DAMAGE; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS INFECTION; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG CANCER; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MUTAGENESIS; NASOPHARYNX CARCINOMA; NEUROBLASTOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; POSTTRANSPLANTATION LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; TUMOR GROWTH; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

ADULT; CHEMOKINES; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-6; MACROPHAGE MIGRATION-INHIBITORY FACTORS; MACROPHAGES; MYELOID CELLS; NEOPLASMS; TUMOR ESCAPE;

EID: 84863296678     PISSN: 15455009     EISSN: 15455017     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24008     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, et al. Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: Links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30: 1073-1081.
2. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell 2011; 144: 646-674.
3. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, et al. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008; 454: 436-444.
4. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 2010; 140: 883-899.
5. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: Back to Virchow? Lancet 2001; 357: 539-545.
6. Vakkila J, Lotze MT. Inflammation and necrosis promote tumour growth. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 641-648.
7. Koshiji M, To KK-W, Hammer S, et al. HIF-1alpha induces genetic instability by transcriptionally downregulating MutSalpha expression. Mol Cell 2005; 17: 793-803.
8. Jung Y-J, Isaacs JS, Lee S, et al. IL-1beta-mediated up-regulation of HIF-1alpha via an NFkappaB/COX-2 pathway identifies HIF-1 as a critical link between inflammation and oncogenesis. FASEB J 2003; 17: 2115-2117.
9. McNally RJQ, Eden TOB. An infectious aetiology for childhood acute leukaemia: A review of the evidence. Br J Haematol 2004; 127: 243-263.
10. Greaves M. Infection, immune responses and the aetiology of childhood leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 193-203.
11. Gruhne B, Kamranvar SA, Masucci MG, et al. EBV and genomic instability-A new look at the role of the virus in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19: 394-400.
12. Allday MJ. How does Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) complement the activation of Myc in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma? Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19: 366-376.
13. Altieri A, Castro F, Bermejo JL, et al. Association between number of siblings and nervous system tumors suggests an infectious etiology. Neurology 2006; 67: 1979-1983.
14. Del Valle L, Gordon J, Enam S, et al. Expression of human neurotropic polyomavirus JCV late gene product agnoprotein in human medulloblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 267-273.
15. Flaegstad T, Andresen PA, Johnsen JI, et al. A possible contributory role of BK virus infection in neuroblastoma development. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1160-1163.
16. Khalili K, Valle LD, Otte J, et al. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JCV, and its role in carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2003; 22: 5181.
17. Lin W, Kemper A, McCarthy KD, et al. Interferon-gamma induced medulloblastoma in the developing cerebellum. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 10074-10083.
18. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22: 329-360.
19. Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Cancer immunoediting: From immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 991-998.
20. Jubinsky PT, Dickens DS, Short MK. New roles for mononuclear phagocytes in cancer biology. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 30: 584-591.
21. Sica A, Larghi P, Mancino A, et al. Macrophage polarization in tumour progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18: 349-355.
22. Laoui D, Van Overmeire E, Movahedi K, et al. Mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity in cancer: Different subsets and activation states reaching out at the tumor site. Immunobiology 2011; 216: 1192-1202.
23. Lin EY, Li J-F, Gnatovskiy L, et al. Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 11238-11246.
24. Zheng Y, Cai Z, Wang S, et al. Macrophages are an abundant component of myeloma microenvironment and protect myeloma cells from chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis. Blood 2009; 114: 3625-3628.
25. Pollard JW. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 71-78.
26. Qian B-Z, Pollard JW. Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell 2010; 141: 39-51.
27. Lin EY, Nguyen AV, Russell RG, et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 2001; 193: 727-740.
28. Qian B, Deng Y, Im JH, et al. A distinct macrophage population mediates metastatic breast cancer cell extravasation, establishment and growth. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e6562.
29. Qian B-Z, Li J, Zhang H, et al. CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis. Nature 2011; 475: 222-225.
30. Scholl SM, Pallud C, Beuvon F, et al. Anti-colony-stimulating factor-1 antibody staining in primary breast adenocarcinomas correlates with marked inflammatory cell infiltrates and prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 120-126.
31. Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: Implications for new anticancer therapies. J Pathol 2002; 196: 254-265.
32. Talmadge JE, Donkor M, Scholar E. Inflammatory cell infiltration of tumors: Jekyll or Hyde. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26: 373-400.
33. Vakkila J, Jaffe R, Michelow M, et al. Pediatric cancers are infiltrated predominantly by macrophages and contain a paucity of dendritic cells: A major nosologic difference with adult tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 2049-2054.
34. Dolcetti L, Marigo I, Mantelli B, et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell role in tumor-related inflammation. Cancer Lett 2008; 267: 216-225.
35. Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9: 162-174.
36. Zhai H, Heppner F, Tsirka S. Microglia/macrophages promote glioma progression. Glia 2011; 59: 472-485.
37. Rossi ML, Buller JR, Heath SA, et al. The monocyte/macrophage infiltrate in 35 medulloblastomas: A paraffin-wax study. Tumori 1991; 77: 36-40.
38. Malik A, Deb P, Sharma MC, et al. Neuropathological spectrum of pilocytic astrocytoma: An Indian series of 120 cases. Pathol Oncol Res 2006; 12: 164-171.
39. Nishie A, Ono M, Shono T, et al. Macrophage infiltration and heme oxygenase-1 expression correlate with angiogenesis in human gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1107-1113.
40. Bodey B, Bodey B, Siegel SE. Immunophenotypic characterization of infiltrating polynuclear and mononuclear cells in childhood brain tumors. Mod Pathol 1995; 8: 333-338.
41. Graeber MB, Scheithauer BW, Kreutzberg GW. Microglia in brain tumors. Glia 2002; 40: 252-259.
42. Yi L, Xiao H, Xu M, et al. Glioma-initiating cells: A predominant role in microglia/macrophages tropism to glioma. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 232: 75-82.
43. Wu A, Wei J, Kong L-Y, et al. Glioma cancer stem cells induce immunosuppressive macrophages/microglia. Neuro-Oncology 2010; 12: 1113-1125.
44. Song L, Asgharzadeh S, Salo J, et al. Valpha24-invariant NKT cells mediate antitumor activity via killing of tumor-associated macrophages. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1524-1536.
45. Sohara Y, Shimada H, DeClerck YA. Mechanisms of bone invasion and metastasis in human neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2005; 228: 203-209.
46. Sohara Y, Shimada H, Minkin C, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells provide an alternate pathway of osteoclast activation and bone destruction by cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 1129-1135.
47. Ara T, Song L, Shimada H, et al. Interleukin-6 in the bone marrow microenvironment promotes the growth and survival of neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 329-337.
48. Egler RA, Burlingame SM, Nuchtern JG, et al. Interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels as markers of disease extent and prognosis in neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7028-7034.
49. Egler RA, Li Y, Dang TA, et al. An integrated proteomic approach to identifying circulating biomarkers in high risk neuroblastoma and their potential in relapse monitoring. Prot Clin Appl 2011; 5: 532-541.
50. Lagmay JP, London WB, Gross TG, et al. Prognostic significance of interleukin-6 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes in neuroblastoma: rs1800795 (promoter) and rs8192284 (receptor). Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 5234-5239.
51. Russell HV, Groshen SG, Ara T, et al. A phase I study of zoledronic acid and low-dose cyclophosphamide in recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma: A new approaches to neuroblastoma therapy (NANT) study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 275-282.
52. Ara T, DeClerck YA. Interleukin-6 in bone metastasis and cancer progression. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 1223-1231.
53. Barton BE. Interleukin-6 and new strategies for the treatment of cancer, hyperproliferative diseases and paraneoplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9: 737-752.
54. Karkera J, Steiner H, Li W, et al. The anti-interleukin-6 antibody siltuximab down-regulates genes implicated in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer patients from a phase I study. Prostate 2011; 71: 1455-1465.
55. Rossi J-F, Négrier S, James ND, et al. A phase I/II study of siltuximab (CNTO 328), an anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, in metastatic renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 1154-1162.
56. Hatzi E, Murphy C, Zoephel A, et al. N-myc oncogene overexpression down-regulates IL-6; evidence that IL-6 inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses neuroblastoma tumor growth. Oncogene 2002; 21: 3552-3561.
57. Conroy H, Mawhinney L, Donnelly SC. Inflammation and cancer: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-The potential missing link. QJM 2010; 103: 831-836.
58. Bach J-P, Rinn B, Meyer B, et al. Role of MIF in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Oncology 2008; 75: 127-133.
59. Ren Y, Chan HM, Li Z, et al. Upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to induced N-Myc expression by the activation of ERK signaling pathway and increased expression of interleukin-8 and VEGF in neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2004; 23: 4146-4154.
60. Ren Y, Chan HM, Fan J, et al. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2006; 25: 3501-3508.
61. Yan X, Orentas RJ, Johnson BD. Tumor-derived macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Cytokine 2006; 33: 188-198.
62. Zhou Q, Yan X, Gershan J, et al. Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by neuroblastoma leads to the inhibition of antitumor T cell reactivity in vivo. J Immunol 2008; 181: 1877-1886.
63. Tarnowski M, Grymula K, Liu R, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is secreted by rhabdomyosarcoma cells, modulates tumor metastasis by binding to CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors and inhibits recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8: 1328-1343.
64. Han I, Lee MR, Nam KW, et al. Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor relates to survival in high-grade osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466: 2107-2113.
65. Cates JMM, Friedman DB, Seeley EH, et al. Proteomic analysis of osteogenic sarcoma: Association of tumour necrosis factor with poor prognosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91: 335-349.
66. Bailey C, Negus R, Morris A, et al. Chemokine expression is associated with the accumulation of tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and progression in human colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24: 121-130.
67. Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 540-550.
68. Allavena P, Germano G, Marchesi F, et al. Chemokines in cancer related inflammation. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317: 664-673.
69. Metelitsa LS, Wu H-W, Wang H, et al. Natural killer T cells infiltrate neuroblastomas expressing the chemokine CCL2. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 1213-1221.
70. Song L, Ara T. Wu H-W, et al. Oncogene MYCN regulates localization of NKT cells to the site of disease in neuroblastoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 2702-2712.
71. Gross N, Meier R. Chemokines in neuroectodermal cancers: The crucial growth signal from the soil. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19: 103-110.
72. Russell HV, Hicks J, Okcu MF, et al. CXCR4 expression in neuroblastoma primary tumors is associated with clinical presentation of bone and bone marrow metastases. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39: 1506-1511.
73. Geminder H, Sagi-Assif O, Goldberg L, et al. A possible role for CXCR4 and its ligand, the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, in the development of bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma. J Immunol 2001; 167: 4747-4757.
74. Zhang L, Yeger H, Das B, et al. Tissue microenvironment modulates CXCR4 expression and tumor metastasis in neuroblastoma. Neoplasia 2007; 9: 36-46.
75. Wang T, Niu G, Kortylewski M, et al. Regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses by Stat-3 signaling in tumor cells. Nat Med 2004; 10: 48-54.
76. Yu H, Kortylewski M, Pardoll D. Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: Role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7: 41-51.
77. Yang F, Jove V, Xin H, et al. Sunitinib induces apoptosis and growth arrest of medulloblastoma tumor cells by inhibiting STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8: 35-45.
78. Yang F, Van Meter TE, Buettner R, et al. Sorafenib inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling associated with growth arrest and apoptosis of medulloblastomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7: 3519-3526.
79. Abou-Ghazal M, Yang DS, Qiao W, et al. The incidence, correlation with tumor-infiltrating inflammation, and prognosis of phosphorylated STAT3 expression in human gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 8228-8235.
80. Redell MS, Ruiz MJ, Alonzo TA, et al. Stat3 signaling in acute myeloid leukemia: Ligand-dependent and -independent activation and induction of apoptosis by a novel small-molecule Stat3 inhibitor. Blood 2011; 117: 5701-5709.
81. Zhang W, Chan RJ, Chen H, et al. Negative regulation of Stat3 by activating PTPN11 mutants contributes to the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 22353-22363.
82. Chen C-L, Loy A, Cen L, et al. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is involved in cell growth and survival of human rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma cells. BMC Cancer 2007; 7: 111.
83. Lai R, Navid F, Rodriguez-Galindo C, et al. STAT3 is activated in a subset of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumours. J Pathol 2006; 208: 624-632.
84. Nabarro S, Himoudi N, Papanastasiou A, et al. Coordinated oncogenic transformation and inhibition of host immune responses by the PAX3-FKHR fusion oncoprotein. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1399-1410.
85. Bromberg J, Wang TC. Inflammation and cancer: IL-6 and STAT3 complete the link. Cancer Cell 2009; 15: 79-80.
86. Grivennikov S, Karin E, Terzic J, et al. IL-6 and Stat3 are required for survival of intestinal epithelial cells and development of colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Cell 2009; 15: 103-113.
87. Liu S, Tian Y, Chlenski A, et al. 'Cross-talk' between Schwannian stroma and neuroblasts promotes neuroblastoma tumor differentiation and inhibits angiogenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 228: 125-131.
88. Simon T, Hero B, Faldum A, et al. Long term outcome of high-risk neuroblastoma patients after immunotherapy with antibody ch14.18 or oral metronomic chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2011; 11: 21.
89. Yu AL, Gilman AL, Ozkaynak MF, et al. Anti-GD2 antibody with GM-CSF, interleukin-2, and isotretinoin for neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1324-1334.