Characterization of epoxy microcomposite and nanocomposite materials for power engineering applications

IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 38-51

  Krivda, A ^a   Tanaka, T ^b   Frechette, M ^c   Castellon, J ^d   Fabiani, D ^e   Montanari, G C ^e   Gorur, R ^f   Morshuis, P ^g   Gubanski, S ^h   Kindersberger, J ⁱ   Vaughn, A ^j   Pelissou, S ^c   Tanaka, Y ^k   Schmidt, L E ^a   Iyer, G ^f   Andritsch, T ^g   Seiler, J ⁱ   Anglhuber, M ⁱ  

^a ABB SWITZERLAND LTD   (Switzerland)

^b WASEDA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c HYDRO QUÉBEC   (Canada)

^d UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^f ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^h CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

ⁱ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^j UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^k TOKYO CITY UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

epoxy composite material; microfiller; nanofiller; nanomaterial; round robin test

Indexed keywords

AEROSPACE INDUSTRY; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PARTIAL DISCHARGES; ROUTERS;

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS; CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE CABLES; EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIALS; MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEARS; MICROFILLER; NANOFILLER; POWER ENGINEERING; ROUND ROBIN TEST;

CHARACTERIZATION;

EID: 84863236966     PISSN: 08837554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2012.6159180     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. T. J. Lewis, "Nanometric dielectrics," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 1, pp. 812-825, 1994.
2. T. Tanaka, G. C. Montanari, and G. Muellhaupt, "Polymer nanocomposites as dielectrics and electrical insulation-Perspectives for processing technologies, material characterization and future applications," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 11, pp. 763-784, 2004.
3. M. F. Frechette, M. L. Trudeau, H. D. Alamdari, and S. Boily, "Introductory remarks on dielectrics," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 11, pp. 808-818, 2004.
4. J. K. Nelson, Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites. New York, NY: Springer, 2010.
5. Working Group D1.24, Polymer Nanocomposites-Fundamentals and Possible Applications to Power Sectors, CIGRE Brochure 451, Feb. 2011.
6. T. Ozaki, T. Imai, F. Sawa, T. Shimizu, and F. Kanemitsu, "Partial discharge resistant enameled wire," in International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005, pp. 184-187. (Pubitemid 41382312)
7. T. Ozaki, G. Komiya, K. Muryama, T. Imai, F. Sawa, T. Shimizu, M. Harada, M. Ochi, Y. Ohki, and T. Tanaka, "Nano-clay and mirco-silica mixed composites for insulating materials for environmentally-conscious switchgear," in International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 2009, pp. 864-867.
8. Y. Murata and M. Kanaoka, "Development history of HVDC extruded cable with nanocomposite material," in International Conference on Properties and Application of Dielectric Materials, 2006, pp. 460-463. (Pubitemid 351681758)
9. 2Fuellstoff," ETG-Fachbericht 112 "Grenzflaechen in elektrischen Isoliersystemen." Berlin, Germany: VDE Verlag GmbH, 2008, pp. 21-26.
10. D. Fabiani, G. C. Montanari, A. Krivda, L. E. Schmidt, and R. Hollertz, "Epoxy base materials containing micro and nano sized fillers for improved electrical characteristics," in International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2010, pp. 212-215.
11. Y. Li, M. Yasuda, and T. Takada, "Pulsed electroacoustic method for measurement of charge accumulation in solid dielectrics," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 1, pp. 188-195, 1994.
12. Y. Zhang, J. Lewiner, C. Alquie, and N. Hampton, "Evidence of strong correlation between space charge build up and breakdown in cable insulation," IEEE IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 3, pp. 778-783, 1996. (Pubitemid 126776846)
13. G. C. Montanari, "The electrical degradation threshold of polyethylene investigated by space charge and conduction current measurements," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 7, pp. 309-315, 2000.
14. G. C. Montanari, "Bringing an insulation to failure: The role of space charge," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 18, pp. 339-364, 2011.
15. J. Castellon, S. Agnel, A. Toureille, M. Frechette, S. Savoie, A. Krivda, and L. E. Schmidt, "Space charge behaviour on epoxy based dielectrics filled with micro and nano silica," in International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2010, pp. 301-304.
16. J. Castellon, H. N. Nguyen, S. Agnel, A. Toureille, M. Frechette, S. Savoie, A. Krivda, and L. E. Schmidt, "Electrical properties analysis of micro and nano composite epoxy resin materials," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 18, 2011, pp. 651-658.
17. L. A. Dissado and J. C. Fothergill, Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers. London, UK: Peter Peregrinus, 1992.
18. R. H. Walden, "A method for the determination of high-field conduction laws in insulating films in the presence of charge trapping," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, pp. 1178-1186, 1972.
19. H. J. Wintle, "Absorption currents and steady currents in polymer dielectrics," J. Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 15, pp. 471-486, 1974.
20. R. Lovell, "Decaying and steady currents in an epoxy polymer at high electric fields," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 7, pp. 1518-1530, 1974.
21. A. Toureille, "High-field conduction and oscillations in polymers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 47, pp. 2961-2965, 1976.
22. D. K. Das Gupta and K. Joyner, "On the nature of absorption currents on polyethylene terephtalate (PET)," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 9, pp. 829-840, 1976.
23. D. K. Das Gupta and K. Joyner, "A study of absorption currents in polypropylene," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 9, pp. 2041-2048, 1976.
24. D. K. Das Gupta and R. S. Brockley, "A study of absorption currents in low-density polyethylene," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 11, pp. 955-962, 1978. (Pubitemid 8600680)
25. T. Mizutani and M. Ieda, "Carrier transport in high density polyethylene," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 12, pp. 291-296, 1979. (Pubitemid 9427833)
26. D. K. Das Gupta, K. Doughty, and R. S. Brockley, "Charging and discharging currents in polyvinylidene fluoride," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 13, pp. 2101-2114, 1980. (Pubitemid 11461492)
27. D. K. Das-Gupta, "Conduction mechanisms and high-field effects in synthetic insulating polymers," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 4, pp. 149-156, 1997. (Pubitemid 127768568)
28. G. C. Montanari, G. Mazzanti, F. Palmieri, A. Motori, G. Perego, and S. Serra, "Space-charge trapping and conduction in LDPE, HDPE and XLPE," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 34, pp. 2902-2911, 2001. (Pubitemid 32950896)
29. G. Teyssedre and C. Laurent, "Charge transport modeling in insulating polymers: From molecular to macroscopic scale," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 12, pp. 857-874, 2005. (Pubitemid 41757787)
30. C. Guillerme, P. Rain, and S. Rowe, "Transient and steady-state currents in epoxy resin," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 39, 2006, pp. 515-524. (Pubitemid 43133810)
31. T. Christen and M. Seeger, "Simulation of unipolar space charge controlled electric fields," J. Electrostatics, vol. 65, pp. 11-20, 2007. (Pubitemid 44783214)
32. T. Christen, "FEM simulation of space charge, interface and surface charge formation in insulating media," presented at International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, T8-54, 2007.
33. D. Fabiani, G. C. Montanari, and L. A. Dissado, "Fast pulse-like conduction in XLPE based materials detected through charging current measurements," in International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2010, pp. 309-312.
34. L. A. Dissado, "The origin and nature of 'charge packets': A short review," in 2011 International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2010, pp. 641-646.
35. A. Many and G. Rakavy, "Theory of transient space-charge-limited currents in solids in the presence of trapping," Physical Rev., vol. 126, pp. 1980-1988, 1962.
36. M. Kosaki, K. Sugiyama, and M. Ieda, "Ionic jump distance and glass transition of polyvinyl chloride," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 42, pp. 3388-3392, 1971.
37. R. B. Comizzoli, "Fitting of data to a Frenkel-effect model of conduction in insulators," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 58, pp. 1032-1033, 1985.
38. R. M. Hill, "Poole-Frenkel conduction in amorphous solids," Philos. Mag., vol. 23, pp. 59-86, 1971.
39. M. Ieda, G. Sawa, and S. Kato, "A consideration of Poole-Frenkel effect on electric conduction in insulators," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 42, pp. 3737-3740, 1971.
40. C. H. Hinrichs, "Cathodes," in Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 3, J. G. Webster, Ed. Wiley, 1999, pp. 79-91.
41. G. Lengyel, "Schottky emission and conduction in some organic insulating materials," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 37, pp. 807-810, 1966.
42. A. K. Jonscher, Dielectric Relaxation in Solids. London, UK: Chelsea Dielectrics Press, 1983.
43. F. Kremer and A. Schoenhals, "Analysis of dielectric spectra," Chapter 3 in Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy, F. Kremer and A. Schoenhals, Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2003.
44. M. Roy, J. J. Nelson, R. K. MacCrone, L. S. Schadler, C. W. Reed, R. Keefe, and W. Zenger, "Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics-The role of the interface," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 12, pp. 629-643, 2005.
45. S. Singha and M. Joy Thomas, "Dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 15, pp. 12-23, 2008. (Pubitemid 351225193)
46. G. Iyer, R. S. Gorur, R. Richert, A. Krivda, and L. E. Schmidt, "Dielectric properties of epoxy based nanocomposites for high voltage insulation," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 18, pp. 659-566, 2011.
47. J. K. Nelson, J. C. Fothergill, L. A. Dissado, and W. Peasgood, "Towards an understanding of nanometric dielectrics," in 2002 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2002, pp. 295-298.
48. J. K. Nelson and J. C. Fothergill, "Internal charge behaviour of nanocomposites," Nanotechnology, vol. 15, pp. 586-595, 2004.
49. J. K. Nelson and Y. Hu, "Nanocomposite dielectrics-Properties and implications," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 38, pp. 213-222, 2005.
50. C. Zou, J. C. Fothergill, and S. Rowe, "The effect of water absorption on the dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 15, pp. 106-117, 2008. (Pubitemid 351225202)
51. P. Maity, P. K. Poovamma, S. Basu, V. Parameswaran, and N. Gupta, "Dielectric spectroscopy of epoxy resin with and without nanometric alumina fillers," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 16, pp. 1481-1488, 2009.
52. S. Singha, M. Joy Thomas, and A. Kulkarni, "Complex permittivity characteristics of epoxy nanocomposites at low frequencies," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 17, pp. 1249-1258, 2010.
53. P. H. F. Morshuis, T. Andritsch, R. Kochetov, M. F. Frechette, H. D. Martinez, S. Savoie, A. Krivda, L. E. Smith, and D. Zegarac, "Dielectric frequency response of epoxy-based composites with various silica filler sizes," in International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2010, pp. 200-203.
54. C. Zou, J. C. Fothergill, S. Zhang, and X. Zhou, "DC conduction mechanisms in epoxy nanocomposites under humid environment," in International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2010, pp. 259-262.
55. G. Oberdoerster, V. Stone, and K. Donaldson, "Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective," Nanotoxicology, vol. 1, pp. 2-25, 2007. (Pubitemid 46570244)
56. A. Nel, T. Xia, L. Maendler, and N. Li, "Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel," Science, vol. 311, pp. 622-627, 2006. (Pubitemid 43191298)
57. A. Maynard and R. Aitken, "Assessing exposure to airborne nanomaterials," Nanotoxicology, vol. 1, pp. 26-41, 2007.
58. OECD database on research into the safety of manufactured nanomaterials. Available: www.oecd.org/env/nanosafety/database.
59. International Organisation for Standardisation, Technical Committee 229, Nanotechnologies.
60. NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center, Progress Toward Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007.
61. Verband der Chemischen Industrie, Responsible Production and Use of Nanomaterials. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Verband der Chemischen Industrie, 2008.
62. Environmental Defense Fund and DuPont, Nano Risk Framework. 2007.