Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: A synthesis of current research and future directions

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 184, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 1929-1952

  Patra, Amlan Kumar ^a  

^a WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL AND FISHERY SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Methane production; Mitigation strategies; Ruminants

Indexed keywords

ACETOGENS; BACTERIOCINS; CELL SURFACE PROTEINS; CHEMICAL INHIBITORS; COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH; CONDENSED TANNINS; DEFAUNATION; DIGESTIVE TRACT; ENTERIC FERMENTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS; FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATE; GENETIC SELECTION; LOW QUALITIES; METHANE EMISSIONS; METHANE MITIGATION; METHANE PRODUCTION; METHANOGENESIS; METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA; MITIGATION OPTIONS; MITIGATION STRATEGY; NUTRITIONAL AMENDMENTS; PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES; POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES; PROBIOTICS; RUMINANTS;

BACTERIOPHAGES; CARBOHYDRATES; CARBON DIOXIDE; CELL MEMBRANES; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; FERMENTATION; GENES; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; IONOPHORES; MAMMALS; METHANE; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; RESEARCH;

AGRICULTURE;

BACTERIOCIN; IONOPHORE; METHANE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROPIONIC ACID; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; TANNIN DERIVATIVE;

EMISSION CONTROL; FERMENTATION; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; LIVESTOCK; METHANE; OXIDATION; RUMINANT;

ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; BACTERIOPHAGE; BOVIDS; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; EXHAUST GAS; FAT INTAKE; FERMENTATION; FORAGE; GRAIN; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; LIVESTOCK; METABOLITE; METHANOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; OXIDATION; PROTEIN INTAKE; RUMINANT STOMACH;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; DIET; FERMENTATION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; LIVESTOCK; METHANE; RESEARCH; RUMINANTS;

ANIMALIA; ARCHAEA;

EID: 84862876455     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2090-y     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Agarwal, N., Kamra, D. N., Chaudhary, L. C., & Patra, A. K. (2006). Effect of Sapindus mukorossi extracts on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation characteristics in buffalo rumen liquor. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 30, 1-4.
2. Agarwal, N., Shekhar, C., Kumar, R., Chaudhary, L. C., & Kamra, D. N. (2009). Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148, 321-327.
3. Alford, A. R., Hegarty, R. S., Parnell, P. F., Cacho, O. J., Herd, R. M., & Griffith, G. R. (2006). The impact of breeding to reduce residual feed intake on enteric methane emission from the Australian beef industry. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 46, 813-820.
4. Anderson, R. C., Callaway, T. R., Van Kessel, J. S., Jung, Y. S., Edrington, T. S., & Nisbet, D. J. (2003). Effect of select nitrocompounds on ruminal fermentation; an initial look at their potential to reduce economic and environmental costs associated with ruminalmethanogenesis. Bioresource Technology, 90, 59-63.
5. Anderson, R. C., Carstens, G. E., Miller, R. K., Callaway, T. R., Schultz, C. L., Edrington, T. S., et al. (2006). Effect of oral nitroethane and 2-nitropropanol administration on methane-producing activity and volatile fatty acid production in the ovine rumen. Bioresource Technology, 97, 2421-2426.
6. Anderson, R. C., Krueger, N. A., Stanton, T. B., Callaway, T. R., Edrington, T. S., Harvey, R. B., et al. (2008). Effects of select nitrocompounds on in vitro ruminal fermention during conditions of limiting or excess added reductant. Bioresource Technology, 99, 8655-8661.
7. Animut, G., Goetsch, A. L., Puchala, P., Patra, A. K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V. H. et al. (2008a). Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144, 212-227.
8. Animut, G., Goetsch, A. L., Puchala, P., Patra, A. K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V. H. et al. (2008b). Methane emission by goats consuming different sources of condensed tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144, 228-241.
9. Asanuma, N., Iwamoto, M., & Hino, T. (1999). Effect of the addition of fumarate on methane production by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 780-787.
10. Atwood, G., & McSweeney, C. S. (2008). Methanogen genomics to discover targets for methane mitigation technologies and options for alternative H2 utilization in the rumen. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 28-37.
11. Beauchemin, K. A., & McGinn, S. M. (2006). Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of fumaric acid, essential oil and canola oil. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1489-1496.
12. Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., & Petit, H. V. (2007). Methane abatement strategies for cattle: Lipid supplementation of diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87, 431-440.
13. Beauchemin, K. A., Kreuzer, M., O'Mara, F., & McAllister, T. A. (2008). Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: A review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 21-27.
14. Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., Benchaar, C., & Holtshausen, L. (2009). Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 2118-2127.
15. Benchaar, C., Pomar, C., & Chiquette, J. (2001). Evaluation of diet strategies to reduce methane production in ruminants: A modelling approach. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 81, 563-574.
16. Bhatta, R., Uyeno, Y., Tajima, K., Takenaka, A., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., et al. (2009). Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 5512-5522.
17. Bowman, R. L., Croucher, J. C., & Picard, M. T. (1992). Assessment of the Pre-feasibility of Strategic Supplementation as an Opportunity for Reducing Methane Emissions in Gujarat, India. Washington, D.C.: Global Change Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
18. Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M. D., & Kamel, C. (2005). Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 4393-4404.
19. Callaway, T. R.,Martin, S. A.,Wampler, J. L., Hill, N. S., & Hill, G. M. (1997). Malate content of forage varieties commonly fed to cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1651-1655.
20. Carulla, J. E., Kreuzer, M., Machmuller, A., & Hess, H. D. (2005). Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56, 961-970.
21. Chaucheyras, F. G., Fonty, G., Bertin, G., & Gouet, P. (1995). In vitro H2 utilization by a ruminal acetogenic bacterium cultivated alone or in association with an archaea methanogen is stimulated by a probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 3466-3467.
22. Cook, S. R., Maiti, P. K., Chaves, A. V., Benchaar, C., Beauchemin, K. A., &McAllister, T. A. (2008). Avian (IgY) anti-methanogen antibodies for reducing ruminal methane production: In vitro assessment for their effects. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 260-264.
23. Dong, Y., Bae, H. D., MaAllister, T. A., Mathison, G. W., & Cheng, K. J. (1999). Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, 2-bromoethanesulfonate, and monensin on fermentation in rumen simulation (RUSITEC) system. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79, 491-498.
24. Eckard, R. J., Grainger, C., & de Klein, C. A. M. (2010). Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review. Livestock Science, 130, 47-56.
25. Evans, J. D., & Martin, S. A. (2000). Effects of thymol on ruminal micro-organisms. Current Microbiology, 41, 336-340.
26. Finlay, B. J., Esteban, G., Clarke, K. J., Williams, A. G., Embley, T. M., & Hirt, R. R. (1994). Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 117, 157-162.
27. Foley, P. A., Kenny, D. A., Callan, J. J., Boland, T. M., & O'Mara, F. P. (2009). Effect of DL-malic acid supplementation on feed intake, methane emission, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 87, 1048-1057.
28. Frumholtz P. P., Newbold C. J., & Wallace R. J. (1989). Influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the fermentation of a basal ration in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge), 113, 169-172.
29. Garcia-Lopez, P. M., Kung, L. Jr., & Odom, J.M. I. (1996). In vitro inhibition of microbial methane production by 9,10- anthraquinone. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 2276-2284.
30. Goel, G., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2008). Effect of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and their extracts on partitioning of nutrient from roughage and concentrate based feeds to methane. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147, 72-89.
31. Grainger, C., Clarke, T., Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., & Eckard, R. J. (2008). Supplementation with whole cottonseed reduces methane emissions and increases milk production of dairy cows offered a forage and cereal grain diet. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 73-76.
32. Grainger, C., Clarke, T., Auldist, M. J., Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M.,Waghorn, G. C. et al. (2009). Potential use of Acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 89, 241-251.
33. Guan, H., Wittenberg, K. M., Ominski, K. H., & Krause, D. O. (2006). Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1896-1906.
34. Gutierrez-Bañuelos, H., Anderson, R. C., Carstens, G. E., Slay, L. J., Ramlachan, N., Horrocks, S. M. et al. (2007). Zoonotic bacterial populations, gut fermentation characteristics and methane production in feedlot steers during oral nitroethane treatment and after the feeding of an experimental chlorate product. Anaerobe, 13, 21-31.
35. Hao, X., Benke, M. B., Li, C., Larney, F. J., Beauchemin, K. A., & McAllister, T. A. (2010). Greenhouse gas emissions during composting of manure from cattle diets including corn dried distillers grains with solubles and condensed tannins. In Proceedings of abstracts, Greenhouse Gases and Animal Conference, October 3-8, 2010, Canada, p.30.
36. Haque, N., Saraswat, M. L., & Sahoo, A. (2001). Methane production and energy balance in crossbred male calves fed on rations containing different ratios of green sorghum and wheat straw. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 71, 797-799.
37. Hegarty, R. S., Goopy, J. P., Herd, R. M., & McCorkell, B. (2007). Cattle selected for lower residual feed intake have reduced daily methane production. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 1479-1486.
38. Hegarty, R. S., Bird, S. H., Vanselow, B. A., & Woodgate, R. (2008). Effects of the absence of protozoa from birth or from weaning on the growth and methane production of lambs. British Journal of Nutrition, 100, 1220-1227.
39. Hess, H. D., Monsalve, L. M., Lascano, C. E., Carulla, J. E., Diaz, T. E., & Kreuzer, M. (2003). Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumes and Sapindus saponaria fruits: Effects on in vitro ruminal nitrogen turnover and methanogenesis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54, 703-713.
40. Hess, H. D., Beuret, R. A., Lotscher, M.,Hindrichsen, I.K., Machmüller, A., Carulla, J.E. et al. (2004). Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. Animal Science, 79, 177-189.
41. Hindrichsen, I. K., Wettstein, H. -R., Machmuller, A., & Kreuzer, M. (2006). Methane emission, nutrient degradation and nitrogen turnover in dairy cows and their slurry at different milk production scenarios with and without concentrate supplementation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 113, 150-161.
42. Holter, J. E., Hayes, H. H., & Urban, W. E. Jr. (1992). Energy balance and lactation response in Holstein cows supplemented with cottonseed with or without calcium soap. Journal of Dairy Science, 75, 1480-3494.
43. Holtshausen, L., Chaves, A. V., Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., McAllister, T. A., Odongo, N. E., Cheeke, P. R., &Benchaar, C. (2009). Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. Journal Dairy Science, 92, 2809-2821.
44. Hook, S. E., Northwood, K. S., Wright, A. -D. G., & McBride, B. W. (2009). Long-term monensin supplementation does not significantly affect the quantity or diversity of methanogens in the rumen of the lactating dairy cow. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 374-380.
45. IPCC (2007). Summary for Policymakers. In Solomon, S. D., Qin, M., Manning, Z., Chen, M., Marquis, K. B, Averyt, M. T., & Miller, H. L. (Eds.), Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group i to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. Janssen, P. J., & Kirs, M. (2008). Structure of the archaeal community of the rumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 3619-3625.
47. Johnson, K. A., & Johnson, D. E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483-2492.
48. Jordan, E., Lovett, D. K., Hawkins, M., Callan, J. J., & O'Mara, F. P. (2006a). The effect of varying levels of coconut oil on intake, digestibility and methane output from continental cross beef heifers. Animal Science, 82, 859-865.
49. Jordan, E., Lovett, D. K., Monahan, F. J., Callan, J., Flynn, B., & O'Mara, F. P. (2006b). Effect of refined coconut oil or copra meal on methane output and on intake and performance of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 162-170.
50. Jordan, E., Kenny, D., Hawkins, M., Malone, R., Lovett, D. K., & O'Mara, F. P. (2006c). Effect of refined soy oil or whole soybeans on intake, methane output, and performance of young bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 2418-2425.
51. Joyner, A. E. Jr., Brown, L. J., Fogg, T. J., & Rossi, R. T. (1979). Effect of monensin on growth, feed efficiency and energy metabolism of lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 48, 1065-1069.
52. Kajikawa, H., Valdes, C., Hillman, K., Wallace, R. J., & Newbold, C. J. (2003). Methane oxidation and its coupled electron-sink reactions in ruminal fluid. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36, 354-357.
53. Kamra, D. N., Patra, A. K., Chatterjee, P. N., Kumar, R., Agarwal, N., & Chaudhary, L. C. (2008). Effect of plant extract on methanogenesis and microbial profile of the rumen of buffalo: A brief overview. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 175-178.
54. Klita, P. T., Mathison, G. W., Fenton, T. W., & Hardin, R. T. (1996). Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 1144-1156.
55. Kolver, E. S., Aspin, P.W., Jarvis, G. N., Elborough, K. M., & Roche, J. R. (2004). Fumarate reduces methane production from pasture fermented in continuous culture. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 64, 155-159.
56. Kulling, D. R., Dohme, F., Menzi, H., Sutter, F., Lischer, P., & Kreuzer, M. (2002). Methane emissions of differently fed dairy cows and corresponding methane and nitrogen emissions from their manure during storage. EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment, 79, 129-150.
57. Kung, L. Jr., Smith, K. A., Smagala, A. M., Endres, K. M., Bessett, C. A., Ranjit, N. K. et al. (2003). Effects of 9,10-anthraquinone on ruminal fermentation, totaltract digestion, and blood metabolite concentrations in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 323-328.
58. Leahy, S. C., Kelly, W. J., Altermann, E., Ronimus, R. S., Yeoman, C. J., Pacheco, D. M. et al. (2010). The genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanobrevibacter ruminantium reveals new possibilities for controlling ruminant methane emissions. PLoSOne, 5, e8926. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008926
59. Lee, S. S., Hsu, J. T., Mantovani, H. C., & Russell, J. B. (2002). The effect of bovicin HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis BC5, on ruminal methane production in vitro. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 217, 51-55.
60. Leng, R. A. (2008). The potential of feeding nitrate to reduce enteric methane production in ruminants. A Report to the Department of Climate Change, Commonwealth Government of Australia Canberra ACT Australia, pp. 90.
61. LeVan T. D., Robinson, J. A., Ralph, J., Greening, R. C., Smolenski, W. J., Leedle, J. A. Z. et al. (1998). Assessment of reductive acetogenesis with indigenous ruminal bacterium populations and Acetomaculum ruminis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 3429-2436.
62. Lila, Z. A., Mohammed, N., Tatsuoka (Ajisaka), N., Kanda, S., Kurokawa, Y., & Itabashi, H. (2004). Effect of cyclodextrin diallyl maleate on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes in vitro and in vivo. Animal Science Journal, 75, 15-22.
63. Liu, Y., & Whitman, W. B. (2008). Metabolic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the methanogenic archaea. Annals of NewYork Academy of Sciences, 1125, 171-189.
64. Lopez, S. M., McIntosh, F. M., Wallace, R. J., & Newbold, C. J. (1999). Effect of adding acetogenic bacteria on methane production by mixed rumen micro-organisms. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 78, 1-9.
65. Lovett, D. K., Lovell, S., Stack, L., Callan, J., Finlay, M., Conolly, J. et al. (2003). Effect of forage/concentrate ratio and dietary coconut oil level on methane output and performance of finishing beef heifers. Livestock Production Science, 84, 135-146.
66. Lynch, H. A., & Martin, S. A. (2002). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture and Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 2603-2608.
67. Machmüller, A., & Kreuzer, M. (1999). Methane suppression by coconut oil and associated effects on nutrient and energy balance in sheep. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79, 65-72.
68. Machmüller, A., Soliva, C. R., & Kreuzer, M. (2003a). Effect of coconut oil and defaunation treatment on methanogenesis in sheep. Reproduction Nutrition and Development, 43, 41-55.
69. Machmüller, A., Soliva, C. R., & Kreuzer, M. (2003b). Methane suppressing effect of myristic acid in sheep as affected by dietary calcium and forage proportion. British Journal of Nutrition, 90, 529-540.
70. Mao, H. -L., Wang, J. -K., Zhou, Y. -Y., & Liu, J. -X. (2010). Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Science, 129, 56-62.
71. Martin, S. A. (1998). Manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: A review. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 3123-3132.
72. Martin, S. A., & Nisbet, D. J. (1990). Effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on fermentation of amino acids, bermudagrass and starch by mixed ruminal micro-organisms in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 68, 2142-2149.
73. Martin S. A., Nisbet, D. J., & Dean, R. G. (1989). Influence of a commercial yeast supplement on the in vitro ruminal fermentation. Nutrition Reproduction International, 40, 395-403.
74. Martin, C., Rouel, J., Jouany, J. P., Doreau, V.,&Chilliard, Y. (2008). Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 2642-2650.
75. Mathieu, F., Jouany, J. P., Senaud, J., Bohatier, J., Berthin, G.,&Mercier, M. (1996). The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on fermentations in the rumen of faunated and defaunated sheep; protozoal and probiotic interactions. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 36, 271-287.
76. McAllister, T. A., & Newbold, C. J. (2008). Redirecting rumen fermentation to reduce methanogenesis. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 7-13.
77. McCrabb, G. J., Berger, K. T., Magner, T., May, C., & Hunter R. A. (1997). Inhibiting methane production in Brahman cattle by dietary supplementation with a novel compound and the effects on growth. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 48, 323-329.
78. McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A., Coates, T., & Colombatto, D. (2004). Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of monensin, sunflower oil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid. Journal of Animal Science, 82, 3346-3356.
79. McIntosh, F. M., Williams, P., Losa, R., Wallace, R. J., Beever, D. A., & Newbold, C. J. (2003). Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5011-5014.
80. McMahon, L. R., Majak,W., McAllister, T. A., Hall, J. W., Jones, G. A., Popp, J. D. et al. (1999). Effect of sainfoin on in vitro digestion of fresh alfalfa and bloat in steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79, 203-212.
81. Migeotte, M. V. (1948). Methane in earth's atmosphere. Journal of Astrophysics, 107, 400-403.
82. Min, B. R., Pinchak, W. E., Fulford, J. D., & Puchala, R. (2005). Wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production, and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1322-1331.
83. Min, B. R., Pinchak, W. E., Anderson, R. C., Fulford, J. D., & Puchala, R. (2006). Effects of condensed tannins supplementation level on weight gain and in vitro and in vivo bloat precursors in steers grazing winter wheat. Journal of Anima Science, 84, 2546-2554.
84. Mitsumori, M., Ajisaka, N., Tajima, K., Kajikawa, H., & Kurihara, M. (2002). Detection of Proteobacteria from the rumen by PCR using methanotroph-specific primers. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35, 251-255.
85. Mohammed, N., Lila, Z. A., Ajisaka, N., Hara, K., Mikuni, K., Hara, K. et al. (2004a). Inhibition of ruminal microbial methane production by beta-cyclodextrin iodopropane, malate and their combination in vitro. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 88, 188-195.
86. Mohammed, N., Lila, Z. A., Tatsuoka (Ajisaka), N., Hara, K., Mikuni, K., Hara, K. et al. (2004b). Effects of cyclodextrin-iodopropane complex on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes, digestibility and blood metabolites in steers. Animal Science Journal, 75, 131-137.
87. Morgavi,D. P., Jouany, J. -P.,&Martin, C. (2008). Changes in methane emission and rumen fermentation parameters induced by refaunation in sheep. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 69-72.
88. Moss, A. R., Jouany, J. -P., & Newbold, C. J. (2000). Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Annales de Zootechnie, 49, 231-253.
89. Mutsvangwa, T., Edward, I. E., Topps, J. H., & Paterson, G. F. M. (1992). The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc) on patterns of rumen fermentation, food intake and growth of intensively fed bulls. Animal Production, 55, 35-40.
90. Mwenya, B., Santoso, B., Sar, C., Gamo, Y., Kobayashi, T., Arai, I. et al. (2004). Effects of including 1,4-galactooligosaccharides, lactic acid bacteria or yeast culture on methanogenesis as well as energy and nitrogen metabolism in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 115, 313-326.
91. Newbold, C. J., & Rode, L. M. (2006). Dietary additives to control methanogenesis in the rumen. In Soliva, C. R., Takahashi, J., and Kreuzer, M. (Eds.), Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update (pp. 138-147). Amsterdam: Elsevier. International Congress Series No. 1293.
92. Newbold, C. J., Hassan, S. M. E., Wang, J., Ortega, M. E., & Wallace, R. J. (1997). Influence of foliage from African multipurpose tree on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition, 78, 237-249.
93. Odongo, N. E., Bagg, R., Vessie, G., Dick, P., Or-Rashid, M. M., Hook, S. E. et al. (2007a). Long-term effects of feeding monensin on methane production in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 1781-1788.
94. Odongo, N. E., Or-Rashid, M. M., Kebreab, E., France, J., & McBride, B. W. (2007b). Effect of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and fatty acid profile in milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 1851-1858.
95. Ohene-Adjei, S., Chaves, A. V., McAllister, T. A., Benchaar, C., Teather, R. M., & Forster, R. J. (2008). Evidence of increased diversity of methanogenic archaea with plant extract supplementation. Microbial Ecology, 56, 234-242.
96. Olivier, J. G. J., van Aardenne, J. A., Dentener, F., Ganzeveld, L., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2005). Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: Regional trends and spatial distribution of key sources. In A. van Amstel (Ed.) Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGG-4) (pp. 325-330). Rotterdam: Millipress.
97. Patra, A. K., & Saxena, J. (2009). The effect and mode of action of saponins on microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutrition Research Reviews, 22, 204-219.
98. Patra, A. K., & Saxena, J. (2010). A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibitmethanogenesis in the rumen. Phytochemistry, 71, 1198-1222.
99. Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., & Agarwal, N. (2006a). Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128, 276-291.
100. Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., & Agarwal, N. (2006b). Effect of plants containing secondary metabolites on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme profile and fermentation of feed with rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 6, 203-213.
101. Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., & Agarwal, N. (2008). Effect of leaf extracts on fermentation of feds and methanogenesis with rumen liquor of buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 78, 91-96.
102. Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., & Agarwal, N. (2010a). Effects of extracts of spices on rumen methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feeds in vitro. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90, 511-520.
103. Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., Bhar, R., Kumar, R., Chaturvedi, V. B., & Agarwal, N. (2010b). Effect of Terminalia chebula and Allium sativum on nutrient utilization and methane production in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95, 187-191.
104. Pen, B., Takaura, K., Yamaguchi, S., Asa, R., & Takahashi, J. (2007). Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria with or without β-1,4 galactooligosaccharides on ruminal fermentation, methane production and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 138, 75-88.
105. Pinares-Patiño, C. S., Ulyatt, M. J., Lassey, K. R., Barry, T. N., & Holmes, C. W. (2003). Persistence of differences between sheep in methane emission under generous grazing conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 140, 227-233.
106. Puchala, R., Min, B. R., Goetsch, A. L., & Sahlu, T. (2005). The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 182-186.
107. Sahoo, B., Saraswat, M. L., Haque, N., & Khan, M. Y. (1999). Energy balance and methane production in sheep fed chemically treated wheat straw. Small Ruminant Research, 35, 13-19.
108. Santoso, B., Mwenya, B., Sar, C., Gamo, Y., Kobayashi, T., Morikawa, R. et al. (2004). Effects of supplementing galacto-oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera and nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep. Livestock Production Science, 91, 209-217.
109. Sar, C., Santoso, B., Gamo, Y., Kobayashi, T., Shiozaki, S., Kimura, K. et al. (2004a). Effects of combination of nitrate with β-1,4 galacto-oligosaccharides and yeast (Candida kefyr) on methane emission from sheep. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 17, 73-79.
110. Sar, C., Santoso, B., Mwenya, B., Gamo, Y., Kobayashi, T., Morikawa, R. et al. (2004b). Manipulation of rumen methanogenesis by the combination of nitrate with β- 1,4 galacto-oligosaccharides or nisin in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 115, 129-142.
111. Sar, C., Mwenya, B., Pen, B., Morikawa, R., Takaura, K., Kobayashi, T. et al. (2005). Effect of nisin on ruminal methane production and nitrate/nitrite reduction in vitro. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56, 803-810.
112. Sauer, F. D., Fellner, V., Kinsman, R., Kramer, J. K., Jackson, H. A., Lee, A. J. et al. (1998). Methane output and lactation response in Holstein cattle with monensin or unsaturated fat added to the diet. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 906-914.
113. Singh, G. P. (2001). Livestock production and environmental protection. In Proceedings of the 10th Animal Nutrition Conference (pp. 211-221), National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
114. Sirohi, S., Michaelowa, A., & Sirohi, S. K. (2007). Mitigation options for enteric methane emissions from dairy animals: An evaluation for potential CDM project in India. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 259-274.
115. Sliwinski, B. J., Solvia, C. R., Machmuller, A., Kreuzer, M. (2002). Efficacy of plant extracts rich in secondary constituents to modify rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 101, 101-114.
116. Srivastava, A. K., & Garg, M. R. (2002). Use of sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique for measurement of methane emission from ruminants. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 55, 36-39.
117. Steinfeld, H., Costales, A., Rushton, J., Scherf, B., Bennett, T., & Hall, D. (2006). Livestock report 2006. Rome: FAO.
118. Thornton, J. H., & Owens, F. N. (1981). Monensin supplementation and in vivo methane production by steers. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 628-634.
119. Trei, J. E., Parish, R. C., Singh, Y. K., & Scott G. C. (1972). Effect of methane inhibitors on rumen metabolism and feedlot performance of sheep. Journal of Dairy Science, 54, 536-540.
120. Ulyatt, M. J., Lassey, K. R., Shelton, I. D., & Walker, C. F. (2002). Methane emission from dairy cows and wether sheep fed subtropical grass-dominant pastures in midsummer in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 45, 227-234.
121. Ungerfeld, E. M., Kohn, R. A.,Wallace, R. J., & Newbold, C. J. (2007). A meta-analysis of fumarate effects on methane production in ruminal batch cultures. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 2556-2563.
122. Van Nevel, C. J., & Demeyer, D. I. (1996). Control of rumen methanogenesis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 42, 73-97.
123. Van Vugt, S. J., Waghorn, G. C., Clark, D. A., & Woodward, S. L. (2005). Impact of monensin on methane production and performance of cows fed forage diets. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 65, 362-366.
124. Waghorn, G. C., Tavendale, M. H., & Woodfield, D. R. (2002). Methanogenesis from forages to sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Grassland Association, 64, 167-171.
125. Waghorn, G. C., Clark, H., Taufa, V., & Cavannagh, A. (2007). Monensin controlled release capsules for improved production and mitigating methane in dairy cows fed pasture. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 67, 266-271.
126. Wallace, R. J., Wood, T. A., Rowe, A., Price, J., Yanez, D. R., Williams, S. P. et al. (2006). Encapsulated fumaric acid as a means of decreasing ruminal methane emissions. International Congress Series, 1293, 148-151.
127. Wang, C. J., Wang, S. P., & Zhou, H. (2009). Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, andmethane emission from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148, 157-166.
128. Wedegaertner, T. C., & Johnson, D. E. (1983). Monensin effects on digestibility, methanogenesis and heat increment of a cracked corn-silage diet fed to steers. Journal of Animal Science, 57, 168-177.
129. Wedlock, D. N., Pedersen, G., Denis,M., Dey, D., Janssen, P. H., & Buddle, B. M. (2010). Development of a vaccine to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture: vaccination of sheep with methanogen fractions induces antibodies that block methane production in vitro. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 58, 29-36.
130. Weimer, P. J. (1998). Manipulating ruminal fermentation: a microbial ecological perspective. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 3114-3122.
131. Williams, Y. J., Rea, S. M., Popovski, S., Pimm, C. L., Williams, A. J., Toovey, A. F. et al. (2008). Responses of sheep to a vaccination of entodinal or mixed rumen protozoal antigens to reduce rumen protozoal numbers. British Journal of Nutrition, 99, 100-109.
132. Wina, E., Muetzel, S., Hoffmann, E., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2005). Saponins containing methanol extract of Sapindus rarak affect microbial fermentation, microbial activity and microbial community structure in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 121, 159-174.
133. Woodward, S. L.,Waghorn, G. C., Ulyatt, M. J., & Lassey, K. R. (2001). Early indication that feeding lotus will reduce methane emission from ruminants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 61, 23-26.
134. Woodward, S. L., Waghorn, G. C., Lassey, K. R., & Laboyrie, P. G. (2002). Does feeding sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) reduce methane emission from dairy cows? Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 62, 227-230.
135. Wright, A. -D. G., Kennedy, P., O'Neill, C. J., Toovey, A. F., Popovski, S., Rea, S. M. et al. (2004). Reducing methane emission in sheep by immunization against rumen methanogens. Vaccine, 22, 3976-3985.
136. Yuan, Z. P., Zhang, C. M., Zhou, L., Zou, C. X., Guo, Y. Q., Li, W. T., et al. (2007). Inhibition of methanogenesis by tea saponin and tea saponin plus disodium fumarate in sheep. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 16(Supplement 2), 560-565.
137. Zhou, M., Hernandez-Sanabria, E., & Guan, L. L. (2009). Assessment of the microbial ecology of ruminal methanogens in cattle with different feed efficiencies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 6524-6533.