Phenotypic In Vivo Screening to Identify New, Unpredicted Indications for Existing Drugs and Drug Candidates

Drug Repositioning: Bringing New Life to Shelved Assets and Existing Drugs

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 253-290

  Saporito, Michael S ^a   Lipinski, Christopher A ^b   Reaume, Andrew G ^a  

^a Melior Discovery Inc   (United States)

^b Melior Discovery Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Design of optimal drug repositioning platform, phenotypic strategies; Phenotypic in vivo screening, new, unpredicted indications; Phenotypic screening, "method of use" patents in market exclusivity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862488932     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118274408.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (121)

1. Ashburn, T.T., Thor, K.B. (2004). Drug repositioning: Identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3, 673-683.
2. Dimond, P.F. (2010). Drug repositioning gains in popularity. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, 30, 3-5.
3. Li, H., Liu, A., Zhao, Z., Xu, Y., Lin, J., Jou, D., Li, C. (2011). Fragment-based drug design and drug repositioning using multiple ligand simultaneous docking (mlsd): Identifying celecoxib and template compounds as novel inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 54, 5592-5596.
4. Swamidass, S.J. (2011). Mining small-molecule screens to repurpose drugs. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 12, 327-335.
5. Ekins, S., Williams, A.J., Krasowski, M.D., Freundlich, J.S. (2011). In silico repositioning of approved drugs for rare and neglected diseases. Drug Discovery Today, 16, 298-310.
6. Tobinick, E.L. (2009). The value of drug repositioning in the current pharmaceutical market. Drug News & Perspectives, 22, 119-125.
7. Tartaglia, L.A. (2006). Complementary new approaches enable repositioning of failed drug candidates. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 15, 1295-1298.
8. Radley, D.C., Finkelstein, S.N., Stafford, R.S. (2006). Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1021-1026.
9. Tonnesen, P., Tonstad, S., Hjalmarson, A., Lebargy, F., Van Spiegel, P.I., Hider, A., Sweet, R., Townsend, J. (2003). A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo - controlled, 1-year study of bupropion SR for smoking cessation. Journal of Internal Medicine, 254, 184-192.
10. Wilens, T.E., Haight, B.R., Horrigan, J.P., Hudziak, J.J., Rosenthal, N.E., Connor, D.F., Hampton, K.D., Richard, N.E., Modell, J.G. (2005). Bupropion XL in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 793-801.
11. Anderson, J.W., Greenway, F.L., Fujioka, K., Gadde, K.M., McKenney, J., O' Neil, P.M. (2002). Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: A 48-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obesity Research, 10, 633-641.
12. Rozen, T.D. (2001). Antiepileptic drugs in the management of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia. Headache, 41 (Suppl 1), S25-S32.
13. Teter, C.J., Early, J.J., Gibbs, C.M. (2000). Treatment of affective disorder and obesity with topiramate. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34, 1262-1265.
14. Bodkin, J.A., Zornberg, G.L., Lukas, S.E., Cole, J.O. (1995). Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 49-57.
15. Bryans, J.S., Wustrow, D.J. (1999). 3-substituted GABA analogs with central nervous system activity: A review. Medical Research Reviews, 19, 149-177.
16. Singh, L., Field, M.J., Ferris, P., Hunter, J.C., Oles, R.J., Williams, R.G., Woodruff, G.N. (1996). The antiepileptic agent gabapentin (Neurontin) possesses anxiolytic - like and antinociceptive actions that are reversed by D-serine. Psychopharmacology, 127, 1-9.
17. Dworkin, R.H., Kirkpatrick, P. (2005). Pregabalin. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 4, 455-456.
18. Belliotti, T.R., Capiris, T., Ekhato, I.V., Kinsora, J.J., Field, M.J., Heffner, T.G., Meltzer, L.T., Schwarz, J.B., Taylor, C.P., Thorpe, A.J., Vartanian, M.G., Wise, L.D., Zhi-Su, T., Weber, M.L., Wustrow, D.J. (2005). Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48, 2294-2307.
19. Taylor, C.P., Angelotti, T., Fauman, E. (2007). Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: The calcium channel alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery. Epilepsy Research, 73, 137-150.
20. Chen, C., Puy, L.A., Simard, J., Li, X., Singh, S.M., Labrie, F. (1995). Local and systemic reduction by topical finasteride or flutamide of hamster flank organ size and enzyme activity. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 105, 678-682.
21. Clader, J.W. (2004). The discovery of ezetimibe: A view from outside the receptor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47, 1-9.
22. Duteil, J., Rambert, F.A., Pessonnier, J., Hermant, J.F., Gombert, R., Assous, E. (1990). Central alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in relation to the behaviour stimulating effect of modafinil; studies with experimental animals. European Journal of Pharmacology, 180, 49-58.
23. Drews, J. (2000). Drug discovery: A historical perspective. Science, 287, 1960-1964.
24. Brown, D. (2007). Unfinished business: Target-based drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 12, 1007-1012.
25. Sams-Dodd, F. (2005). Target-based drug discovery: Is something wrong? Drug Discovery Today, 10, 139-147.
26. Deininger, M.W., Druker, B.J. (2003). Specific targeted therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia with imatinib. Pharmacological Reviews, 55, 401-423.
27. Munos, B. (2009). Lessons from 60 years of pharmaceutical innovation. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 8, 959-968.
28. Swinney, D.C., Anthony, J. (2011). How were new medicines discovered? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 10, 507-519.
29. Hopkins, A.L. (2008). Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery . Nature Chemical Biology, 4, 682-690.
30. Enna, S.J., Williams, M. (2009). Challenges in the search for drugs to treat central nervous system disorders. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 329, 404-411.
31. Spedding, M., Jay, T., Costa E Silva, J., Perret, L. (2005). A pathophysiological paradigm for the therapy of psychiatric disease. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 4, 467-476.
32. Miller, R.A., Birnbaum, M.J. (2010). An energetic tale of AMPK-independent effects of metformin. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120, 2267-2270.
33. Schlueter, P.J., Peterson, R.T. (2009). Systematizing serendipity for cardiovascular drug discovery. Circulation, 120, 255-263.
34. Terry, A.V., Jr (2006). Muscarinic receptor antagonists in rats. In Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment, eds. Levin, E.D., Buccafusco, J.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
35. Buccafusco, J.J., Terry, A.V., Jr, Webster, S.J., Martin, D., Hohnadel, E.J., Bouchard, K.A., Warner, S.E. (2008). The scopolamine-reversal paradigm in rats and monkeys: The importance of computer-assisted operant-conditioning memory tasks for screening drug candidates. Psychopharmacology, 199, 481-494.
36. Bartolomeo, A.C., Morris, H., Buccafusco, J.J., Kille, N., Rosenzweig-Lipson, S., Husbands, M.G., Sabb, A.L., Abou-Gharbia, M., Moyer, J.A., Boast, C.A. (2000). The preclinical pharmacological profile of WAY-132983, a potent M1 preferring agonist. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 292, 584-596.
37. Martorana, A., Esposito, Z., Koch, G. (2010). Beyond the cholinergic hypothesis: Do current drugs work in Alzheimer' s disease? CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 16, 235-245.
38. Chagnon, Y.C., Bouchard, C. (1996). Genetics of obesity: Advances from rodent studies. Trends in Genetics, 12, 441-444.
39. Baribault, H. (2010). Mouse models of type II diabetes mellitus in drug discovery. Methods in Molecular Biology, 602, 135-155.
40. Connor, S.C., Hughes, M.G., Moore, G., Lister, C.A., Smith, S.A. (1997). Antidiabetic efficacy of BRL 49653, a potent orally active insulin sensitizing agent, assessed in the C57BL/KsJ db/db diabetic mouse by non-invasive 1H NMR studies of urine. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 49, 336-344.
41. Fujita, H., Fujishima, H., Koshimura, J., Hosoba, M., Yoshioka, N., Shimotomai, T., Morii, T., Narita, T., Kakei, M., Ito, S. (2005). Effects of antidiabetic treatment with metformin and insulin on serum and adipose tissue adiponectin levels in db/db mice. Endocrine Journal, 52, 427-433.
42. Young, A.A., Gedulin, B.R., Bhavsar, S., Bodkin, N., Jodka, C., Hansen, B., Denaro, M. (1999). Glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions of exendin-4: Studies in obese diabetic (ob/ob, db/db) mice, diabetic fatty Zucker rats, and diabetic rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Diabetes, 48, 1026-1034.
43. Elmer, G.I., Kafkafi, N. (2009). Drug discovery in psychiatric illness: Mining for gold. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 287-292.
44. Swerdlow, N.R., Geyer, M.A. (1998). Using an animal model of deficient sensorimotor gating to study the pathophysiology and new treatments of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 285-301.
45. Wadenberg, M.L. (2010). Conditioned avoidance response in the development of new antipsychotics. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 16, 358-370.
46. Cryan, J.F., Mombereau, C., Vassout, A. (2005). The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: Review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 571-625.
47. Petit-Demouliere, B., Chenu, F., Bourin, M. (2005). Forced swimming test in mice: A review of antidepressant activity. Psychopharmacology, 177, 245-255.
48. Bischoff, H. (1995). The mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the management of diabetes. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 18, 303-311.
49. Davies, M.J. (2002). Insulin secretagogues. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 18 (Suppl 1), s22-s30.
50. Hundal, R.S., Krssak, M., Dufour, S., Laurent, D., Lebon, V., Chandramouli, V., Inzucchi, S.E., Schumann, W.C., Petersen, K.F., Landau, B.R., Shulman, G.I. (2000). Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 49, 2063-2069.
51. Rosen, E.D., Spiegelman, B.M. (2001). PPARgamma: A nuclear regulator of metabolism, differentiation, and cell growth. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 37731-37734.
52. Thornberry, N.A., Weber, A.E. (2007). Discovery of JANUVIA (Sitagliptin), a selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 7, 557-568.
53. Drucker, D.J. (2007). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Preclinical biology and mechanisms of action. Diabetes Care, 30, 1335-1343.
54. Rendell, M. (2004). Advances in diabetes for the millennium: Drug therapy of type 2 diabetes. Medscape General Medicine, 6, 9-14.
55. Lipinski, C.A. (2011). Prous Integrity Search of Targets for Type II Diabetes.
56. Serhan, C.N. (2009). Systems approach to inflammation resolution: Identification of novel anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 7 (Suppl 1), 44-48.
57. Amor, S., Puentes, F., Baker, D., van der Valk, P. (2010). Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology, 129, 154-169.
58. Harris, E.D. (1997). Rheumatoid Arthritis. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
59. Fiocchi, C. (2004). Inflammatory bowel disease: New insights into mechanisms of inflammation and increasingly customized approaches to diagnosis and therapy. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 20, 309-310.
60. Nishimura, S., Manabe, I., Nagai, R. (2009). Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Discovery Medicine, 8, 55-60.
61. Leonard, B.E. (2010). The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system. Current Immunology Reviews, 6, 205-212.
62. Serhan, C.N., Ward, P.A. (1999). Molecular and Cellular Basis of Inflammation. Current Inflammation Research, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
63. Chen, Y.F., Jobanputra, P., Barton, P., Bryan, S., Fry-Smith, A., Harris, G., Taylor, R.S. (2008). Cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (etodolac, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, valdecoxib and lumiracoxib) for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment, 12, 1-278, iii.
64. Bovill, J.G. (2003). Pharmacology and clinical action of COX-2 selective NSAIDs. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 523, 201-214.
65. Vane, J.R., Botting, R.M. (1998). Anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanism of action. Inflammation Research, 47 (Suppl 2), S78-S87.
66. Siddiqui, M.A., Scott, L.J. (2005). Infliximab: A review of its use in Crohn' s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs, 65, 2179-2208.
67. Woolacott, N.F., Khadjesari, Z.C., Bruce, I.N., Riemsma, R.P. (2006). Etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 24, 587-593.
68. Wang, D., DuBois, R.N. (2010). Therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors in chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 39, 697-707.
69. Sorrentino, S., Landmesser, U. (2005). Nonlipid-lowering effects of statins. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7, 459-466.
70. Gerrard, P., Malcolm, R. (2007). Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3, 349-364.
71. Meltzer, H.Y., Huang, M. (2008). In vivo actions of atypical antipsychotic drug on serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Progress in Brain Research, 172, 177-197.
72. Bymaster, F.P., Dreshfield-Ahmad, L.J., Threlkeld, P.G., Shaw, J.L., Thompson, L., Nelson, D.L., Hemrick-Luecke, S.K., Wong, D.T. (2001). Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 871-880.
73. Irwin, S. (1968). Comprehensive observational assessment: Ia. A systematic, quantitative procedure for assessing the behavioral and physiologic state of the mouse. Psychopharmacologia, 13, 222-257.
74. Gruner, J.A., Mathiasen, J.R., Flood, D.G., Gasior, M. (2011). Characterization of pharmacological and wake-promoting properties of the dopaminergic stimulant sydnocarb in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 337, 380-390.
75. Hellerstein, M.K. (2008). Exploiting complexity and the robustness of network architecture for drug discovery. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 325, 1-9.
76. Hellerstein, M.K. (2008). A critique of the molecular target-based drug discovery paradigm based on principles of metabolic control: Advantages of pathway-based discovery. Metabolic Engineering, 10, 1-9.
77. Chalubinski, M., Broncel, M. (2010). Influence of statins on effector and regulatory immune mechanisms and their potential clinical relevance in treating autoimmune disorders. Medical Science Monitor, 16, RA245-RA251.
78. Sinicrope, F.A. (2006). Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 for prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 45, 447-454.
79. Chong, C.R., Chen, X., Shi, L., Liu, J.O., Sullivan, D.J., Jr (2006). A clinical drug library screen identifies astemizole as an antimalarial agent. Nature Chemical Biology, 2, 415-416.
80. Inagaki, N., Shiraishi, N., Igeta, K., Itoh, T., Chikumoto, T., Nagao, M., Kim, J.F., Nagai, H. (2006). Inhibition of scratching behavior associated with allergic dermatitis in mice by tacrolimus, but not by dexamethasone. European Journal of Pharmacology, 546, 189-196.
81. Lipinski, C.A., Stam, J.G., Pereira, J.N., Ackerman, N.R., Hess, H.J. (1980). Bronchodilator and antiulcer phenoxypyrimidinones. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 23, 1026-1031.
82. Reaume, A., Saporito, M.S. (2010). Methods and formulation for modulating lyn kinase activity and treating related disorders, USPTO, Melior Discovery, Inc.: USA.
83. Ochman, A., Lipinski, C.A., Reaume, A., Handler, J.A., Saporito, M.S. (2011). MLR-1023 is a repositioned drug candidate for type II diabetes that elicits a rapid-onset and durable improvement in glucose homeostasis and preserves pancreatic ß-cells in mice. In preparation.
84. Boolell, M., Gepi-Attee, S., Gingell, J.C., Allen, M.J. (1996). Sildenafil, a novel effective oral therapy for male erectile dysfunction. British Journal of Urology, 78, 257-261.
85. Corbin, J.D., Francis, S.H. (2002). Pharmacology of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 56, 453-459.
86. Wallis, R.M., Corbin, J.D., Francis, S.H., Ellis, P. (1999). Tissue distribution of phosphodiesterase families and the effects of sildenafil on tissue cyclic nucleotides, platelet function, and the contractile responses of trabeculae carneae and aortic rings in vitro. American Journal of Cardiology, 83, 3C-12C.
87. Giovannoni, M.P., Vergelli, C., Graziano, A., Dal Piaz, V. (2010). PDE5 inhibitors and their applications. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 17, 2564-2587.
88. Youssef, S., Stuve, O., Patarroyo, J.C., Ruiz, P.J., Radosevich, J.L., Hur, E.M., Bravo, M., Mitchell, D.J., Sobel, R.A., Steinman, L., Zamvil, S.S. (2002). The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature, 420, 78-84.
89. Weber, M.S., Zamvil, S.S. (2008). Statins and demyelination. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 318, 313-324.
90. Moen, M.D., Keating, G.M. (2008). Raloxifene: A review of its use in the prevention of invasive breast cancer. Drugs, 68, 2059-2083.
91. Benson, S.C., Pershadsingh, H.A., Ho, C.I., Chittiboyina, A., Desai, P., Pravenec, M., Qi, N., Wang, J., Avery, M.A., Kurtz, T.W. (2004). Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma - modulating activity. Hypertension, 43, 993-1002.
92. Yamana, A., Arita, M., Furuta, M., Shimajiri, Y., Sanke, T. (2008). The angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan improves insulin resistance and has beneficial effects in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 82, 127-131.
93. Chabbert-Buffet, N., Meduri, G., Bouchard, P., Spitz, I.M. (2005). Selective progesterone receptor modulators and progesterone antagonists: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Human Reproduction Update, 11, 293-307.
94. Castinetti, F., Conte-Devolx, B., Brue, T. (2010). Medical treatment of Cushing' s syndrome: Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and mifepristone. Neuroendocrinology, 92 (Suppl 1), 125-130.
95. Lipinski, C.A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B.W., Feeney, P.J. (2001). Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 46, 3-26.
96. Wu, K.L., Sonneveld, P. (2002). Thalidomide: New uses for an old drug. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 146, 1438-1441.
97. Melchert, M., List, A. (2007). The thalidomide saga. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39, 1489-1499.
98. Arnold, L.M. (2007). Duloxetine and other antidepressants in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Pain Medicine, 8 (Suppl 2), S63-S74.
99. Ekins, S., Williams, A.J. (2011). Finding promiscuous old drugs for new uses. Pharmaceutical Research, 28, 1785-1791.
100. Langtry, H.D., Markham, A. (1999). Sildenafil: A review of its use in erectile dysfunction . Drugs, 57, 967-989.
101. Fenton, D.A., Wilkinson, J.D. (1983). Topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. British Medical Journal, 287, 1015-1017.
102. Reaume, A.G. (2008). Melior Signs Option Agreement with Pfizer. Press release. http://www.meliordiscovery.com
103. Reaume, A.G. (2009). Melior Discovery Announces IND Approval for Novel Diabetes Drug MLR1023. Press release. http://www.meliordiscovery.com
104. Furrow, M.E. (2008). Pharmaceutical patent life-cycle management after KSR v. Teleflex. Food and Drug Law Journal, 63, 275-320.
105. Garcia-Calvo, M., Lisnock, J., Bull, H.G., Hawes, B.E., Burnett, D.A., Braun, M.P., Crona, J.H., Davis, H.R., Jr, Dean, D.C., Detmers, P.A., Graziano, M.P., Hughes, M., Macintyre, D.E., Ogawa, A., O' Neill, K.A., Iyer, S.P., Shevell, D.E., Smith, M.M., Tang, Y.S., Makarewicz, A.M., Ujjainwalla, F., Altmann, S.W., Chapman, K.T., Thornberry, N.A. (2005). The target of ezetimibe is Niemann- Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 8132-8137.
106. McIntyre, R.S., Mancini, D.A., McCann, S., Srinivasan, J., Sagman, D., Kennedy, S.H. (2002). Topiramate versus bupropion SR when added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: A preliminary single-blind study. Bipolar Disorders, 4, 207-213.
107. Johnson, B.A., Ait-Daoud, N., Bowden, C.L., DiClemente, C.C., Roache, J.D., Lawson, K., Javors, M.A., Ma, J.Z. (2003). Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 361, 1677-1685.
108. Mikaeloff, Y., de Saint-Martin, A., Mancini, J., Peudenier, S., Pedespan, J.M., Vallee, L., Motte, J., Bourgeois, M., Arzimanoglou, A., Dulac, O., Chiron, C. (2003). Topiramate: Efficacy and tolerability in children according to epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Research, 53, 225-232.
109. Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Patterson, B., Bennett, M. (2006). Topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A retrospective, open-label case series. Depression and Anxiety, 23, 1-5.
110. Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Pipe, B., Oakman, J., Bennett, M. (2004). An open trial of topiramate in the treatment of generalized social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1674-1678.
111. Kosman, M.E. (1980). Evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent. Minoxidil. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 244, 73-75.
112. Stone, W.S., Croul, C.E., Gold, P.E. (1988). Attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Psychopharmacology, 96, 417-420.
113. Metz, G.A., Tse, A., Ballermann, M., Smith, L.K., Fouad, K. (2005). The unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson' s disease revisited: An electromyographic and behavioural analysis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 735-744.
114. Maharshak, N., Hart, G., Ron, E., Zelman, E., Sagiv, A., Arber, N., Brazowski, E., Margalit, R., Elinav, E., Shachar, I. (2010). CCL2 (pM levels) as a therapeutic agent in inflammatory bowel disease models in mice. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 16, 1496-1504.
115. Triantafillidis, J.K., Papalois, A.E., Parasi, A., Anagnostakis, E., Burnazos, S., Gikas, A., Merikas, E.G., Douzinas, E., Karagianni, M., Sotiriou, H. (2005). Favorable response to subcutaneous administration of infliximab in rats with experimental colitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11, 6843-6847.
116. Koehne, C.H., Dubois, R.N. (2004). COX-2 inhibition and colorectal cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 31, 12-21.
117. Pearlstein, T., Yonkers, K.A. (2002). Review of fluoxetine and its clinical applications in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 3, 979-991.
118. Hunt, L.W., Frigas, E., Butterfield, J.H., Kita, H., Blomgren, J., Dunnette, S.L., Offord, K.P., Gleich, G.J. (2004). Treatment of asthma with nebulized lidocaine: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 113, 853-859.
119. Messenger, A.G., Rundegren, J. (2004). Minoxidil: Mechanisms of action on hair growth. British Journal of Dermatology, 150, 186-194.
120. Schwertz, D.W., Vaitkus, P. (2003). Drug-eluting stents to prevent reblockage of coronary arteries. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 18, 11-16.
121. Vogel, V.G., Costantino, J.P., Wickerham, D.L., Cronin, W.M., Cecchini, R.S., Atkins, J.N., Bevers, T.B., Fehrenbacher, L., Pajon, E.R., Jr, Wade, J.L., 3rd, Robidoux, A., Margolese, R.G., James, J., Lippman, S.M., Runowicz, C.D., Ganz, P.A., Reis, S.E., McCaskill-Stevens, W., Ford, L.G., Jordan, V.C., Wolmark, N. (2006). Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 2727-2741.