Tree Fruits and Nuts. Outbreaks, Contamination Sources, Prevention, and Remediation

The Produce Contamination Problem

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 249-269

  Keller, Susanne E ^a  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862295373     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374186-8.00011-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Abadias M., Canamas T.P., Asensio A., Anguera V.I. Microbial quality of commercial 'Golden Delicious' apples throughout production and shelf-life in Lleida (Catalonia, Spain). International Journal of Food Microbiology 2006, 108:404-409.
2. Alvarado-Casillas S., Ibarra-Sanchez S., Rodriguez-Garcia O., Martinez-Gonzales N., Castillo A. Comparison of rinsing and sanitizing procedures for reducing bacterial pathogens on fresh cantaloupes and bell peppers. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:655-660.
3. Annous B.A., Sapers G.M., Mattrazzo A.M., Riordan D.C.R. Efficacy of washing with a commercial flatbed brush washer, using conventional and experimental washing agents, in reducing populations of Escherichia coli on artificially inoculated apples. J. Food Protect. 2001, 64:159-163.
4. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods: Meeting on Fresh Citrus Juice: Transcript of Proceedings Anonymous, Accessed 11-4-03, at. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/tr991208.html.
5. Duck Delivery Produce, Inc. recalls apple snack trays because of possible health risk Anonymous, Accessed 27 Nov 2007, at. http://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/duck3_01.html.
6. Duck Delivery Produce recalls cut honeydew and cut cantaloupe melon for possible health risk Anonymous, Accessed 27 Nov 2007, at. http://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/duck07_03.html.
7. Georgia Ag. Department finds contaminated mushrooms Anonymous, Accessed 27 Nov 2007, at. http://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/southmill08_03.html.
8. Monterey Mushrooms recalls fresh sliced white and baby bella mushrooms in PA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, OH, and VA because of possible health risk Anonymous, Accessed 27 Nov 2007, at. http://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/monterey09_08.html.
9. Aruscavage D., Lee K., Miller S., LeJeune J.T. Interactions affecting the proliferation and control of human pathogens on edible plants. Journal of Food Science 2006, 71:R89-R99.
10. Bagamboula C.F., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J. Acid tolerance of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002, 93:479-486.
11. Bang I.S., Kim B.H., Foster J.W., Park Y.K. OmpR regulates the stationary-phase acid tolerance response of Salmonella enterica servovar Typhimurium. Journal of Bacteriology 2000, 182:2245-2252.
12. Bayman P., Baker J.L., Mahoney N.E. Aspergillus on tree nuts: Incidence and associations. Mycopathologia 2002, 155:161-169.
13. Belluck P. Juice-poisoning case brings guilty plea and a huge fine. In The New York Times Accessed 3 Dec 2007, at. http://www.query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06EED61239F937A1575 4C0A96E958260.
14. Benjamin M.M., Datta A.R. Acid tolerance of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995, 61:1669-1672.
15. Beuchat L.R. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. Journal of Food Protection 1995, 59:204-216.
16. Beuchat L.R., Brackett R.E. Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into raw tomatoes and processed tomato products. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1991, 57:1367-1371.
17. Beuchat L.R., Heaton E.K. Salmonella survival on pecans as influenced by processing and storage conditions. Applied Microbiology 1975, 29:795-801.
18. Beuchat L.R., Nail B.V., Adler B.B., Clavero M.R.S. Efficacy of spray application of chlorinated water in killing pathogenic bacteria on raw apples, tomatoes, and lettuce. Journal of Food Protection 1998, 61:1305-1311.
19. Beuchat L.R., Ryu J.-H. Produce handling and processing practices. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1997, 3:459-465.
20. Bialka K.L., Demirci A. Utilization of gaseous ozone for the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on raspberries and strawberries. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 7:1093-1098.
21. Blackburn B.G., Mazurek J.M., Hlavsa M., Park J., Tillapaw M., Parrish M., et al. Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006, 12:684-686.
22. Brandl M.T. Fitness of human enteric pathogens on plants and implications for food safety. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2006, 44:367-392.
23. Buchanan R.L., Doyle M.E. Foodborne disease significance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Food Technology 1997, 51:69-76.
24. Buchanan R.L., Edelson S.G. Culturing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of glucose as a simple means of evaluating the acid tolerance of stationary-phase cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1996, 62:4009-4013.
25. Buchanan R.L., Edelson S.G., Miller R.L., Sapers G.M. Contamination of intact apples after immersion in an aqueous environment containing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Protection 1999, 62:444-450.
26. Burnett S.L., Beuchat L.R. Human pathogens associated with raw produce and unpasteurized juices, and difficulties in decontamination. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001, 27:104-110.
27. Burnett S.L., Chen J., Beuchat L.R. Attachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to the surfaces and internal structures of apples as detected by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000, 66:4679-4687.
28. Castillo A., Villarruel-Lopez A., Navarro-Hidalgo V., Martinez-Gonzalez N.E., Torres-Vitela M.R. Salmonella and Shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in Guadalajara, Mexico: Incidence and comparison of analytical routes. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:2595-2599.
29. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with drinking unpasteurized commercial apple juice-October, 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1996, 45:975. Centers for Disease Control.
30. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider-Connecticut and New York, October 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1997, 46:4-8. Centers for Disease Control.
31. Salmonellosis Centers for Disease Control, Vol. 2003. Accessed Oct 23, at. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_t.htm.
32. U.S. Foodborne disease outbreaks, annual listing 1990-2000 Centers for Disease Control, Vol. 2003. Accessed 17 Oct 2007, at. http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/report_pub.htm.
33. 2004 Summary Statistics Centers for Disease Control, Vol. 2007. Accessed 27 Nov 2007, at. http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/us_outb/fbo2004/Outbreak_Linelist_ Final_2004.pdf.
34. Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Enteritidis Infections Associated with Raw Almonds-United States and Canada, 2003-2004. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 2004, 53:484-487. Centers for Disease Control.
35. 2005 Summary Statistics Centers for Disease Control, Vol. 2007. Accessed 6 Dec 2007, at. http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/us_outb/fbo2005/2005_Linelist.pdf.
36. Preventing health risks associated with drinking unpasteurized or untreated juice Centers for Disease Control, Vol. 2007. Accessed 6 Dec 2007, at. http://www.cdc.gov/foodborne/juice_spotlight.htm.
37. Shigellosis Centers for Disease Control, Accessed 30 Nov 2007, at. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm.
38. Cole D.J., Hill V.R., Humenik F.J., Sobsey M.D. Health, safety and environmental concerns of farm animal waste. Occupational Medicine 1999, 14:423-428.
39. Cox L.J., Kleiss T., Cordier J.L., Cordellana C., Konel P., Pedrazzini C., et al. Listeria spp. in food processing, non-food and domestic environments. Food Microbiology 1989, 6:49-61.
40. Danyluk M.D., Jones T.M., Abd S.J., Schlitt-Dittrich F., Jacobs M., Harris L.J. Prevalence and amounts of Salmonella found on raw California almonds. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:820-827.
41. Das E., Gurakan G.C., Bayindirli A. Effect of controlled atmosphere storage, modified atmosphere packaging and gaseous ozone treatment on the survival of Salmonella Enteritidis on cherry tomatoes. Food Microbiology 2006, 23:430-438.
42. Deza M.A., Araujo M., Garrido M.J. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of tomatoes by neutral electrolyzed water. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2003, 37:482-487.
43. Dingman D.W. Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bruised apple (Malus domestica) tissue as influenced by cultivar, date of harvest, and source. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000, 66:1077-1083.
44. Duffy S., Churey J., Worobo R., Schaffner D.W. Analysis and modeling of the variability associated with UV inactivation of Escherichia coli in apple cider. Journal of Food Protection 2000, 63:1587-1590.
45. Duncan T.G., Doull J.A., Miller E.R., Bancroft H. Outbreak of typhoid fever with orange juice as the vehicle, illustrating the value of immunization. American Journal of Public Health 1946, 36:34-36.
46. Einstein A.B., Jacobsohn W., Goldman A. An epidemic of infectious hepatitis in a general hospital: Probable transmission by contaminated orange juice. JAMA 1963, 185:171-174.
47. Fan X., Annous B.A., Sokorai K.J.B., Burke A., Mattheis J.P. Combination of hot-water surface pasteurization of whole fruit and low-dose gamma irradiation of fresh-cut cantaloupe. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:912-919.
48. Fatemi P., Knabel S.J. Evaluation of sanitizer penetration and its effect on destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in golden delicious apples. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:548-555.
49. Fatemi P., LaBorde L.F., Patton J., Sapers G.M., Annous B.A., Knabel S.J. Influence of punctures, cuts, and surface morphologies of golden delicious apples on penetration and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:267-275.
50. Fenlon D.R., Wilson J., Donachie W. The incidence and level of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of food sources at primary production and initial processing. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1996, 81:641-650.
51. Fleischman G.J., Bator C., Merker R., Keller S.E. Hot water immersion to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the surface of whole apples: Thermal effects and efficacy. Journal of Food Protection 2001, 64:451-455.
52. Enforcement report. Recalls and Field corrections: Foods-class I. Recall number F-535-1 Food and Drug Administration, Accessed March 27, 2008, at. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2001/enf00708.html.
53. Foster J.W., Hall H.K. Adaptive acidification tolerance response of Salmonella Typhimurium. Journal of Bacteriology 1990, 172:771-778.
54. Garcia L., Henderson J., Fabri M., Moustapha O. Potential sources of microbial contamination in unpasteurized apple cider. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:137-144.
55. Gombas D.E., Chen Y., Clavero R.S., Scott V.N. Survey of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. Journal of Food Protection 2003, 66:559-569.
56. Goverd K.A., Beech F.W., Hobbs R.P., Shannon R. The occurrence and survival of colifoms and salmonellas in apple juice and cider. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1979, 46:521-530.
57. Guerrant R.L. Cryptosporidiosis: An emerging highly infectious threat. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1997, 3:51-57.
58. Harrington W.O., Hills C.H. Reduction of the microbial population of apple cider by ultraviolet irradiation. Food Technology 1968, 22:117-120.
59. Herwaldt B.L., Lew J.F., Moe C.L., Lewis D.C., Humphrey C.D., Monroe S.S., et al. Characterization of a variant strain of Norwalk virus from a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in Hawaii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994, 32:861-866.
60. Ingham S.C., Losinski J.A., Andrews M.P., Breuer J.E., Breuer J.R., Wood T.M., Wright T.H. Escherichia coli contamination of vegetables grown in soils fertilized with noncomposted bovine manure: Garden-scale studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004, 70:6420-6427.
61. Isaacs S., Aramini J., Ciebin B., Farrar J.A., Ahmed R., Middleton D., et al. An international outbreak of salmonellosis associated with raw almonds contaminated with a rare phage type of Salmonella enteritidis. Journal of Food Protection 2005, 68:191-198.
62. Johnston L.M., Jaykus L., Moll D., Martinez M.C., Anciso J., Mora B., Moe C.L. A field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce. Journal of Food Protection 2005, 68:1840-1847.
63. Karaibrahimoglu Y., Fan X., Sapers G.M., Sokorai K. Effect of pH on the survival of Listeria innocua in calcium ascorbate solutions and on quality of fresh-cut apples. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67:751-757.
64. Keller S.E. Chapter 16: Effect of quality sorting and culling on the microbiological quality of fresh produce. Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables 2006, 365-373. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. G.M. Sapers, J.R. Gorny, A.E. Yousef (Eds.).
65. Keller S.E., Chirtel S.J., Merker R.I., Taylor K.T., Tan H.L., Miller A.J. Influence of fruit variety, harvest technique, quality sorting, and storage on the native microflora of unpasteurized apple cider. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67:2240-2247.
66. Keller S.E., Merker R.I., Taylor K.T., Tan H.L., Melvin C.D., Chirtel S.J., Miller A.J. Efficacy of sanitation and cleaning methods in a small apple cider mill. Journal of Food Protection 2002, 65:911-917.
67. Keller S.E., Miller A.J. Chapter 9: Microbiological safety of fresh citrus and apple juices. Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables 2006, 211-230. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. G.M. Sapers, J.R. Gorny, A.E. Yousef (Eds.).
68. Kenney S.J., Beuchat L.R. Comparison of aqueous commercial cleaners for effectiveness in removing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella muenchen from the surface of apples. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2002, 74:47-55.
69. Kim H., Ryu J.-H., Beuchat L.R. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii on fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its elimination. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2006, 111:134-143.
70. Kondo N., Murata M., Isshiki K. Efficiency of sodium hypochlorite, fumaric acid, and mild heat in killing native microflora and Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus attached to fresh-cut lettuce. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:323-329.
71. Koutchma T., Keller S.E., Parisi B., Chirtel S.J. Ultraviolet disinfection of juice products in laminar and turbulent flow reactors. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2004, 5:179-189.
72. Kozempel M.F., Marshall D.L., Radewonuk E.R., Scullen O.J., Goldberg N., Bal'a M.F.A. A rapid surface intervention process to kill Listeria innocua on catfish using cycles of vacuum and steam. J. Food Sci. 2001, 66:1012-1016.
73. Kumar M., Hora R., Kostrzynska M., Waites W.M., Warriner K. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on mung beans, alfalfa, and other seed types destined for sprout production by using an oxychloro-based sanitizer. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:1571-1578.
74. Lang M.M., Harris L.J., Beuchat L.R. Survival and recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce and parsley as affected by method of inoculation, time between inoculation and analysis, and treatment with chlorinated water. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67:1092-1103.
75. Lin J., Lee I.S., Frey J., Slonczewski J.L., Foster J.W. Comparative analysis of extreme acid survival in Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 1995, 177:4097-4104.
76. Lin J., Smith M.P., Chapin K.C., Baik H.S., Bennett G.N., Foster J.W. Mechanisms of acid resistance in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1996, 62:3094-3100.
77. McWatters K.H., Doyle M.P., Walker S.L., Rimal A.P., Venkitanarayanan K. Consumer acceptance of raw apples treated with an antibacterial solution designed for home use. Journal of Food Protection 2002, 65:106-110.
78. Merker R., Edelson-Mammel S., Davis V., Buchanan R.L. Preliminary experiments on the effect of temperature differences on dye uptake by oranges and grapefruit Vol. 2007. Accessed 6 Oct 2007, at. http://www.vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/juicexp.html.
79. Millard P.S., Gensheimer K.F., Addiss D.G., Sosin D.M., Beckett G.A., Houck-Jankoski A., Hudson A. An outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider. JAMA 1994, 272:1592-1596.
80. Ng P.J., Fleet G.H., Heard G.M. Pesticides as a source of microbial contamination of salad vegetables. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2005, 101:237-250.
81. Nthenge A.K., Weese J.S., Carter M., Wei C., Huang T. Efficacy of gamma radiation and aqueous chlorine on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in hydroponically grown lettuce plants. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:748-752.
82. Pao S., Davis C.L. Maximizing microbiological quality of fresh orange juice by processing sanitation and fruit surface treatments. Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation 2001, 21:287-291.
83. Pao S., Davis C.L., Kelsey D.F. Efficacy of alkaline washing for the decontamination of orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection 2000, 63:961-964.
84. Pao S., Davis C.L., Kelsey D.F., Petracek P.D. Sanitizing effects of fruit waxes at high pH and temperature on orange surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Science 1999, 64:359-362.
85. Pao S., Kelsey D.F., Khalid M.F., Ettinger M.R. Using aqueous chlorine dioxide to prevent contamination of tomatoes with Salmonella enterica and Erwinia carotovora during fruit washing. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:629-634.
86. Parish M.E. Public health and nonpasteurized fruit juices. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1997, 23:109-119.
87. Parnell T.L., Harris L.J., Suslow T.V. Reducing Salmonella on cantaloupes and honeydew melons using wash practices applicable to postharvest handling, foodservice, and consumer preparation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2005, 99:59-70.
88. Pierre P.M., Ryser E.T. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Listeria monocytogenes on inoculated alfalfa seeds with a fatty acid-based sanitizer. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:582-590.
89. Pirovani M.E., Guemes D.R., Di Pentima J.H., Tessi M.A. Survival of Salmonella hadar after washing disinfection of minimally processed spinach. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2000, 31:143-148.
90. Poubol J., Tsukada Y., Sera K., Izumi H. On-the-farm contamination of Satsuma mandarin fruit at different orchards in Japan. Acta Hort. 2006, 712:551-560.
91. Raiden R.M., Sumner S.S., Eifert J.D., Pierson M.D. Efficacy of detergents in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surface of fresh produce. Journal of Food Protection 2003, 66:2210-2215.
92. Riordan D.C.R., Sapers G.M., Annous B.A. The survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the presence of Penicillium expansium and Glomerella cingulata in wounds on apple surfaces. Journal of Food Protection 2000, 63:1637-1642.
93. Sado P.N., Jinneman K.C., Husby G.J., Sorg S.M., Omiecinski C.J. Identification of Listeria monocytogenes from unpasteurized apple juice using rapid test kits. Journal of Food Protection 1998, 61:1199-1202.
94. Saroj S.D., Shashidhar R., Pandey M., Dhokane V., Hajare S., Sharma A., Bandekar J.R. Effectiveness of radiation processing in elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from sprouts. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:1858-1864.
95. Schmidt H.M., Palekar M.P., Maxim J.E., Castillo A. Improving the microbiological quality and safety of fresh-cut tomatoes by low-dose electron beam irradiation. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 60:575-581.
96. Sivapalasingam S., Barrett E., Kimura A., Van Duyne S., De Witt W., Ying M., et al. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport infection linked to mango consumption: Impact of water-dip disinfestation technology. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003, 37:1585-1590.
97. Sorrells K.M., Enigl D.C., Hatfield J.R. Effect of pH, acidulant, time, and temperature on the growth and survival of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection 1989, 52:571-573.
98. Steele M., Odumeru J. Irrigation water as a source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67:2839-2849.
99. Thurston H., Stuart J., McDonnell B., Nicholas S., Cheasty T. Fresh orange juice implicated in an outbreak of Shigella flexneri among visitors to a South African game reserve. Journal of Infection 1998, 36:350.
100. Fruit and tree nuts: Background. ERS/USDA Briefing room 2004, Vol. 2007. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Accessed 17 April, 2007, at. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FruitandTreeNuts/background.htm.
101. 7 CFR Part 981: Almonds grown in California; Outgoing quality control requirements and request for approval of new information collection. Fed. Reg. 2006, 71:70683-70692. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
102. Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Vol. 2007. Accessed 6 Dec 2007, at. http://www.vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/prodguid.html.
103. 21 CFR Part 179. Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food. Federal Register 2000, 65:71056-71058. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
104. Action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in human food and animal feed U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Vol. 2007. Accessed 27 Nov 2007, at. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fdaact.html.
105. 21 CFR Part 120. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP); Procedures for the safe and sanitary processing and importing of juice. Final rule. Federal Register 2001, 66:6137-6202. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
106. Recommendations to processors of apple juice or cider on the use of ozone for pathogen reduction purposes U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Vol. 2007. Accessed 7 Aug 2007, at. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/juicgu13.html.
107. Letter to state regulatory agencies and firms that produce treated (but not pasteurized) and untreated juice and cider U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Vol. 2007. Accessed 7 Aug 2007, at. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/juicgu14.html.
108. The bad bug book U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Accessed 30 Nov 2007, at. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html.
109. Uesugi A.R., Danyluk M.D., Harris L.J. Survival of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 on inoculated almonds stored at -20, 4, 23, and 35 °C. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:1851-1857.
110. Uesugi A.R., Danyluk M.D., Mandrell R.E., Harris L.J. Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 30 from a single almond orchard over a 5-year period. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:1784-1789.
111. Uesugi A.R., Harris L.J. Growth of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 in almond hull and shell slurries and survival in drying almond hulls. Journal of Food Protection 2006, 69:712-718.
112. Venkitanarayanan K.S., Lin C., Bailey H., Doyle M.E. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on apples, oranges, and tomatoes by lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Food Protection 2002, 65:100-105.
113. Wells J.M., Butterfield J.E. Salmonella contamination associated with bacterial soft rot of fresh fruits and vegetables in the marketplace. Plant Disease 1997, 81:867-872.
114. Williams R.C., Sumner S.S., Golden D.A. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in apple cider and orange juice as affected by ozone and treatment temperature. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67:2381-2386.
115. Winfield M.D., Groisman E.A. Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2003, 69:3687-3694.
116. Wright J.R., Sumner S.S., Hackney C.R., Pierson M.D., Zoecklein B.W. Efficacy of ultraviolet light for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in unpasteurized apple cider. Journal of Food Protection 2000, 63:563-567.
117. Young Lee N., Jo C., Hwa Shin D., Geun Kim W., Woo Byun M. Effect of g-irradiation on pathogens inoculated into ready-to-use vegetables. Food Microbiology 2006, 23:649-656.
118. Zhuang R.Y., Beuchat L.R., Angulo F.J. Fate of Salmonella Montevideo on and in raw tomatoes as affected by temperature and treatment with chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995, 61:2127-2131.