The Moral Dyad: A Fundamental Template Unifying Moral Judgment

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 206-215

  Gray, Kurt ^a   Waytz, Adam ^b   Young, Liane ^c  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862160347     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2012.686247     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alicke, M. D. 2000. Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin, 126: 556-574.
2. Bartels, D. M. and Pizarro, D. A. in press. The mismeasurement of morals: Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition.
3. Bartels, D. M. and Urminsky, O. 2011. On intertemporal selfishness: How the perceived instability of identity underlies impatient consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 38: 182-198.
4. Bastian, B., Laham, S. M., Wilson, S., Haslam, N. and Koval, P. 2011. Blaming, praising, and protecting our humanity: The implications of everyday dehumanization for judgments of moral status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50: 469-483. doi:10.1348/014466610×521383
5. Bering, J. M. 2002. The existential theory of mind. Review of General Psychology, 6(1): 3-24. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.3
6. Brown, R. and Fish, D. 1983. The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition, 14: 237-273. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90006-9
7. Bryan, C. J. and Hershfield, H. E. 2011. You owe it to yourself: Boosting retirement saving with a responsibility-based appeal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, (Advance online Publication). doi:10.1037/a0026173
8. Bryant, A. 1977. The Anita Bryant story: The survival of our nation's families and the threat of militant homosexuality, Grand Rapids, MI: Revell.
9. Cacioppo, J. T. and Berntson, G. G. 1992. Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: Doctrine of multilevel analysis. American Psychologist, 47: 1019-1028. 10.1037/0003-066X.47.8.1019
10. Castano, E. and Giner-Sorolla, R. 2006. Not quite human: Infrahumanization in response to collective responsibility for intergroup killing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 804-818. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.804
11. Cima, M., Tonnaer, F. and Hauser, M. D. 2010. Psychopaths know right from wrong but don't care. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5: 59-67. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp051
12. Collins Dictionary. 2012. Essence Retrieved from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/essence
13. Craik, K. J. W. 1967. The nature of explanation, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
14. Cushman, F. 2008. Crime and punishment: Distinguishing the roles of causal and intentional analyses in moral judgment. Cognition, 108: 353-380. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.03.006
15. Cushman, F., Young, L. and Hauser, M. 2006. The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science, 17: 1082-1089. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01834.x
16. Decety, J., Echols, S. and Correll, J. 2009. The blame game: The effect of responsibility and social stigma on empathy for pain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22: 985-997. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21266
17. DeScioli, P. and Kurzban, R. 2009. Mysteries of morality. Cognition, 112: 281-299. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.008
18. Ditto, P. H. and Koleva, S. P. 2011. Moral empathy gaps and the American culture war. Emotion Review, 3: 331-332. doi:10.1177/1754073911402393
19. Dolan, M. and Fullam, R. 2004. Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 34: 1093-1102.
20. Dungan, J., Chakroff, A. and Young, L. 2012. Purity versus pain: Distinct moral concerns for self versus others Manuscript submitted for publication
21. Eberhardt, J. L., Davies, P. G., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J. and Johnson, S. L. 2006. Looking deathworthy perceived stereotypicality of black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychological Science, 17: 383-386. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x
22. Epley, N., Waytz, A. and Cacioppo, J. T. 2007. On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114: 864-886.
23. Ersner-Hershfield, H., Wimmer, G. E. and Knutson, B. 2009. Saving for the future self: Neural measures of future self-continuity predict temporal discounting. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4: 85-92. doi:10.1093/scan/nsn042
24. Glenn, A. L., Raine, A. and Schug, R. A. 2009. The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14: 5-6. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.104
25. Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L., Williams, M. J. and Jackson, M. C. 2008. Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94: 292-306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292
26. Graham, J., Haidt, J. and Nosek, B. A. 2009. Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96: 1029-1046. doi:10.1037/a0015141
27. Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S. and Ditto, P. H. 2011. Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101,: 366-385. doi:10.1037/ a0021847
28. Gray, H. M., Gray, K. and Wegner, D. M. 2007. Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315: 619
29. Gray, K. 2010. Moral transformation: Good and evil turn the weak into the mighty. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1: 253-258. doi:10.1177/1948550610367686
30. Gray, K. 2012. The power of good intentions: Perceived benevolence soothes pain, increases pleasure, and improves taste. Social Psychological and Personality Science., (Advance online publication.). doi: 10.1177/1948550611433470
31. Gray, K., Jenkins, A. C., Heberlein, A. S. and Wegner, D. M. 2011. Distortions of mind perception in psychopathology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108: 477-479. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015493108
32. Gray, K., Knobe, J., Sheskin, M., Bloom, P. and Barrett, L. F. 2011. More than a body: Mind perception and objectification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101: 1207-1220.
33. Gray, K. and Ward, A. F. 2011. The harm hypothesis: Perceived harm unifies morality Manuscript submitted for publication
34. Gray, K. and Wegner, D. M. 2009. Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96: 505-520. doi:10.1037/a0013748
35. Gray, K. and Wegner, D. M. 2010a. Blaming God for our pain: Human suffering and the divine mind. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14: 7-16. doi:10.1177/1088868309350299
36. Gray, K. and Wegner, D. M. 2010b. Torture and judgments of guilt. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46: 233-235. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.003
37. Gray, K. and Wegner, D. M. 2011. To escape blame, don't be a hero-Be a victim. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47: 516-519. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.012
38. Greene, J. D. and Amit, E. in press. You see, the ends don't justify the means: Visual imagery and moral judgment. Psychological Science.
39. Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M. and Cohen, J. D. 2001. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293: 2105-2108. doi:10.1126/science.1062872
40. Guglielmo, S., Monroe, A. E. and Malle, B. F. 2009. At the heart of morality lies folk psychology. Inquiry, 52: 449-466.
41. Haidt, J. 2001. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108: 814-834.
42. Haidt, J. 2007. The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316: 998-1002. doi:10.1126/science.1137651
43. Haidt, J. 2012. The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion, New York, NY: Pantheon.
44. Haidt, J. and Graham, J. 2007. When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1): 98-116. doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z
45. Haidt, J. and Joseph, C. 2004. Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133(4): 55-66.
46. Haidt, J., Koller, S. H. and Dias, M. G. 1993. Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 613-628.
47. Haley, K. J. and Fessler, D. M. T. 2005. Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26: 245-256. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.01.002
48. Hamlin, J. K. and Baron, A. S. 2012. My computer's out to get me: 6-month-old infants attribute agency to the mechanical causes of negative outcomes, Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia. Manuscript under review
49. Hamlin, J. K., Ullman, T., Tenenbaum, J. B., Goodman, N. and Baker, C. 2012. The mentalistic basis of core social cognition: Experiments in preverbal infants and a computational model Manuscript submitted for publication
50. Haslam, N. 2006. Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10: 252-264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
51. Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D. P. and Puvia, E. 2011. From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47: 572-581. doi:16/j.jesp.2010.12.020
52. Henrich, J., Heine, S. and Norenzayan, A. 2010. The weirdest people in the world?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3): 61-83.
53. Hershfield, H. E., Goldstein, D. G., Sharpe, W. F., Fox, J., Yeykelis, L., Carstensen, L. L. and Bailenson, J. N. 2011. Increasing saving behavior through age-progressed renderings of the future self. Journal of Marketing Research, 48: S23-S37. doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.SPL.S23
54. Hume, D. 1740. A treatise of human nature, New York, NY: Dover.
55. Janoff-Bulman, R. 2009. To provide or protect: Motivational bases of political liberalism and conservatism. Psychological Inquiry, 20: 120 doi:10.1080/10478400903028581
56. Janoff-Bulman, R., Sheikh, S. and Hepp, S. 2009. Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: Two faces of moral regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96: 521-537. doi:10.1037/a0013779
57. Knobe, J. 2003. Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63: 190-193.
58. Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M. and Damasio, A. 2007. Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature, 446: 908-911. doi:10.1038/nature05631
59. Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C. and Suitner, C. 2010. Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40: 709-717. doi:10.1002/ejsp.755
60. Malle, B. F., Guglielmo, S. and Monroe, A. E. in press. "Moral, cognitive, and social: The nature of blame". In Social thinking and interpersonal behavior, Edited by: Forgas, J., Fiedler, K. and Sedikides, C. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
61. Malle, B. F. and Holbrook, J. 2012. Is there a hierarchy of social inferences? The likelihood and speed of inferring intentionality, mind, and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102: 661-684. doi:10.1037/a0026790
62. Merriam-Webster. 2012. Essence Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/essence
63. Mikhail, J. 2007. Universal moral grammar: Theory, evidence and the future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11: 143-152. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.12.007
64. Mitchell, J. P., Schirmer, J., Ames, D. L. and Gilbert, D. T. 2010. Medial prefrontal cortex predicts intertemporal choice. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23: 857-866. doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21479
65. Murphy, G. L. 2004. The big book of concepts, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Pettigrew, T. F. 1979. The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(4): 461-476.
67. Pizarro, D. A. and Tannenbaum, D. 2011. "Bringing character back: How the motivation to evaluate character influences judgments of moral blame". In The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 91-108), Edited by: Mikulincer, M. and Shaver, P. R. Washington, DC: APA Press.
68. Pizarro, D. A., Uhlmann, E. and Bloom, P. 2003. Causal deviance and the attribution of moral responsibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39: 653-660. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00041-6
69. Pronin, E., Wegner, D. M., McCarthy, K. and Rodriguez, S. 2006. Everyday magical powers: The role of apparent mental causation in the overestimation of personal influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 218-231. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.218
70. Rai, T. S. and Fiske, A. P. 2011. Moral psychology is relationship regulation: Moral motives for unity, hierarchy, equality, and proportionality. Psychological Review, 118(1): 57-75. doi:10.1037/a0021867
71. Rochat, P., Striano, T. and Morgan, R. 2004. Who is doing what to whom? Young infants' developing sense of social causality in animated displays. Perception, 33: 355-369. doi:10.1068/p3389
72. Rogers, K., Dziobek, I., Hassenstab, J., Wolf, O. T. and Convit, A. 2006. Who cares? Revisiting empathy in asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37: 709-715. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0197-8
73. Rosch, E. 1978. "Priniciples of categorization". In Cognition and Categorization (pp. 27-48), Edited by: Rosch, E. and Lloyd, B. B. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
74. Shariff, A. F. and Norenzayan, A. 2007. God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18: 803-809. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01983.x
75. Shenhav, A. and Greene, J. D. 2010. Moral judgments recruit domain-general valuation mechanisms to integrate representations of probability and magnitude. Neuron, 67: 667-677. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.020
76. Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M. and Miller, J. 1987. "Culture and moral development". In The emergence of morality in young children, Edited by: Kagan, J. and Lamb, S. 1-83. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
77. Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M. and Park, L. 1997. "The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity), and the "big three" explanations of suffering". In Morality and health, 119-169. New York, NY: Routledge.
78. Skitka, L. J. and Bauman, C. W. 2008. Moral conviction and political engagement. Political Psychology, 29: 29-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00611.x
79. Small, D. A. and Loewenstein, G. 2003. Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiability. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 26(1): 5-16.
80. Smith, E. R. and Miller, F. D. 1983. Mediation among attributional inferences and comprehension processes: Initial findings and a general method. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44: 492-505. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.3. 492
81. Vaish, A., Carpenter, M. and Tomasello, M. 2009. Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45: 534-543. doi:10.1037/a0014322
82. van Leeuwen, F and Park, J. H. 2011. Moral virtues and political orientation: Assessing priorities under constraint, Bristol, UK: University of Bristol. Unpublished manuscript
83. Waytz, A. and Epley, N. 2012. Social connection enables dehumanization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48: 70-76.
84. Waytz, A., Epley, N. and Cacioppo, J. T. 2010. Social cognition unbound. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19: 58-62. doi:10.1177/0963721409359302
85. Waytz, A., Gray, K., Epley, N. and Wegner, D. M. 2010. Causes and consequences of mind perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14: 383-388.
86. Waytz, A. and Young, L. 2012. The group-member mind tradeoff: Attributing mind to groups versus group members. Psychological Science, 23: 77-85.
87. Weiner, B. 1980. A cognitive (attribution)-emotion-action model of motivated behavior: An analysis of judgments of help-giving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39: 186-200.
88. Weiner, B. 1995. Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of conduct of social conduct, New York, NY: Guilford.
89. Young, L., Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M. and Newman, J. P. 2012. Psychopathy increases perceived moral permissibility of accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0027489
90. Young, L. and Saxe, R. 2011. The role of intent for distinct moral domains. Cognition, 120: 202-214.