Measuring the Toughness of Primate Foods and its Ecological Value

International Journal of Primatology

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 598-610

  Lucas, Peter W ^a   Copes, Lynn ^b   Constantino, Paul J ^c   Vogel, Erin R ^d   Chalk, Janine ^e   Talebi, Mauricio ^f   Landis, Mariana ^g   Wagner, Mark ^h  

^a KUWAIT UNIVERSITY   (Kuwait)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Department of Biological Sciences   (United States)

^d RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^g Instituto Pró Muriqui   (Brazil)

^h The George Washington University   (United States)

Author keywords

Fiber content; Methods; Plant cell walls; Primate feeding toughness

Indexed keywords

DENTITION; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FEEDING; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD QUALITY; MECHANICAL PROPERTY; PRIMATE;

PRIMATES;

EID: 84861810564     PISSN: 01640291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9540-9     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Agrawal, K. R., & Lucas, P. W. (2003). Mechanics of the first bite. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 1277-1282.
2. Agrawal, K. R., Ang, K. Y., Sui, Z., Tan, H. T. W., & Lucas, P. W. (2008). Methods of ingestion and incisal designs. In J. D. Irish & G. C. Nelson (Eds.), Technique and application in dental anthropology (pp. 349-363). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3. Ang, K. Y., Lucas, P. W., & Tan, H. T. W. (2006). Incisal orientation and biting efficiency. Journal of Human Evolution, 50, 663-672.
4. Ang, K. Y., Lucas, P. W., & Tan, H. T. W. (2008). A novel way of measuring the fracture toughness of leaves and other thin films using a single inclined razor blade. The New Phytologist, 177, 830-837.
5. Aranwela, N., Sanson, G., & Read, J. (1999). Methods of assessing leaf-fracture properties. The New Phytologist, 144, 369-383.
6. Ashby, M. F., Evans, A. G., Fleck, N. A., Hutchinson, J. W., Wadley, H. N. G., & Gibson, L. G. (2000). Metal foams: A design guide. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
7. Atkins, A. G., & Mai, Y.-W. (1979). On the guillotining of materials. Journal of Materials Science, 14, 2747-2754.
8. Atkins, A. G., & Mai, Y.-W. (1985). Elastic and plastic fracture. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
9. Byrne, R. W., & Byrne, J. M. E. (1993). Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology, 31, 241-261.
10. Chai, H., Lee, J. J.-W., Constantino, P., Lucas, P. W., & Lawn, B. R. (2009). Remarkable resilience of teeth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 106, 7289-7293.
11. Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Naughton-Treves, L., Lawes, M. J., & McDowell, L. R. (2004). Predicting folivorous primate abundance: Validation of a nutritional model. American Journal of Primatology, 65, 55-69.
12. Choong, M. F., Lucas, P. W., Ong, J. Y. S., Pereira, B. P., Tan, H. T. W., & Turner, I. M. (1992). Leaf fracture toughness and sclerophylly: Their correlations and ecological implications. The New Phytologist, 121, 597-610.
13. Coley, P. D. (1983). Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical rainforest. Ecological Monographs, 53, 209-233.
14. Coley, P. D., & Kursar, T. A. (1996). Anti-herbivore defenses of young tropical leaves: physiological constraints and ecological trade-offs. In S. S. Mulkey, R. L. Chazdon, & A. P. Smith (Eds.), Tropical forest plant ecophysiology (pp. 305-336). New York: Chapman & Hall.
15. Constantino, P. J., Markham, K. & Lucas, P. W. (in press). Tooth chipping as a tool to reconstruct primate diets. International Journal ofPrimatology.
16. Deane, A. (2009). First contact: Understanding the relationship between hominoid incisor curvature and diet. Journal of Human Evolution, 56, 263-274.
17. Dominy, N. J. (2004). Color as an indicator of food quality to anthropoid primates: Ecological evidence and an evolutionary scenario. In C. Ross & R. F. Kay (Eds.), Anthropoid origins: New visions (pp. 615-644). New York: Kluwer Academic.
18. Dominy, N. J., Vogel, E. R., Yeakel, J. D., Constantino, P., & Lucas, P. W. (2008). Mechanical properties of plant underground storage organs and implications for dietary models of early hominins. Evolutionary Biology, 35, 159-175.
19. Edwards, C., Read, J., & Sanson, G. (2000). Characterising sclerophylly: Some mechanical properties of leaves from heath and forest. Oecologia, 123, 158-167.
20. Elgart-Berry, A. (2004). Fracture toughness of mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) food plants. American Journal of Primatology, 62, 275-285.
21. Evans, A. G. (1990). Perspective on the development of high-toughness ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 73, 187-206.
22. Ganzhorn, J. U. (1992). Leaf chemistry and the biomass of folivorous primates in tropical forests. Oecologia, 91, 540-547.
23. Gibson, L. J., Ashby, M. F., & Easterling, K. E. (1988). The structure and mechanics of the iris leaf. Journal of Materials Science, 23, 3041-3048.
24. Goh, S. M., Charalambides, M. N., & Williams, J. G. (2003). Mechanical properties and sensory texture assessment of cheeses. Journal of Texture Studies, 34, 181-201.
25. Goh, S. M., Charalambides, M. N., & Williams, J. G. (2005). On the mechanics of wire cutting of cheese. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 72, 931-946.
26. Gordon, J. E. (1978). Structures: Or why things don't fall down. London: Penguin.
27. Gordon, J. E., & Jeronimidis, G. (1974). Work of fracture. Nature, 252, 116.
28. Henry, D., Macmillan, R., & Simpson, R. (1996). Measurement of the shear and tensile fracture properties of leaves of pasture grasses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 587-603.
29. Hill, D. A., & Lucas, P. W. (1996). Toughness and fiber content of major leaf foods of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in Yakushima. American Journal of Primatology, 38, 221-231.
30. Hylander, W. L., Johnson, K. R., & Crompton, A. W. (1992). Muscle force recruitment and biomechanical modelling: An analysis of masseter muscle function during mastication in Macaca fascicularis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 88, 365-387.
31. Jeronimidis, G. (1980). The fracture behavior of wood and the relations between toughness and morphology. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 208, 447-460.
32. Kamyab, I., Chakrabarti, S., & Williams, J. G. (1998). Cutting cheese with wire. Journal of Materials Science, 33, 2763-2770.
33. Kay, R. F. (1975). The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 42, 195-215.
34. Keckes, K., Burgert, I., Frühmann, K., Müller, M., Kölln, K., Hamilton, M., et al. (2003). Cell-wall recovery after irreversible deformation of wood. Nature Materials, 2, 810-813.
35. Khan, A. A., & Vincent, J. F. V. (1993). Anisotropy in the fracture properties of apple flesh as investigated by crack-opening tests. Journal of Materials Science, 28, 45-51.
36. Khan, A. A., & Vincent, J. F. V. (1996). Mechanical damage induced by controlled freezing in apple and potato. Journal of Texture Studies, 27, 143-157.
37. Lawn, B. R. (1993). Fracture of brittle solids (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Lucas, P. W. (2004). Dental functional morphology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
39. Lucas, P. W., & Pereira, B. (1990). Estimation of the fracture toughness of leaves. Functional Ecology, 4, 819-822.
40. Lucas, P. W., Choong, M. F., Tan, H. T. W., Turner, I. M., & Berrick, A. J. (1991). The fracture toughness of the leaf of the dicotyledon Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 334, 95-106.
41. Lucas, P. W., Tan, H. T. W., & Cheng, P. Y. (1997). The toughness of secondary cell wall and woody tissue. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 352, 341-352.
42. Lucas, P. W., Turner, I. M., Dominy, N. J., & Yamashita, N. (2000). Mechanical defences to herbivory. Annals of Botany, 86, 913-920.
43. Lucas, P. W., Constantino, P., Wood, B. A., & Lawn, B. R. (2008). Dental enamel as a dietary indicator in mammals. Bioessays, 30, 374-285.
44. Lucas, P. W., Constantino, P. J., Chalk, J., Ziscovici, C., Wright, B. W., Fragaszy, D. M., et al. (2009). Indentation as a technique to assess the mechanical properties of fallback foods. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 140, 643-652.
45. Lucas, P. W., Osorio, D., Yamashita, N., Prinz, J. F., Dominy, N. J., & Darvell, B. W. (2011). Dietary analysis I: Physics. In J. Setchell & D. Curtis (Eds.), Field and laboratory methods in primatology (2nd ed., pp. 237-254). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
46. Milton, K. (1991). Pectin content of neotropical plant parts. Biotropica, 23, 90-92.
47. Oates, J. F., Whitesides, G. H., Davies, A. G., Waterman, P. G., Green, S. M., Dasilva, G., et al. (1990). Determinants of variation in tropical forest primate biomass: New evidence from West Africa. Ecology, 71, 328-343.
48. Onoda, Y., Schieving, F., & Anten, N. P. R. (2008). Effects of light and nutrient availability on leaf mechanical properties of Plantago major: A conceptual approach. Annals of Botany, 101, 727-736.
49. Onoda, Y., et al. (2011). Global patterns of leaf mechanical properties. Ecology Letters, 14, 301-312.
50. Osborn, J. W., Baragar, F. A., & Grey, P. (1987). The functional advantage of proclined incisors in man. In D. E. Russell, J. P. Santoro & D. Sigognean-Russell (Eds.), Teeth revisited: Proceedings of VII International Symposium on Dental Morphology. Memoirs du Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Serie C), 53, 445-458.
51. Paphangkorakit, J., & Osborn, J. W. (1997). The effect of pressure on a maximum incisal bite force in a man. Archives of Oral Biology, 42, 11-17.
52. Paphangkorakit, J., & Osborn, J. W. (1998). Effects on human maximum bite force of biting on a softer or harder object. Archives of Oral Biology, 43, 833-839.
53. Read, J., & Sanson, G. D. (2003). Characterizing sclerophylly: The mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types. The New Phytologist, 160, 81-99.
54. Sanson, G. (2006). The biomechanics of browsing and grazing. American Journal of Botany, 93, 1531-1545.
55. Sui, Z. Q., Agrawal, K. R., Corke, H., & Lucas, P. W. (2006). Biting efficiency in relation to incisal angulation. Archives of Oral Biology, 51, 491-497.
56. Teaford, M. F., Lucas, P. W., Ungar, P. S., & Glander, K. E. (2006). Mechanical defenses in leaves eaten by Costa Rican howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129, 99-104.
57. Tonooka, R. (2001). Leaf-folding behavior for drinking water by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. Animal Cognition, 4, 325-334.
58. van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
59. Vincent, J. F. V. (1990). Fracture in plants. Advances in Botanical Research, 17, 235-282.
60. Vincent, J. F. V. (1992). Biomechanics-materials: A practical approach. Oxford: IRL Press.
61. Vincent, J. F. V., Jeronimidis, G., Khan, A. A., & Luyten, H. (1991). The wedge fracture test: A new method for measurement of food texture. Journal of Texture Studies, 22, 45-57.
62. Vincent, J. F. V., Saunders, D. E. J., & Beyts, P. (2002). The use of stress intensity factor to quantify "hardness" and "crunchiness" objectively. Journal of Texture Studies, 33, 149-159.
63. Vogel, E. R., van Woerden, J. T., Lucas, P. W., Utami Atmoko, S. S., & van Schaik, C. P. (2008). Functional ecology and evolution of hominoid enamel thickness: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii and Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 60-74.
64. Vogel, E. R., Haag, L., Parker, G. G., Mitra-Setia, T., van Schaik, C. P., & Dominy, N. (2009). Foraging and ranging behavior during a fallback episode: Hylobates albibarbis and Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii compared. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 140, 716-726.
65. Williams, S. H., Wright, B. W., van den Truong, Daubert, C. R., & Vinyard, C. J. (2005). Mechanical properties of foods used in experimental studies of primate masticatory function. American Journal of Primatology, 67, 329-346.
66. Wrangham, R., Conklin, N. L., Chapman, C. A., & Hunt, K. D. (1991). The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 334, 171-178.
67. Wrangham, R. W., Conklin-Brittain, N. L., & Hunt, K. D. (1998). Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance. I. Antifeedants. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 949-970.
68. Wright, B. W. (2005). Craniodental biomechanics and dietary toughness in the genus Cebus. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 473-492.
69. Wright, I. J., & Cannon, K. (2001). Relationships between leaf lifespan and structural defences in a low-nutrient, sclerophyll flora. Functional Ecology, 15, 351-359.
70. Wright, W., & Illius, A. W. (1995). A comparative study of the fracture properties of 5 grasses. Functional Ecology, 9, 269-278.
71. Wright, B. W., Ulibarri, L., O'Brien, J., Sadler, B., Prodhan, R., Covert, H. H., et al. (2008). It's tough out there: Variation in the toughness of ingested leaves and feeding behavior among four Colobinae in Vietnam. International Journal of Primatology, 29, 1455-1466.
72. Yamashita, N. (2003). Food procurement and tooth use in two sympatric lemur species. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 121, 125-133.
73. Yamashita, N., Vinyard, C. J., & Tan, C. L. (2009). Primate food mechanical properties in three sympatric species of Hapalemur in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139, 368-291.