Eocene-early miocene paleotopography of the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin-Nevadaplano based on widespread ash-flow tuffs and paleovalleys

Geosphere

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-27

  Henry, Christopher D ^a   Hinz, Nicholas H ^a   Faulds, James E ^a   Colgan, Joseph P ^b   John, David A ^b   Brooks, Elwood R ^c   Cassel, Elizabeth J ^d   Garside, Larry J ^a   Davis, David A ^a   Castor, Steven B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d FRANKLIN AND MARSHALL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASH FLOW; EOCENE; MIOCENE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOTOPOGRAPHY; TUFF; UPLAND REGION;

CALIFORNIA; GREAT BASIN; SIERRA NEVADA [CALIFORNIA]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84861692018     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00727.1     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. 39Ar dating of detrital micas from Oligocene-Pleistocene sandstones of the Olympic Peninsula, Klamath Mountains, and northern California Coast Ranges: Provenance and paleodrainage patterns: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 735-745, doi: 10.1139/e98-025.
2. Abbott, P.L., and Smith, T.E., 1978, Trace-element comparison of clasts in Eocene conglomerates, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico: Journal of Geology, v. 86, p. 753-762, doi: 10.1086/649742.
3. Abbott, P.L., and Smith, T.E., 1989, Sonora, Mexico, source for the Eocene Poway Conglomerate of southern California: Geology, v. 17, p. 329-332, doi: 10.1130 /0091-7613(1989)017<0329:SMSFTE>2.3.CO;2.
4. Allen, V.T., 1929, The Ione Formation of California: Berkeley: University of California Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin, v. 18, p. 347-448.
5. Bailey, R.A., 1989, Geologic map of Long Valley caldera, Mono-Inyo craters volcanic chain, and vicinity, eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series I-1933, scale 1:62,500.
6. Barnes, H., Ekren, E.B., Rogers, C.L., and Hedlund, D.C., 1982, Geologic and tectonic maps of the Mercury quadrangle, Nye and Clark Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map I-1197, scale 1:24,000.
7. Barrows, K.J., 1971, Geology of the southern Desatoya Mountains, Churchill and Lander Counties, Nevada [Ph.D. thesis]: Los Angeles, University of California, 349 p.
8. Barton, M.D., Battles, D.A., Debout, C.E., Capo, R.C., Christensen, J.N., Davis, S.R., Hanson, R.B., Michelson, C.J., and Trim, H.G., 1988, Mesozoic contact metamorphism in the western United States, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and crustal evolution of the western United States: Rubey Volume 7: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 110-178.
9. Bartow, J.A., and McDougall, K., 1984, Tertiary stratigraphy of the southeastern San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1529-J, 41 p.
10. Bateman, P.C., 1992, Plutonism in the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1483, 186 p.
11. Bateman, P.C., and Wahrhaftig, C., 1966, Geology of the Sierra Nevada, in Bailey, E.H., ed., Geology of northern California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 190, p. 107-172.
12. Beard, L.S., 1996, Paleogeography of the Horse Spring Formation in relation to the Lake Mead fault system, Virgin Mountains, Nevada and Arizona, in Beratan, K.K., ed., Reconstructing the history of Basin and Range extension using sedimentology and stratigraphy: Geological Society of America Special Paper 303, p. 27-60, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2303-5.27.
13. Beard, L.S., Young, R.A., and Faulds, J.E., 2010, Structure, paleogeography, and extensional foundering of the Kingman uplift, northwest Arizona and southeast Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 5, p. 75.
14. Bent, J.V., 1988, Paleotectonics and provenance of Tertiary sandstones of the San Joaquin Basin, California, in Graham, S.A., and Olsen, H.C., eds., Studies of the geology of the San Joaquin Basin: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Book 60, p. 109-127.
15. 2 over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v. 301, p. 182-204, doi: 10.2475/ajs.301.2.182.
16. Best, M.G., Christiansen, E.H., Deino, A.L., Grommé, C.S., McKee, E.H., and Noble, D.C., 1989, Excursion 3A: Eocene through Miocene volcanism in the Great Basin of the western United States, in Chapin, C.E., and Zidek, J., eds., Field excursions to volcanic terranes in the western United States, Volume II: Cascades and intermountain west: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 47, p. 91-133.
17. Best, M.G., Christiansen, E.H., Deino, A.L., Gromme, C.S., and Tingey, D.G., 1995, Correlation and emplacement of a large, zoned, discontinuously exposed ash flow sheet: The 40Ar chronology, paleomagnetism, and petrology of the Pahranagat Formation, Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 24,593-24,609, doi: 10.1029/95JB01690.
18. Best, M.G., Barr, D.L., Christiansen, E.H., Gromme, S., Deino, A.L., and Tingey, D.G., 2009, The Great Basin Altiplano during the middle Cenozoic ignimbrite flareup: Insights from volcanic rocks: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 589-633, doi: 10.1080 /00206810902867690.
19. Bohannon, R.G., 1984, Nonmarine sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age in the Lake Mead region, southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1259, 72 p.
20. Brooks, E.R., Wood, M.M., Boehme, D.R., Potter, K.L., and Marcus, B.I., 2003, Geologic map of the Haskell Peak area, Sierra County, California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 55, scale 1:24,000.
21. Brooks, E.R., Henry, C.D., and Faulds, J.E., 2008, Age and character of silicic ash-flow tuffs at Haskell Peak, Sierra County, California: Part of a major Eocene(?)- Oligocene paleovalley spanning the Sierra Nevada- Basin and Range boundary: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 55A, scale 1:24,000, 39 p.
22. 39Ar ages and tectonic setting of the middle Eocene northeast Nevada volcanic field: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,403-10,416, doi: 10.1029 /94JB03389.
23. Buesch, D.C., 1992, Incorporation and redistribution of locally derived lithic fragments within a pyroclastic flow: Geological Society of America, v. 104, p. 1193-1207, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1193:IAROLD >2.3.CO;2.
24. Busby, C.J., DeOreo, S.B., Skilling, I., Gans, P.B., and Hagan, J.C., 2008, Carson Pass-Kirkwood paleocanyon system: Paleogeography of the ancestral Cascades arc and implications for landscape evolution of the Sierra Nevada (California): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 274-299, doi: 10.1130 /B25849.1.
25. California Geological Survey, 2009, Geological hazard notice: Smectite clay deposits in Sierra Nevada foothills: California Geological Survey GeoHazard Notice 2009-001, 4 p
26. Cas, R.A.F., and Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic successions; modern and ancient: London, Allen and Unwin, 528 p.
27. Cassel, E.J., and Graham, S.A., 2011, Paleovalley morphology and fluvial system evolution of Eocene-Oligocene sediments ("auriferous gravels"), northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for climate, tectonics, and topography: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 1699-1719, doi: 10.1130/B30356.1.
28. Cassel, E.J., Calvert, A., and Graham, S.A., 2009a, Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano: Inter national Geology Review, v. 51, p. 723-742, doi: 10.1080/00206810902880370.
29. Cassel, E.J., Graham, S.A., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2009b, Cenozoic tectonic and topographic evolution of the northern Sierra Nevada, California, through stable isotope paleoaltimetry in volcanic glass: Geology, v. 37, p. 547-550, doi: 10.1130/G25572A.1.
30. Cassel, E.J., Henry, C.D., Graham, S.A., and Chamberlain, P.C., 2010, Determining Oligocene topography and tectonism across the northern Sierra Nevada and western Basin and Range using stable isotope paleo altimetry in volcanic glass: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 5, p. 184.
31. Cassel, E.J., Graham, S.A., Chamberlain, C.P., and Henry, C.D., 2012a, Early Cenozoic topography, morphology, and tectonics of the northern Sierra Nevada and western Basin and Range: Geosphere, v. 8, doi:10.1130/ GES00671.1 (in press).
32. Cassel, E.J., Grove, M., and Graham, S.A., 2012b, Eocene drainage evolution and erosion of the Sierra Nevada batholith across northern California and Nevada: American Journal of Science (in press).
33. Cecil, M.R., Ducea, M.N., Reiners, P.W., and Chase, C.G., 2006, Cenozoic exhumation of the northern Sierra Nevada, California, from (U-Th)/He thermochronology: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 1481-1488, doi: 10.1130/B25876.1.
34. Cecil, M.R., Ducea, M.N., Reiners, P., Gehrels, G., Mulch, A., Allen, C., and Campbell, I., 2010, Provenance of Eocene river sediments from the central northern Sierra Nevada and implications for paleotopography: Tectonics, v. 29, TC6010, doi: 10.1029/2010TC002717.
35. Cemen, I., Wright, L.A., and Prave, A.R., 1999, Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of the latest Oligocene and early Miocene sedimentary succession, southernmost Funeral Mountains, Death Valley region, California, in Wright, L.A., and Troxel, B.W., eds., Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley region: Geological Society of America Special Paper 333, p. 65-86, doi: 10.1130 /0-8137-2333-7.65.
36. Chetel, L.M., Janecke, S.U., Carroll, A.R., Beard, B.L., Johnson, C.M., and Singer, B.S., 2011, Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Eocene Idaho River, North American Cordillera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 71-88, doi: 10.1130 /B30213.1.
37. Clark, M.K., Maheo, G., Saleeby, J., and Farley, K.A., 2005, The non-equilibrium landscape of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: GSA Today, v. 15, p. 4-10, doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015[4:TNLOTS]2.0.CO;2.
38. Colgan, J.P., 2011, Two-stage model for exhumation of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt metamorphic core complex: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 43, no. 4, p. 4.
39. Colgan, J.P., and Henry, C.D., 2009, Rapid middle Miocene collapse of the Sevier orogenic plateau in north-central Nevada: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 920-961, doi: 10.1080/00206810903056731.
40. Colgan, J.P., Howard, K.A., Fleck, R.J., and Wooden, J.L., 2010, Rapid middle Miocene extension and unroofing of the southern Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Tectonics, v. 29, TC6022, doi: 10.1029/2009TC002655.
41. Cousens, B., Prytulak, J., Henry, C.D., Alcazar, A., and Brownrigg, T., 2008, The geology and geochemistry of the Miocene-Pliocene Ancestral Cascades arc, northern Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada: The roles of the upper mantle, subducting slab, and the Sierra Nevada lithosphere: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 829-853, doi: 10.1130/GES00166.1.
42. Cousens, B.L., Henry, C.D., Harvey, B.J., Brownrigg, T., Prytulak, J., and Allan, J.F., 2011, Secular variations in magmatism during a continental arc to post-arc transition: Plio-Pleistocene volcanism in the Lake Tahoe/ Truckee area, northern Sierra Nevada, California: Lithos, v. 123, p. 225-242, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.09.009.
43. Creely, S., and Force, E.R., 2007, Type region of the Ione Formation (Eocene), central California: Stratigraphy, paleogeography, and relation to Auriferous Gravels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1378, 65 p.
44. Crowley, B.E., Koch, P.L., and Davis, E.B., 2008, Stable isotope constraints on the elevation history of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 588-598, doi: 10.1130 /B26254.1.
45. Davis, S.J., Dickinson, W.R., Gehrels, G.E., Spencer, J.E., Lawton, T.F., and Carroll, A.R., 2010, The Paleogene California River: Evidence of Mojave-Uinta paleodrainage from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons: Geology, v. 38, p. 931-934, doi: 10.1130/G31250.1.
46. DeCelles, P.G., 1988, Middle Cenozoic depositional, tectonic, and sea level history of southern San Joaquin Basin, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 72, p. 1297-1322.
47. DeCelles, P.G., 2004, Late Jurassic to Eocene evolution of the Cordilleran thrust belt and foreland basin system, western USA: American Journal of Science, v. 304, p. 105-168, doi: 10.2475/ajs.304.2.105.
48. Deino, A.L., 1985, Stratigraphy, chemistry, K-Ar dating, and paleomagnetism of the Nine Hill Tuff, California-Nevada [Ph.D. thesis]: Berkeley, University of California, 457 p.
49. 39Ar dating as an aid in correlation of ash flows: Examples from the Chimney Springs/New Pass Tuffs and the Nine Hill/ Bates Mountain Tuffs of California and Nevada: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Continental Magmatism Abstracts Bulletin, v. 131, p. 70.
50. Dickinson, W.R., 2006, Geotectonic evolution of the Great Basin: Geosphere, v. 2, p. 353-368, doi: 10.1130 /GES00054.1.
51. Dickinson, W.R., Klute, M.A., Hayes, M.J., Janecke, S.U., Lundin, E.R., McKittrick, M.A., and Olivares, M.D., 1988, Paleogeographic and paleotectonic setting of Laramide sedimentary basins in the central Rocky Mountain region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1023-1039, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1988)100<1023:PAPSOL>2.3.CO;2.
52. Dilek, Y., and Moores, E.M., 1999, A Tibetan model for the early Tertiary western United States: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 156, p. 929-941, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0929.
53. Druschke, P., Hanson, A.D., and Wells, M., 2009, Structural, stratigraphic, and geochronologic evidence for extension predating Palaeogene volcanism in the Sevier hinterland, east-central Nevada: International Geology Review, v. 51, p. 743-775, doi: 10.1080 /00206810902917941.
54. Ducea, M.N., 2001, The California arc: Thick granitic batholiths, eclogitic residues, lithospheric-scale thrusting, and magmatic flare-ups: GSA Today, v. 11, p. 4-10, doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2001)011<0004:TCATGB >2.0.CO;2.
55. Ducea, M.N., and Saleeby, J.B., 1998, A case for delamination of the deep batholithic crust beneath the Sierra Nevada, California: International Geology Review, v. 40, p. 78-93, doi: 10.1080/00206819809465199.
56. Dumitru, T.A., 1990, Subnormal Cenozoic geothermal gradients in the extinct Sierra Nevada magmatic arc: Consequences of Laramide and post-Laramide shallowangle subduction: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 4925-4941, doi: 10.1029/JB095iB04p04925.
57. Ernst, W.G., 2010, Young convergent-margin orogens, climate, and crustal thickness-A Late Cretaceous-Paleogene Nevadaplano in the American Southwest?: Lithosphere, v. 2, p. 67-75, doi: 10.1130/L84.1.
58. Farmer, G.L., Glazner, A.F., and Manley, C.R., 2002, Did lithospheric delamination trigger late Cenozoic potassic volcanism in the southern Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 754-782, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0754:DLDTLC >2.0.CO;2.
59. Faulds, J.E., Feuerbach, D.L., Miller, C.F., and Smith, E.I., 2001, Cenozoic evolution of the northern Colorado River extensional corridor, southern Nevada and northwest Arizona: Pacific Section, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Publication GB 78, p. 239-272.
60. Faulds, J.E., Henry, C.D., and Hinz, N.H., 2005, Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific-North American plate boundary: Geology, v. 33, p. 505-508, doi: 10.1130/ G21274.1.
61. Ferguson, C.A., 2008, Silver Creek caldera, probable source of the Miocene Peach Spring Tuff, Oatman Mining District, Arizona: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 40, no. 1, p. 33.
62. Figueroa, A.M., and Knott, J.R., 2010, Tectonic geomorphology of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains (California): Evidence for uplift and basin formation: Geomorphology, v. 123, p. 34-45, doi: 10.1016 /j.geomorph.2010.06.009.
63. Flowers, R.M., Wernicke, B.P., and Farley, K.A., 2008, Unroofing, incision, and uplift history of the southwestern Colorado Plateau from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 571-587, doi: 10.1130/B26231.1.
64. Gans, P.B., 1997, Large-magnitude Oligo-Miocene extension in southern Sonora: Implications for the tectonic evolution of northwest Mexico: Tectonics, v. 16, p. 388-408, doi: 10.1029/97TC00496.
65. Garside, L.J., Henry, C.D., Faulds, J.E., and Hinz, N.H., 2005, The upper reaches of the Sierra Nevada auriferous gold channels, in Rhoden, H.N., et al., eds., Window to the world: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, p. 209-235.
66. Glazner, A.F., Nielson, J.E., Howard, K.A., and Miller, D.M., 1986, Correlation of the Peach Springs Tuff, a large-volume Miocene ignimbrite sheet in California and Arizona: Geology, v. 14, p. 840-843, doi: 10.1130 /0091-7613(1986)14<840:COTPST>2.0.CO;2.
67. Goldstrand, P.M., 1992, Evolution of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary basins of southwest Utah based on clastic petrology: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 62, p. 495-507, doi: 10.1306/D4267933-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
68. Goldstrand, P.M., 1994, Tectonic development of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene strata of southwestern Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 145-154, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0145:TDOUCT>2.3.CO;2.
69. Gonsior, Z.J., and Dilles, J.H., 2008, timing and evolution of Cenozoic extensional normal faulting and magmatism in the southern Tobin Range, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 687-712, doi: 10.1130/GES00137.1.
70. Graham, S.A., and Olsen, H.C., eds., 1988, Studies of the geology of the San Joaquin Basin: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Book 60, 351 p.
71. Gromme, C.S., McKee, E.H., and Blake, M.C., Jr., 1972, Paleomagnetic correlations and potassium-argon dating of middle Tertiary ash-flow sheets in the eastern Great Basin, Nevada and Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1619-1638, doi: 10.1130 /0016-7606(1972)83[1619:PCAPDO]2.0.CO;2.
72. Hanson, A.D., 2008, Detrital zircon constraints on the Jean conglomerate and Sevier unroofing near Las Vegas: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 40, no. 1, p. 56.
73. Harding, J.P., Gehrels, G.E., Harwood, D.S., and Girty, G.H., 2000, Detrital zircon geochronology of the Shoo Fly Complex, northern Sierra terrane, northeastern California, in Soreghan, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., eds., Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, p. 43-55, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2347-7.43.
74. Hay, D.C., and Dempster, T.J., 2009, Zircon alteration, formation and preservation in sandstones: Sedimentology, v. 56, p. 2175-2191, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01075.x.
75. Haynes, S.R., 2003, Development of the Eocene Elko basin, northeastern Nevada: Implications for paleogeography and regional tectonism [M.S. thesis]: Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 159 p.
76. Heller, P.L., Peterman, Z.E., O'Neil, J.R., and Shafiqullah, M., 1985, Isotopic provenance of sandstone from the Eocene Tyee Formation, Oregon Coast Range: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 770-780, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<770:IPOSFT >2.0.CO;2.
77. Heller, P.L., Tabor, R.W., and Suczek, C.A., 1987, Paleogeographic evolution of the United States Pacific Northwest during Paleogene time: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 1652-1667, doi: 10.1139/e87-159.
78. Henry, C.D., 2008, Ash-flow tuffs and paleovalleys in northeastern Nevada: Implications for Eocene paleogeography and extension in the Sevier hinterland, northern Great Basin: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 1-35, doi: 10.1130 /GES00122.1.
79. Henry, C.D., and Faulds, J.E., 2010, Ash-flow tuffs in the Nine Hill, Nevada, paleovalley and implications for tectonism and volcanism of the western Great Basin, USA: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 339-369, doi: 10.1130 /GES00548.1.
80. Henry, C.D., McGrew, A.J., Colgan, J.P., Snoke, A.W., and Brueseke, M.E., 2011, Timing, distribution, amount, and style of Cenozoic extension in the northern Great Basin, in Lee, J., and Evans, J.P., eds., Geologic field trips to the Basin and Range, Rocky Mountains, Snake River Plain, and terranes of the U.S. Cordillera: Geological Society of America Field Guide 21, p. 27-66.
81. Hildreth, W., and Wilson, C.J.N., 2007, Compositional zoning of the Bishop Tuff: Journal of Petrology, v. 48, p. 951-999, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egm007.
82. Hinz, N.H., Faulds, J.E., and Henry, C.D., 2009, Tertiary volcanic stratigraphy and paleotopography of the Diamond and Fort Sage Mountains, northeastern California and western Nevada-Implications for development of the northern Walker Lane, in Oldow, J.S., and Cashman, P.H., eds., Late Cenozoic structure and evolution of the Great Basin-Sierra Nevada transition: Geological Society of America Special Paper 447, p. 101-132, doi: 10.1130/2009.2447(07).
83. Horton, T.W., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2006, Stable isotopic evidence for Neogene surface downdrop in the central Basin and Range Province: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 475-490, doi: 10.1130 /B25808.
84. Horton, T.W., Sjostrom, D.J., Abruzzese, M.J., Poage, M.A., Waldbauer, J.R., Hren, M., Wooden, J., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2004, Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: American Journal of Science, v. 304, p. 862-888, doi: 10.2475/ajs.304.10.862.
85. Hoskin, P.O., and Schaltegger, U., 2003, The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis, in Hanchar, J.M., and Hoskin, P.W.O., eds., Zircon: Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 53, p. 27-62.
86. House, M.A., Wernicke, B.P., Farley, K.A., and Dumitru, T.A., 1997, Cenozoic thermal evolution of the central Sierra Nevada, California, from (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 151, p. 167-179, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (97)81846-8.
87. Howard, J.L., 1996, Paleocene to Holocene paleodeltas of ancestral Colorado River offset by the San Andreas fault system, southern California: Geology, v. 24, p. 783-786, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0783:PTHPOA>2.3.CO;2.
88. Howard, J.L., 2000, Provenance of quartzite clasts in the Eocene-Oligocene Sespe Formation: Paleogeographic implications for southern California and the ancestral Colorado River: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1635-1649, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (2000)112<1635:POQCIT>2.0.CO;2.
89. Howard, K.A., 2003, Crustal structure in the Elko-Carlin region, Nevada, during Eocene gold mineralization: Ruby-East Humboldt metamorphic core complex as a guide to the deep crust: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 249-268, doi: 10.2113/98.2.249.
90. Hren, M.T., Pagani, M., Erwin, D.M., and Brandon, M., 2010, Biomarker reconstruction of the early Eocene paleotopography and paleoclimate of the northern Sierra Nevada: Geology, v. 38, p. 7-10, doi: 10.1130 /G30215.1.
91. Huber, N.K., 1981, Amount and timing of late Cenozoic uplift and tilt of the central Sierra Nevada, California- Evidence from the upper San Joaquin River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1197, 28 p.
92. Hudson, M.R., and Geissman, J.W., 1991, Paleomagnetic evidence for the age and extent of middle Tertiary counterclockwise rotation, Dixie Valley region, westcentral Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 3979-4006, doi: 10.1029/90JB02424.
93. Humphreys, E.D., Hessler, E., Dueker, K., Farmer, G.L., Erslev, E., and Atwater, T., 2003, How Laramide-age hydration of North American lithosphere by the Farallon slab controlled subsequent activity in the western United States: International Geology Review, v. 45, p. 575-595, doi: 10.2747/0020-6814.45.7.575.
94. Janecke, S.U., VanDenburg, C.J., Blankenau, J.J., and M'Gonigle, J.W., 2000, Long-distance longitudinal transport of gravel across the Cordilleran thrust belt of Montana and Idaho: Geology, v. 28, p. 439-442, doi: 10.1130 /0091-7613(2000)28<439:LLTOGA>2.0.CO;2.
95. Jenkins, O.P., 1932, Geologic map of northern Sierra Nevada showing Tertiary river channels and mother lode belt, in Bradley, W.W., ed., 28th Report of the State Mineralogist: California Division of Mines and Geology, p. 279-298.
96. John, D.A., 1992, Stratigraphy, regional distribution, and reconnaissance geochemistry of Oligocene and Miocene volcanic rocks in the Paradise Range and northern Pactolus Hills, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1974, 67 p.
97. John, D.A., 1995, Tilted middle Tertiary ash-flow calderas and subjacent granitic plutons, southern Stillwater Range, Nevada: Cross sections of an Oligocene igneous center: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 180-200, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1995)107<0180:TMTAFC>2.3.CO;2.
98. John, D.A., Henry, C.D., and Colgan, J.P., 2008a, Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Caetano caldera, northcentral Nevada: A tilted mid-Tertiary eruptive center and source of the Caetano Tuff: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 75-106, doi: 10.1130/GES00116.1.
99. John, D.A., Henry, C.D., and Colgan, J.P., 2008b, The Caetano caldera, Nevada: 5 km thickness of intracaldera rhyolite ignimbrite and co-magmatic batholith: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 89, no. 52, fall meeting supplement, abs. V21C-2118.
100. Jones, C.H., Farmer, G.L., and Unruh, J., 2004, Tectonics of Pliocene removal of lithosphere of the Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 1408-1422, doi: 10.1130/B25397.1.
101. Kaneko, K., Kamata, H., Koyaguchi, T., Yoshikawa, M., and Furukawa, K., 2007, Repeated large-scale eruptions from a single compositionally stratified magma chamber: An example from Aso volcano, southwest Japan: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 167, p. 160-180, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.002.
102. Kelly, D.C., Zachos, J.C., Bralower, T.J., and Schellenberg, S.A., 2005, Enhanced terrestrial weathering/ runoff and surface ocean carbonate production during the recovery stages of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Paleoceanography, v. 20, p. 1-11, doi: 10.1029/2005PA001163.
103. Kohl, M.S., 1978, Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Jean-Sloan area, Clark County, Nevada, and their possible relationship to carnotite occurrences in caliche [M.S. thesis]: Los Angeles, University of California, 116 p.
104. Kuiper, K.F., Deino, A., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Renne, P.R., and Wijbrans, J.R., 2008, Synchronizing rock clocks of Earth history: Science, v. 320, p. 500-504, doi: 10.1126/science.1154339.
105. Lamb, M.A., Beard, L.S., Hickson, T., Umhoefer, P.J., Schleicher, J., Kopp, J., and Sitton, M.E., 2011, Oligo-Miocene paleogeography of the Lake Mead region: The Rainbow Gardens Member of the Horse Spring Formation records pre-extensional tectonics of the central Basin and Range: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 43, no. 4, p. 70.
106. Lease, R.O., McQuarrie, N., Oskin, M., and Leier, A., 2009, Quantifying dextral shear on the Bristol-Granite Mountains fault zone: Successful geologic prediction from kinematic compatibility of the eastern California shear zone: Journal of Geology, v. 117, p. 37-53, doi: 10.1086/593320.
107. Lechler, A.R., and Niemi, N.A., 2011, Sedimentologic and isotopic constraints on the Paleogene paleogeography and paleotopography of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: Geology, v. 39, p. 379-382, doi: 10.1130 /G31535.1.
108. Lerch, D.W., Klemperer, S.L., Glen, J.M.G., Ponce, D.A., Miller, E.L., and Colgan, J.P., 2007, Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province and its transition to unextended volcanic plateaus: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 8, Q02011, doi: 10.1029/2006GC001429, 21 p.
109. Lindgren, W., 1911, The Tertiary gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 73, 226 p.
110. Lipman, P.W., 1967, Mineral and chemical variations within an ash-flow sheet from Aso caldera, southwestern Japan: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 16, p. 300-327, doi: 10.1007/BF00371528.
111. Lund, K., 2008, Geometry of Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic rift margin of western Laurentia: Implications for mineral deposit settings: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 429-444, doi: 10.1130/GES00121.1.
112. MacGinitie, H.D., 1941, A middle Eocene flora from the central Sierra Nevada: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 534, 178 p.
113. Mason, B.G., Pyle, D.M., and Oppenheimer, C., 2004, The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, p. 735-748, doi: 10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9.
114. Matumoto, T., 1943, The four gigantic caldera volcanoes of Kyusyu: Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, v. 19, 57 p.
115. Maughan, L.L., Christiansen, E.H., Best, M.G., Gromme, C.S., Deino, A.L., and Tingey, D.G., 2002, The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 113, p. 129-157, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6.
116. McConnell, V.S., Shearer, C.K., Eichelberger, J.C., Keskinen, M.J., Layer, P.W., and Papike, J.J., 1995, Rhyolite intrusions in the intracaldera Bishop Tuff, Long Valley caldera, California: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 67, p. 41-60, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(94)00099-3.
117. 39Ar thermochrono logic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada: Tectonophysics, v. 238, p. 425-450, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90067-1.
118. McGrew, A.J., Peters, M.T., and Wright, J.E., 2000, Thermobarometric constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 45-60, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (2000)112<45:TCOTTE>2.0.CO;2.
119. 39Ar geochronology at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open File Report OF-AR-1, 10 p.
120. McKee, E.H., 1968, Geologic map of the Spencer Hot Springs Quadrangle, Lander and Eureka Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-770, scale 1:62,500.
121. McKee, E.H., and Conrad, J.E., 1987, Geologic map of the Desatoya Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Churchill and Lander Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1944, scale 1:62,500.
122. McKee, E.H., and Stewart, J.H., 1971, Stratigraphy and potassium-argon ages of some Tertiary tuffs from Lander and Churchill Counties, central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1311-B, 28 p.
123. Miller, C.F., and Wark, D.A., 2008, Supervolcanoes and their explosive supereruptions: Elements, v. 4, p. 11-16, doi: 10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.11.
124. Mix, H.T., Mulch, A., Kent-Corson, M.L., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2011, Cenozoic migration of topography in the North American Cordillera: Geology, v. 39, p. 87-90, doi: 10.1130/G31450.1.
125. Molnar, P., 2010, Deuterium and oxygen isotopes, paleoelevations of the Sierra Nevada, and Cenozoic climate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1106-1115, doi: 10.1130/B30001.1.
126. Mulch, A., Graham, S.A., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2006, Hydrogen isotopes in Eocene river gravels and paleoelevation of the Sierra Nevada: Science, v. 313, p. 87-89, doi: 10.1126/science.1125986.
127. Mulch, A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Perkins, M.E., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2008, A Miocene to Pleistocene climate and elevation record of the Sierra Nevada (California): National Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 105, p. 6819-6824, doi: 10.1073 pnas.0708811105. 105.
128. Niemi, N.A., 2002, Extensional tectonics in the Basin and Range Province and the geology of the Grapevine Mountains, Death Valley region, California and Nevada [Ph.D. thesis]: Pasadena, California Institute of Technology, 337 p.
129. Nilsen, T.H., and Clarke, S.H., 1975, Sedimentation and tectonics in the early Tertiary continental borderland of central California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 925, 64 p.
130. Pelletier, J.D., 2007, Numerical modeling of the Cenozoic geomorphic evolution of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 259, p. 85-96, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.030.
131. Petronis, M.S., Geissman, J.W., and McIntosh, W.C., 2004, Transitional field clusters from uppermost Oligocene volcanic rocks in the central Walker Lane, western Nevada: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 141, p. 207-238, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2003.12.004.
132. Proffett, J.M., and Proffett, B., 1976, Stratigraphy of the Tertiary ash-flow tuffs in the Yerington District, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Report 27, 28 p.
133. 39Ar laser-probe dating of detrital micas from the Montgomery Creek Formation: Clues to provenance, tectonics, and weathering processes: Geology, v. 18, p. 563-566, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0563:AALPDO >2.3.CO;2.
134. 39Ar dating: Chemical Geology, v. 145, p. 117-152, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00159-9.
135. Saleeby, J.B., 2003, Segmentation of the Laramide slab- Evidence from the southern Sierra Nevada region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 655-668, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0655:SOTLSF>2.0.CO;2.
136. Saleeby, J.B., Ducea, M.N., and Clemens-Knott, D., 2003, Production and loss of high-density batholithic root, southern Sierra Nevada, California: Tectonics, v. 22, 1064, 24 p., doi: 10.1029/2002TC001374.
137. Saleeby, J.B., Ducea, M.N., Busby, C.J., Nadin, E.S., and Wetmore, P.H., 2008, Chronology of pluton emplacement and regional deformation in the southern Sierra Nevada batholith, California, in Wright, J.E., and Shervais, J.W., eds., Ophiolites, arcs, and batholiths: A tribute to Cliff Hopson: Geological Society of America Special Paper 438, p. 397-427, doi: 10.1130/2008.2438(14).
138. Saleeby, J.B., Saleeby, Z., Liu, L., and Maheo, G., 2010, Mid-Cretaceous regional exhumation of the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley batholith and a possible tectonic driving mechanism: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 4, p. 67.
139. 39Ar dating standard, MMhb-1: Chemical Geology, v. 66, p. 27-34.
140. Sargent, K.A., and McKee, E.H., 1969, The Bates Mountain Tuff in northern Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1294-E, 12 p.
141. 39Ar age constraints on the depositional history of the Oligocene Titus Canyon Formation, Death Valley, California: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 2, p. 88.
142. Seiler, C., Fletcher, J.M., Kohn, B.P., Gleadow, A.J.W., and Raza, A., 2011, Low-temperature thermochronology of northern Baja California, Mexico: Decoupled slipexhumation gradients and delayed onset of oblique rifting across the Gulf of California: Tectonics, v. 30, 24, TC3004, doi: 10.1029/2009TC002649
143. Slate, J.L., and 29 others, 2000, Digital geologic map of the Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye, Lincoln, and Clark Counties, Nevada, and Inyo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-554, scale 1:100,000.
144. Slemmons, D.B., 1953, Geology of the Sonora Pass region [Ph.D. thesis]: Berkeley, University of California, 222 p.
145. Snoke, A.W., Howard, K.A., McGrew, A.J., Burton, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Peters, M.T., and Wright, J.E., 1997, The grand tour of the Ruby-East Humboldt metamorphic core complex, northeastern Nevada: Brigham Young University Geological Studies, v. 42, p. 225-269.
146. Snow, J.K., and Lux, D.R., 1999, Tectono-sequence stratigraphy of Tertiary rocks in the Cottonwood Mountains and northern Death Valley area, California and Nevada, in Wright, L.A., and Troxel, B.W., eds., Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley region: Geological Society of America Special Paper 333, p. 17-64, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2333-7.17.
147. Snow, J.K., and Wernicke, B.P., 2000, Cenozoic tectonism in the central Basin and Range: Magnitude, rate, and distribution of upper crustal strain: American Journal of Science, v. 300, p. 659-719, doi: 10.2475/ajs.300.9.659.
148. Soreghan, M.J., and Gehrels, G., eds., 2000, Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, 246 p., doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2347-7.
149. Sparks, R.S.J., Self, S., Grattan, J.P., Oppenheimer, C., Pyle, D.M., and Rymer, H., 2005, Supereruptions: Global effects and future threats. Report of a Geological Society of London Working Group: Geological Society of London, 24 p., http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/education /page2965.html
150. Spencer, J.E., Richard, S.M., Reynolds, S.J., Miller, R.J., Shafiqullah, M., Gilbert, W.G., and Grubensky, M.J., 1995, Spatial and temporal relationships between mid-Tertiary magmatism and extension in southwestern Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,321-10,351, doi: 10.1029/94JB02817.
151. Spencer, J.E., Smith, G.R., and Dowling, T.E., 2008, Middle to late Cenozoic geology, hydrography, and fish evolution in the American Southwest, in Reheis, M.C., et al., eds., Late Cenozoic drainage history of the southwestern Great Basin and lower Colorado River region: Geologic and biotic perspectives: Geological Society of America Special Paper 439, p. 279-299, doi: 10.1130/2008.2439(12).
152. Spurlin, M.S., Gehrels, G.E., and Harwood, D.S., 2000, Detrital zircon geochronology of upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic strata of the northern Sierra terrane, northeastern California, in Soreghan, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., eds., Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, p. 89-98, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2347-7.89.
153. Steiger, R.H., and Jäger, E., 1977, Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo-and cosmochronology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 36, p. 359-362, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(77)90060-7.
154. Stewart, J.H., 1980, Geology of Nevada-A discussion to accompany the geologic map of Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 4, 136 p.
155. Stewart, J.H., and McKee, E.H., 1968, Geologic map of the Mount Callaghan Quadrangle, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-730, scale 1:62,500.
156. Stewart, J.H., and McKee, E.H., 1977, Geology and mineral deposits of Lander County, Nevada: Part 1, Geology: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 88, 59 p.
157. Stock, G.M., Anderson, R.S., and Finkel, R.C., 2004, Pace of landscape evolution in the Sierra Nevada, California, revealed by cosmogenic dating of cave sediments: Geology, v. 32, p. 193-196, doi: 10.1130/G20197.1.
158. Stock, G.M., Anderson, R.S., and Finkel, R.C., 2005, Rates of erosion and topographic evolution of the Sierra Nevada, California, inferred from cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be concentrations: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 30, p. 985-1006, doi: 10.1002/esp.1258.
159. Sun, S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the ocean basins: Geological Society of London Special Publication 42, p. 315-345.
160. Umhoefer, P.J., Hickson, T.A., and Lamb, M.A., 2011, Climatic versus tectonic controls on sedimentary facies in the Oligocene-Miocene Horse Springs Formation, Lake Mead domain, Nevada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 43, no. 4, p. 70.
161. Underwood, M.B., and Bachman, S.B., 1986, Sandstone petrofacies of the Yager complex and the Franciscan Coastal belt, Paleogene of northern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 809-817, doi: 10.1130 /0016-7606(1986)97<809:SPOTYC>2.0.CO;2.
162. Unruh, J.R., 1991, The uplift of the Sierra Nevada and implications for late Cenozoic epeirogeny in the western Cordillera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1395-1404, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1991)103<1395:TUOTSN >2.3.CO;2.
163. Valentine, G.A., Buesch, D.C., and Fisher, R.V., 1989, Basal layered deposits of the Peach Springs Tuff, northwestern Arizona, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 51, p. 395-414, doi: 10.1007/BF01078808.
164. Van Buer, N.J., Miller, E.L., and Dumitru, T.A., 2009, Early Tertiary paleogeologic map of the northern Sierra Nevada batholith and the northwestern Basin and Range: Geology, v. 37, p. 371-374, doi: 10.1130 /G25448A.1.
165. Wakabayashi, J., and Sawyer, T.L., 2001, Stream incision, tectonics, uplift, and evolution of topography of the Sierra Nevada, California: Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 539-562, doi: 10.1086/321962.
166. Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2009, Geologic time scale: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2009.CTS004R2C.
167. Walker, G.P.L., and Wilson, C.J.N., 1983, Lateral variations in the Taupo Ignimbrite: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 18, p. 117-133, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(83)90005-7.
168. Wernicke, B.P., 2011, The California River and its role in carving Grand Canyon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 1288-1316, doi: 10.1130/B30274.1.
169. Wernicke, B.P., and 18 others, 1996, Origin of high mountains in the continents: The southern Sierra Nevada: Science, v. 271, p. 190-193, doi: 10.1126/science.271.5246.190.
170. Wilson, M.J., 1999, The origin and formation of clay minerals in soils: Past, present and future perspectives: Clay Minerals, v. 34, p. 7-25, doi: 10.1180 /000985599545957.
171. Wing, S.L., and Greenwood, D.R., 1993, Fossils and fossil climate: The case for equable continental interiors in the Eocene: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, ser. B, v. 341, p. 243-252, doi: 10.1098 /rstb.1993.0109.
172. Wolfe, J.A., Schorn, H.E., Forest, C.E., and Molnar, P., 1997, Paleobotanical evidence for high altitudes in Nevada during the Miocene: Science, v. 276, p. 1672-1675, doi: 10.1126/science.276.5319.1672.
173. Wood, J.L., 1994, A re-evaluation of the origin of kaolinite in the Ione depositional system (Eocene), Sierra foothills, California [M.S. thesis]: Los Angeles, California State University, 85 p.
174. Yeend, W.E., 1974, Gold-bearing gravel of the ancestral Yuba River, Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 772, 44 p.
175. Young, R.A., 1979, Laramide deformation, erosion and plutonism along the southwestern margin of the Colorado Plateau: Tectonophysics, v. 61, p. 25-47, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90290-7.
176. Young, R.A., and Brennan, W.J., 1974, Peach Springs Tuff: Its bearing on structural evolution of the Colorado Plateau and development of Cenozoic drainage in Mohave County, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 83-90, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1974)85<83:PSTIBO>2.0.CO;2.
177. Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, p. 686-693, doi: 10.1126/science.1059412.
178. Zandt, G., Gilbert, H., Owens, T.J., Ducea, M., Saleeby, J., and Jones, C.H., 2004, Active foundering of a continental arc root beneath the southern Sierra Nevada in California: Nature, v. 431, p. 41-46, doi: 10.1038/nature02847.