Production and loss of high-density batholithic root, southern Sierra Nevada, California

Tectonics

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2003, Pages

  Saleeby, Jason ^a   Ducea, Mihai ^b   Clemens Knott, Diane ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Batholith petrogenesis; Delamination; Eclogites; Sierra Nevada

Indexed keywords

BATHOLITH; DELAMINATION; ECLOGITE; EQUILIBRIUM; LARAMIDE OROGENY; PETROGENESIS; SOLID SOLUTION;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; SIERRA NEVADA [CALIFORNIA]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0037499417     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002TC001374     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Ague, J. J., Thermodynamic calculation of emplacement pressures for batholithic rocks, California: Implication for the aluminum-in-hornblende barometer, Geology, 25, 563-566, 1997.
2. Ague, J. J., and G. H. Brimhall, Magmatic are asymmetry and distribution of anomalous plutonic belts in the batholiths of California: Effects of assimilation, crustal thickness, and depth of crystallization, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 912-927, 1988.
3. Asimow, P. D., Steady-state mantle-melt interactions in one dimension: II. Thermal interactions and irreversible terms, J. Petrol., 43, 1707-1724, 2002.
4. Austrheim, H., Influence of fluid and deformatiam on metamorphism of the deep crust and consequences for the geodynamics of collision zones, in When Continents Collide: Geodynamics and Geochemistry of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks, edited by B. R. Hacker and J. G. Liou, pp. 297-323, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.
5. Barazangi, M., and B. Isacks, Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America, Geology, 4, 686-692, 1976.
6. Basaltic Volcanism Study Project. Basaltic Volcanism in the Terrestrial Planets, Pergamon, New York, 1981.
7. Bateman, P. C., ad F. C. W. Dodge, Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada botholith, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 409-420, 1970.
8. Bateman, P. C., and J. P. Eaton, Sierra Nevada batholith, Science, 158, 1407-1417, 1967.
9. Beard, B. L., and A. F. Glazner, Trace element and Sr and Nd isotopic composition of mantle xenoliths from the Big Pine volcanic field, California, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4169-4179, 1995.
10. Billen, M. I., and M. Gurnis, A low viscosity wedge in subduction zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 227-236, 2001.
11. Bird, P., Continental delamination and the Colorado Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 7561-7571, 1979.
12. Bird, P., Formation of the Rocky Mountains, western United State: A continuum computer model, Science, 239, 1501-1507, 1988.
13. 2O at 15 kbar and the genesis of calc-alkaline magmas, Am. Mineral., 75, 345-357, 1990.
14. Cheadle, M. J., B. L. Czuchra, T. Byrne, C. J. Ando, J. E. Oliver, L. D. Brown, S. Kaufman, P. E. Malin, and R. A. Phinney, The deep crustal structure of the Mojave Desert, California, from COCORP seismic reflection data, Tectonics, 5, 293-320, 1986.
15. Chen, J. H., and J. G. Moore, Uranium-lead isotopic ages from the Sierra Nevada batholith, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4761-4784, 1982.
16. Chen, J. H., and G. R. Tilton, Applications of lead and strontium isotopic relationships to the petrogenesis of granitoid rocks, central Sierra Nevada batholith, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 439-447, 1991.
17. Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney, Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global review, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9798, 1995.
18. Clemens-Knott, D., Geologic and isotopic investigations of the Early Cretaceous Sierra Nevada batholith, Tularc Co, CA and the Ivrea zone, NW Italian Alps: Examples of interaction between mantle derived magmas and continental crust, Ph.D. thesis, 349 pp., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1992.
19. Clemens-Knott, D., Neodymium isotope constraints on the character of the central Sierra Nevada deep crust and upper mantle: Chinese Peak xenoliths (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog., 28, 56, 1996.
20. Clemens-Knott, D., and J. B. Saleeby, Impinging ring dike complexes in the Sierra Nevada batholith, California: Roots of the Early Cretaceous volcanic arc, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111, 484-496, 1999.
21. Clemens-Knott, D., J. B. Saleeby, and H. P. Taylor Jr., O, Sr and Nd constraints on the evolution of the Early Cretaceous Sierra Nevada batholith (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog., 23, 386, 1991.
22. Clemens-Knott, D., M. B. Wolf, and J. B. Saleeby, Middle Mesozoic plutonism and deformation in the western Sierra Nevada foothills, California, Geol Soc. Am. Field Guide, 2, 205-221, 2000.
23. Coleman, D. S., and A. F. Glazner, The Sierra crest magmatic event: Rapid formation of juvenile crust during the late Cretaceous in California, in Integrated Earth and Environmental Evolution of the Southwestern United States, edited by W. G. Ernst and C. A. Nelson, pp. 253-272, Bellwether, Columbia, Md., 1998.
24. Coleman, D. S., T. P. Frost, and A. F. Glazner, Evidence from the Lamarck Granodiorite for rapid Late Cretaceous crust formation in California, Science, 258, 1026-1924, 1992.
25. Coney, P. J., and S. J. Reynolds, Cordilleran Benioff zones, Nature, 270, 403-406, 1977.
26. Conrad, C. P., and P. Molnar, The growth of Rayleigh-Taylor-type instabilities in the lithosphere for various rheological and density structures, Geophys. J. Int., 129, 95-112, 1997.
27. Clough, S. T., and G. A. Thompson, Upper mantle origin of Sierra Nevada uplift, Geology, 5, 396-399, 1977,
28. DePaolo, D. J., A neodymium and strontium isotopic study of the Mesozoic calc-alkaline granitic batholiths of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Ranges, California, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 10,470-10,488, 1981.
29. Dewey, J. F., P. D. Ryan, and T. B. Andersen, Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phase changes: The role of eclogites, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ., 76, 325-343, 1993.
30. Dickinson, W. R., and E. I. Rich, Petrologic intervals and petrofacies in the Great Valley Sequence, Sacramento Valley, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 83, 3007-3024, 1972.
31. Dickinson, W., and W. S. Snyder, Plate tectonics of the Laramide orogeny, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 151, 335-366, 1978.
32. 39Ar hornblende geochronology and evaluation of garnet and hornblende barometry, Lake Isabella to Tehachapi area, southern Sierra Nevada, California, M.S. thesis, 63 pp., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, 1995.
33. Dodge, F. C. W., L. C. Calk, and R. W. Kistler, Lower crustal xenoliths, Chinese Peak lava flow, Central Sierra Nevada, J. Petrol., 27, 1277-1304, 1986.
34. Dodge, F. C. W., J. P. Lockwood, and L. C. Calk, Fragments of the mantle and crust beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith: Xenoliths in a volcanic pipe near Big Creek, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 938-947, 1988.
35. Domenick, M. A., R. W. Kistler, F. C. W. Dodge, and M. Tatsumoto, Nd and Sr isotopic study of crustal and mantle inclusions from beneath the Sierra Nevada and implications for batholith petrogenesis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 713-719, 1983.
36. Ducca, M. N., A petrologic investigation of deep-crustal and upper-mantle xenoliths from the Sierra Nevada, California: Constraints on lithospheric composition beneath continental arcs and the origin of Cordilleran batholiths, Ph.D. thesis, 473 pp., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1998.
37. Ducea, M. N., The California arc: Thick granitic batholiths, ecogitic residues, lithospheric-scale thrusting, and magmatic flare-ups, GSA Today, 11, 4-10, 2001.
38. Ducea, M. N., and J. B. Saleeby, Buoyancy sources for a large, unrooted mountain range, the Sierra Nevada, California: Evidence from xenolith thermobarometry, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8229-8244, 1996.
39. Ducea, M. N., and J. B. Saleeby, The age and origin of a thick mafic-ultramafic keel from beneath the Sierra Nevada Batholith, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 133, 169-185, 1998a.
40. Ducea, M. N., and J. B. Saleeby, A case for delamination of the deep batholithic crust beneath the Sierra Nevada, California, Int. Geol. Rev., 133, 78-93, 1998b.
41. Ducea, M. N., and J. B. Saleeby, Crustal recycling beneath continental arcs: Silica-rich glass inclusions in ultramafic xenoliths from the Sierra Nevada, California, Earth Planet. Lett., 156, 101-116, 1998c.
42. Dumitru, T. A., Subnormal Cenozoic geothermal gradients in the extinct Sierra Nevada magmatic arc: Consequences of Laramide and post-laramide shallow-angle subduction, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 4925-4941, 1990.
43. Dumitru, T. A., P. B. Gans, D. A. Foster, and E. L. Miller, Refrigeration of the western Cordilleran lithosphere during Laramide shallow-angle subduction, Geology, 19, 1145-1148, 1991.
44. Elliott, T., T. Plank, A. Zindler, W. White, and B. Bourdon, Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana arc, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,991-15,019, 1997.
45. Evernden, J. F., and R. W. Kistler, Chronology of emplacement of Mesozoic batholithic complexes in California and western Nevada, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 623, 42 pp., 1970.
46. Farmer, L. G., A. F. Glazner, and C. R. Manley, Did lithosphere delamination trigger late Cenozoic potassic volcanism in the southern Sierra Nevada, California?, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 754-768, 2002.
47. Fiske, R. S., ad O. T. Tobisch, Middle Cretaceous ashflow tuff and caldera-collapse deposit in the Minarets Caldera, east-central Sierra Nevada, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 582-593, 1994.
48. Fliedner, M. M., S. L. Klemperer, and N. I. Christensen, seismic model of the Sierra Nevada arc, California, and its implications for crustal and upper mantle composition, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10,899-10,921, 2000.
49. Ghiorso, M. S., and R. O. Sack, Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes, IV, A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 119, 197-212, 1995.
50. Godfrey, N. J., and S. L. Klemperer, Ophiolitic basement to a forearc basin and implications for continental growth: The Coast Range/Great Valley ophiolite, California, Tectonics, 17, 558-570, 1998.
51. Graeber, F. M., and G. Asch, Three-dimensional models of P wave velocity and P-to-S velocity ratio in the southern central Andes by simultaneous inversion of local earthquake data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,237-20,256, 1999.
52. Gromet, L. P., and L. T. Silver, REE variations across the Peninsular Ranges batholith: Implications for batholithic petrogenesis and crustal growth in magmatic arcs, J. Petrol., 28, 75-125, 1987.
53. Gutscher, M.-A., W. Spakman, H. Bijwaard, and E. R. Engdahl, Geodynamics of flat subduction: Seismicity and tomographic constraints from the Andean margins, Tectonics, 19, 814-833, 2000.
54. 2O content of oceanic crust, in Subduction: Top to Bottom, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 96, edited by G. E. Bebout et al., pp. 337-346, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1996.
55. Hall, P. S., and C. Kincaid, Diapiric flow at subduction zones: A recipe for rapid transport, Science, 292, 2472-2475, 2001.
56. House, M. A., B. P. Wernicke, K. A. Farley, and T. A. Dumitru, Cenozoic thermal evolution of the central Sierra Nevada, California, from (U-Th)/He thermo-chronometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 151, 167-179, 1997.
57. House, M. A., B. P. Wernicke, and K. A. Farley, Paleogeomorphology of the Sierra Nevada, California, from (U-Thd)/He ages in apatite, Am. J. Sci., 301, 77 102, 2001.
58. Houseman, G. A., and P. Molnar, Gravitational (Rayleigh-Taylor) instability of a layer with non-linear viscosity and convective thinning of continental lithosphere, Geopphys. J. Int., 128, 125-150, 1997.
59. Houseman, G. A., E. A. Neil, and M. D. Kohler, Lithospheric instability beneath the Transverse Ranges of California, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16,237 16,250, 2000.
60. Jacobson, C. E., Qualitative thermobarometry of inverted metamorphism in the Pelona and Rand schists, southern California, using calciferous amphibole in mafic schists, J. Metamorph. Geol., 13, 79 92, 1995.
61. Jacobson, C. E., F. R. Oyarzabal, and G. B. Haxel, Subduction and exhumation of the Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists, southern California, Geology, 24, 547 550, 1996.
62. Ji, C., and D. V. Helmberger, Uppermost mantle structure cross the southern Sierra Nevada (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F173, 1999.
63. Ji, S., and J. Martignole, Ductility of garnet as an indicator of extremely high temperature deformation, J. Struct. Geol., 16, 985 996, 1994.
64. Jones, C. H., Is extension in Death Valley accommodated by thinning of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Sierra Nevada, California?, Tectonics, 6, 449 473, 1987.
65. Jones, C. H., and R. A. Phinney, Seismic structure of the lithosphere from teleseismic converted arrivals observed at small arrays in the southern Sierra Nevada and vicinity, California, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,065 10,090, 1998.
66. n and teleseismic arrival times in the southern Sierra Nevada and vicinity, California, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4567-4601, 1994.
67. Jordan, T. E., B. L. Isacks, R. W. Allmendinger, J. A. Brewer, V. A. Ramos, and C. J. Ando, Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 341 361, 1983.
68. Jull, M., and P. B. Kelemen, On the conditions for lower crustal convective instability, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6423 6446, 2001.
69. Kay, R. W., and S. M. Kay, Creation and destruction of the lower continental crust, Geol. Rundsch., 80, 259 270, 1991.
70. Kay, R. W., and S. M. Kay, Delamination and delamination magmatism, Tectonophysics, 219, 177 189, 1993.
71. Kistler, R. W., Two different types of lithosphere in the Sierra Nevada. California, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 174, 271 282, 1990.
72. 46Sr in Mesozoic granitic rocks and intruded wall rocks in central California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 3489 3512, 1973.
73. Kollé, J. J., and J. D. Blacic, Deformation of single-crystal clinopyrozenes: 2. Dislocation-controlled flow processes in hedenbergite, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2381 2393, 1983.
74. 18O contamination of magmas in the deep Sierra Nevada batholith (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog., 32, 270, 2002.
75. Lee, C.-T., Q. Yin, R. L. Rudnick, J. T. Chesley, and S. B. Jacobsen, Re-Os isotopic evidence for pre-Miocene delamination of lithospheric mantle beneath the Sierra Nevada, California, Science, 289, 1912 1916, 2000.
76. Lee, C. T., R. L. Rudnick, and G. H. Brinhall Jr., Deep lithospheric dynamics beneath the Sierra Nevada during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic as inferred from xenolith petrology, Geochem. Geophys., 2, Paper number 2001GC000152, 2001.
77. Leech, M. L., Arrested orogenic development: Ecogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 185, 149 159, 2001.
78. Li, Y.-G., T. L. Henyey, and L. T. Silver, Aspects of the crustal structure of the western Mojave Desert, California, from seismic reflection and gravity data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8805 8816, 1992.
79. Mack, S., J. B. Saleeby, and J. E. Farrell, Origin and emplacement of the Academy pluton, Fresno County, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Part 2, 90, 633-694, 1979.
80. Malin, P. E., E. D. Goodman, T. L. Henyey, Y.-G. Li, D. A. Okaya, and J. B. Saleeby, Significance of seismic reflections beneath a tilted exposure of deep continental crust, Tehachapi Mountains, California, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2069-2087, 1995.
81. Manley, C. R., A. F. Glazner, and G. L. Farmer, Timing of volcanism in the Sierra Nevada of California: Evidence for Pliocene delamination of the batholithic root?, Gealogy, 28, 811 814, 2000.
82. Melbourne, T., and D. Helmberger, Mantle control of plate boundary deformation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4003-4006, 2001.
83. Menzies, M. A., W. P. Leeman, and C. J. Hawkesworth, Isotope geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks reveals heterogeneity mantle below western U.S.A., Nature, 303, 205 209, 1983.
84. Miller, D. M., T. H. Nilsen, and W. L. Bilodeau, Late Cretaceous to early Eocene geologic evolution of the U.S. Cordillera, in The Geology of North America, vol. G-3, The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S., edited by B. C. Burchfiel, P. W. Lipman, and M. L. Zoback, pp. 205-260, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo., 1992.
85. Miller, J. S., A. F. Glazner, G. L. Former, I. B. Suayah, and L. A. Keith, A Sr, Nd, and Ph isotopic study of mantle domains and crustal structure from Miocene volcanic rocks in the Mojave Desert, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 1264-1279, 2000.
86. Miller, K. C., and W. D, Mooney, Crustal structure and composition of the southern Foothills Metamorphic Belt, Sierra Nevada, California, from seismic data, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6865-6880, 1994.
87. Moore, J. G., The quartz diorite boundary line in the western United States, J. Geol., 67, 197 210, 1959.
88. Mukhopadhyay, B., and W. I. Manton, Upper mantle fragments from beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith: Partial fusion, fractional crystallization and metasomatism in a subduction-related ancient lithosphere, J. Petrol., 35, 1418 1450, 1994.
89. Nadin, E. S., and J. B. Saleeby, Relationships between the Kern Canyon fault (KCF) and the Proto-Kern Canyon fault (PKCF), southern Sierra Nevada, CA (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T32B-0902, 2001.
90. Oliver, H. W., and S. L. Robbins, Bouguer gravity map of the California Fresno sheet, scale 1:250,000, Calif. Div. of Mines and Geol., Sacramento, Calif., 1982.
91. O'Reilly, S. Y., W. L. Griffin, Y. H. Poudjom Djomani, and P. Morgan, Are lithospheres forever? Tracking changes in subcontinental lithospheric mantle through time, GSA Today, 11, 4 10, 2001.
92. Park, S. K., B. Hirasuna, G. R. Jiracek, and C. Kinn, Magnetotelluric evidence of lithospheric mantle thinning beneath the southern Sierra Nevada, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,241 16,255, 1996.
93. Pickett, D. A., and J. B. Saleeby, Thermobarometric constraints on the depth of the exposure and conditions of plutonism and metamorphism at deep levels of the Sierra Nevada batholith, Tehachapi Mountains, California, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 609 629, 1993.
94. Pickett, D. A., and J. B. Saleeby, Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic characteristics of Cretaceous intrusive rocks from deep levels of the Sierra Nevada batholith, Tehachapi Mountains, California, Contrib. Mineral, Petrol., 118, 198-205, 1994.
95. Rapp, R. P., and E. B. Watson, Dehydration melting of metalbasalts at 8-32 kbar: Implications of continental growth and crust-mantle recycling, J. Petrol., 35, 891-931, 1995.
96. Ross, D. C., The metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic framework, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1381, 159 pp., 1989.
97. Ruppert, S., M. M. Fliedner, and G. Zandt, Thin crust and active upper mantle beneath the southern Sierra Nevada in the western United States, Tectonophysics, 286, 237-252, 1998.
98. Saleeby, J. B., Ocean floor accretion and volcanoplutonic arc evolution of the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada, California, in Rubey Volume of the Geotectonic Development of California, edited by W. G. Ernst, pp. 132-181, Prentice-Hall, Old Tappan, N. J., 1981.
99. Saleeby, J. B., Progress in tectonic and petrogenetic studies in an exposed cross-section of young (∼100 Ma) continental crust, southern Sierra Nevada, California, in Exposed Cross Sections of the Continental Crust, edited by M. H. Salisbury, pp. 137-158, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1990.
100. Saleeby, J. B., On some aspects of the geology of the Sierra Nevada, Geal. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 38, 17 184, 1999.
101. Saleeby, J. B., Segmentation of the Laramide slab-evidence from the southern Sierra Nevada region, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 655-668, 2003.
102. Saleeby, J. B., and Z. A. Foster, Topographic response to mantle lithosphere removal in the southwest Sierra Nevada, California, Geology, in press, 2003.
103. Saleeby, J. B., and W. D. Sharp, Chronology of the structural and petrologic development of the southwest Sierra Nevada Foothills, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Part 2, 91, 1416-1535, 1980.
104. Saleeby, J. B., and H. Williams, Possible origin for California Great Valley gravity-magnetic anomalies (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 59(12), 1189, 1978.
105. Saleeby, J. B., D. B. Sams, and R. W. Kistler, U/Pb zircon, strontium, and oxygen isotopic and geochronological study of the southernmost Sierra Nevada batholith, California, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10,443-10,446, 1987.
106. Saleeby, J. B., R. W. Kistler, S. Longiaru, J. G. Moore, and W. J. Nokleberg, Middle Cretaceous silicic metavolcanic rocks in the Kings Canyon area, central Sierra Nevada, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 174, 251-270, 1990.
107. Saltus, R. W., and A. H. Lachenbruch, Thermal evolution of the Sierra Nevada: Tectonic implications of new heat flow data, Tectonics, 10, 325-344, 1991.
108. Schmidt, M. W., and S. Poli, Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 163, 361-379, 1998.
109. Sharry, J., The geology of the western Tehachapi mountains, California, Ph.D. thesis, 215 p., Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, 1981.
110. Silver, L. T., and J. A. Nourse, The Rand Mountains thrust complex in comparison with the Vincent Thrust-Pelona schist relationship, southern California (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog., 18, 185, 1986.
111. Sisson, T. W., T. L. Grove, and D. S. Coleman, Hornblende gabbro sill complex at Onion Valley, California, and a mixing origin for the Sierra Nevada batholith, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 126, 81-108, 1996.
112. Stern, T., P. C. Bateman, B. A. Morgan, M. F. Newell, and D. L. Peck, Isotopic U-Pb ages of zircon from the granitoids of the central Sierra Nevada. California, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1185, 17 pp., 1981.
113. Tullis, J., and R. A. Yund, Experimental deformation of dry Westerly granite, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5705-5718, 1977.
114. 2O in the genesis of mantle-derived "arc-related" magmas, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 127, 215-232, 2001.
115. Van Kooten, G., Pb and Sr systematics of ultrapotassic and basaltic rocks from the central Sierra Nevada, California, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 76, 378-385, 1991.
116. Vielzeuf, D., and M. W. Schmidt, Melting relations in hydrous systems revisited: Application to metapetites, metagreywackes and metabasalts, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 141, 251-267, 2001.
117. Wernicke, B., Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the U.S. Cordillera, in The Geology of North America, vol. G-3, The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S., edited by B. C. Burchfiel, P. W. Lipman, and M. L. Zoback, pp. 553-582, Goal. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo., 1992.
118. Wernicke, B., and J. K, Snow, Cenozoic tectonism in the central basin and range: Motion of the Sierran-Great Valley Block, Int. Geol, Rev., 300, 403-410, 1998.
119. Wernicke, B., G. J. Axen, and J. K. Snow, Basin and range extensional tectonics at the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 1738-1757, 1988.
120. Wernicke, B., et al., Origin of high mountains in the continents: The southern Sierra Nevada, Science, 271, 190-193, 1996.
121. Wolf, M. B., and P. J. Wyllie, Garnet growth during amphibolite anatexis: Implications of a garnetiferous restite, J. Geol., 101, 357-373, 1993.
122. Wolf, M. B., and P. J. Wyllie, Dehydration-melting of amphibolite at 10 kbar: The effects of temperature and time, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 115, 369-383, 1994.
123. Wolf, M. B., and P. J. Wyllie, Liquid segregation parameters from amphibolite dehydration melting experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15,611-15,621, 1995.
124. Wong, I. G., and W. U. Savage, Deep intraplate seismicity in the western Sierra Nevada, central California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 73, 797-812, 1983.
125. Wood, D. J., and J. B. Saleeby, Late Cretaceous-Paleocene extensional collapse and disaggregation of the southernmost Sierra Nevada batholith, Int. Geol. Rev., 39, 973-1009, 1998.
126. Wyllie, P. J., The Dynamic Earth, 416 pp., John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J., 1971.
127. Zandt, G., The southern Sierra Nevada drip and the mantle wind direction beneath the southwestern United States, Int. Geol. Rev., 45, 213-224, 2003.
128. Zandt, G., and C. R. Carrigan, Small-scale convective instability and upper mantle viscosity under California, Science, 261, 460-463, 1993.
129. Zeng, L., C.-T. Lee, and J. Saleeby, Nd-Sr-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths from the Sierra Nevada batholith: Structural and geochemical evolution of a subcontinental lithospheric mantle (abstract), GSA Abstr. Prog., 33, A-396, 2001a.
130. Zeng, L., J. B. Saleeby, and M. N. Ducea, Limitations on mid-crustal assimilation in the Sierra Nevada batholith (SNB), California (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V32E-1023, 2001b.
131. Zhao, D., Seismological structure of subduction zones and its implications for arc magmatism and dynamics, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 127, 197-214, 2001.