Paleobotanical evidence for high altitudes in Nevada during the Miocene

Science

Volumn 276, Issue 5319, 1997, Pages 1672-1675

  Wolfe, Jack A ^a   Schorn, Howard E ^b   Forest, Chris E ^c   Molnar, Peter ^c  

^a The University of Arizona   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; BOTANY; ECOLOGY; ENTHALPY; GLOBAL CLIMATE; HUMIDITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THERMODYNAMICS; UNITED STATES;

ISOSTASY; LEAF PHYSIOGNOMY; MIOCENE; PALAEOALTITUDE; PALAEOBOTANY;

USA, NEVADA;

EID: 0030613663     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5319.1672     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1952); R. A. Spicer, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 80, 321 (1989); A. B. Herman and R. A. Spicer, Nature 381, 330 (1996).
2. P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1952); R. A. Spicer, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 80, 321 (1989); A. B. Herman and R. A. Spicer, Nature 381, 330 (1996).
3. P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1952); R. A. Spicer, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 80, 321 (1989); A. B. Herman and R. A. Spicer, Nature 381, 330 (1996).
4. J. A. Wolfe and H. E. Schorn, Paleobiology 15, 180 (1989).
5. D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 39, 195 (1962); ibid. 34, 91 (1958); ibid. 135, 1 (1991); ibid. 137, 1 (1992).
6. D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 39, 195 (1962); ibid. 34, 91 (1958); ibid. 135, 1 (1991); ibid. 137, 1 (1992).
7. D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 39, 195 (1962); ibid. 34, 91 (1958); ibid. 135, 1 (1991); ibid. 137, 1 (1992).
8. D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 39, 195 (1962); ibid. 34, 91 (1958); ibid. 135, 1 (1991); ibid. 137, 1 (1992).
9. W. F. Ruddiman and J. E. Kutzbach, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 409 (1989).
10. J. A. Wolfe, Nature 343, 153 (1990); U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 2040 (1993); Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23, 119 (1995).
11. J. A. Wolfe, Nature 343, 153 (1990); U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 2040 (1993); Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23, 119 (1995).
12. J. A. Wolfe, Nature 343, 153 (1990); U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 2040 (1993); Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23, 119 (1995).
13. C. J. F. ter Braak, Biometrics 41, 859 (1985); Ecology 67, 1167 (1986); C. J. F. ter Braak and I. C. Prentice, Adv. Ecol. Res. 18, 271 (1988).
14. C. J. F. ter Braak, Biometrics 41, 859 (1985); Ecology 67, 1167 (1986); C. J. F. ter Braak and I. C. Prentice, Adv. Ecol. Res. 18, 271 (1988).
15. C. J. F. ter Braak, Biometrics 41, 859 (1985); Ecology 67, 1167 (1986); C. J. F. ter Braak and I. C. Prentice, Adv. Ecol. Res. 18, 271 (1988).
16. The tabulations for the leaf assemblages were run with the software CANOCO. This software is available from Microcomputer Power, 111 Clover Lane, Ithaca, NY 14850.
17. H. J. B. Birks, S. M. Peglar, H. A. Austin, An Annotated Bibliography of Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Related Constrained Ordination Methods 1986-1993 (Univ. of Bergen Botanical Institute, Bergen, Norway, 1994).
18. C. E. Forest, P. Molnar, K. A. Emanuel, Nature 374, 347 (1995).
19. C. E. Forest, thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1996).
20. The database furnished earlier to Forest comprised 106 samples, including 25 that represent outliers and inliers in plots of samples on axes 1 and 2 (5). The elimination of these 25 samples reduced standard errors of estimates of environmental parameters and increased axis eigenvalues. Samples (including 12 from the largely deciduous vegetation of southern Sonora and Baja California) have subsequently been added to the database, which now comprises 97 samples, excluding the 25 outliers and inliers. Both the physiognomic and meteorological data sets, as well as the locality data for the new samples, can be obtained from J. A. Wolfe.
21. D. A. R. Povey, R. A. Spicer, P. C. England, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 81, 1 (1994).
22. B. J. Flower and J. P. Kennett, Paleoceanography 10, 1095 (1995).
23. H. D. MacGinitie, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 465, 83 (1937).
24. E. E. Small and R. S. Anderson, Science 270, 277 (1995).
25. J. A. Wolfe and H. E. Schorn, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Program 26, A521 (1994).
26. J. A. Wolfe, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1964 (1992).
27. P. Molnar and W.-P. Chen, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 1180 (1983); P. J. Coney and T. A. Harms, Geology 12, 550 (1984).
28. P. Molnar and W.-P. Chen, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 1180 (1983); P. J. Coney and T. A. Harms, Geology 12, 550 (1984).
29. P. Molnar and H. Lyon-Caen, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 218, 179 (1988).
30. H. W. Meyer, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 99, 71 (1992).
31. K. M. Gregory and C. G. Chase, Geology 20, 581 (1992).
32. P. Molnar and P. C. England, Nature 346, 29 (1990).
33. B. Wernicke et al., Science 271, 190 (1996).
34. R. A. Kerr, ibid. 275, 1564 (1997).
35. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
36. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
37. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
38. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
39. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
40. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
41. Revisons to the taxonomy were made by Wolfe and Schorn before the analysis of some of these assemblages. Other than (3, 14), available sources include R. S. LaMotte, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 455, 57 (1936); C. Condit, ibid. 476, 217 (1938); ibid. 553, 57 (1944); D. I. Axelrod, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 33, 1 (1956); ibid. 129, 1 (1985); J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454-N, N1 (1964); and K. M. Renney, thesis, University of California, Davis (1969). In all instances, we examined original collections in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley).
42. C. C. Swisher III, thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1992).
43. This work was partially supported by NSF (Atmospheric Sciences).