Middle to late cenozoic geology, hydrography, and fish evolution in the American Southwest

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 439, Issue , 2008, Pages 279-299

  Spencer, Jon E ^a   Smith, Gerald R ^b   Dowling, Thomas E ^c  

^a Arizona Geological Survey   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bidahochi Formation.; Colorado river; Drainage evolution; Fish evolution; Ontinental divide

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; FISH; LAKES; LANDFORMS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; RIVERS; RUNOFF; TECTONICS;

BIDAHOCHI FORMATION; COLORADO PLATEAU; COLORADO RIVER; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; MOUNTAIN BUILDING; ONTINENTAL DIVIDE; SACRAMENTO RIVER; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

CATCHMENTS;

CENOZOIC; CONFERENCE PROCEEDING; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; DRAINAGE BASIN; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FISH; HYDROGRAPHY; LAKE WATER; MESOZOIC; MIOCENE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; OROGENY; RUNOFF; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; UPLIFT;

CALIFORNIA; COLORADO RIVER [NORTH AMERICA]; LAKE BONNEVILLE; MOJAVE DESERT; ROCKY MOUNTAINS; SACRAMENTO RIVER; SNAKE RIVER; SONORAN DESERT; UNITED STATES; UTAH;

PISCES;

EID: 75249094579     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2008.2439(12)     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (136)

1. Anderson, J.L., 1989, Proterozoic anorogenic granites ofthe southwestern United States, in Jenny, J.P., and Reynolds, S.J., eds., Geologic Evolution of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 17, p. 211-238.
2. Armstrong, R.L., 1972, Low-angle (denudation) faults, hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt, eastern Nevada and western Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1729-1754, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83 [1729:LDFHOT]2.0.CO;2.
3. Atwater, T., and Stock, J., 1998, Pacific-North American plate tectonics of the Neogene Southwestern United States: An update, in Ernst, W.G., and Nelson, C.A., eds., Integrated Earth and Environmental Evolution of the Southwestern United States: The Clarence A. Hall, Jr., Volume: Columbia, Maryland, Bellwether Publishing Company for the Geological Society of America, p. 393-420.
4. Axelrod, D.I., 1998, Paleoelevation estimated from Tertiary floras, in Ernst, W.G., and Nelson, C.A., eds., Integrated Earth and Environmental Evolution ofthe Southwestern United States: The Clarence A. Hall, Jr., Volume: Columbia, Maryland, Bellwether Publishing Company for the Geological Society of America, p. 70-79.
5. Barth, A.P., Wooden, J.L., Jacobson, C.E., and Probst, K., 2004, U-Pb geochronol-ogy and geochemistry of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California: A Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1/2, p. 142-153, doi: 10.1130/B25288.1.
6. Baumgartner, J.V., 1982, A new fossil ictalurid catfish from the Miocene middle member of the Truckee formation, Nevada: Copeia, v. 1982, p. 38-46, doi: 10.2307/1444265.
7. Behnke, R.J., 1992, Native Trout of Western North America: American Fisheries Society Monograph 6, 275 p.
8. Bell, M.A., 1994, Paleobiology and evolution of threespine stickleback, in Bell, M.A., and Foster, S.A., eds., The Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback: Oxford, Oxford University Press. p. 438-471.
9. Beranek, L.P., Link, P.K., and Fanning, C.M., 2006, Miocene to Holocene landscape evolution of the western Snake River Plain region, Idaho: Using the SHRIMP detrital zircon provenance record to track eastward migration of the Yellowstone hotspot: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 1027-1050, doi: 10.1130/B25896.1.
10. Bird, P., 1988, Formation of the Rocky Mountains, western United States: A continuum computer model: Science, v. 239, p. 1501-1507, doi: 10.1126/ science.239.4847.1501.
11. Blair, W.N., and Armstrong, A.K., 1979, Hualapai Limestone Member of the Muddy Creek Formation: The Youngest Deposit Predating the Grand Canyon, Southeastern Nevada and Northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1111, 14 p.
12. Bohannon, R.G., 1984, Nonmarine Sedimentary Rocks of Tertiary Age in the Lake Mead Region, Southeastern Nevada and Northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1259, 72 p.
13. Buising, A.V., 1990, The Bouse Formation and bracketing units, southeastern California and western Arizona: Implications for the evolution of the proto-Gulf of California and the lower Colorado River: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 20,111-20,132.
14. Burchfiel, B.C., and Davis, G.A., 1981, Mojave Desert and environs, in Ernst, W.G., ed., The Geotectonic Development of California: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 217-252.
15. Burchfiel, B.C., Cowan, D.S., and Davis, G.A., 1992, Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the western United States, in Burchfiel, B.C., Lipman, P.W., and Zoback, M.L., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. G-3, p. 407-479.
16. Burgess, P.M., Gurnis, M., and Moresi, L., 1997, Formation of sequences in the cratonic interior of North America by interaction between mantle, eustatic, and stratigraphic processes: Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1515-1535, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1515:FOSITC> 2.3.CO;2.
17. Castor, S.B., and Faulds, J.E., 2001, Post-6 Ma limestone along the southeastern part of the Las Vegas Valley shear zone, southern Nevada, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 77-79.
18. Cather, S.M., and Johnson, B.D., 1984, Eocene tectonics and depositional setting of west-central New Mexico and eastern Arizona: Socorro, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 192, 33 p.
19. Cavender, T.M., Lundberg, J.G., and Wilson, R.L., 1970, Two new fossil records of the genus Esox (Teleostei, Salmoniformes) in North America: Northwest Science, v. 44, p. 176-183.
20. Christiansen, R.L., and Yeats, R.S., 1992, Post-Laramide geology of the U.S. Cordilleran region, in Burchfiel, B.C., Lipman, P.W., and Zoback, M.L., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. G-3, p. 261-406.
21. Conway, C.M., and Silver, L.T., 1989, Early Proterozoic rocks (1710-1615 Ma) in central to southeastern Arizona, in Jenny, J.P., and Reynolds, S.J., eds., Geologic History of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 17, p. 165-186.
22. Cowan, D.S., and Bruhn, R.L., 1992, Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous geology of the U.S. Cordillera, in Burchfiel, B.C., Lipman, P.W., and Zoback, M.L., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. G-3, p. 169-203.
23. Cross, T.A., and Pilger, R.H., Jr., 1978, Constraints on absolute motion and plate interaction inferred from Cenozoic igneous activity in the western United States: American Journal of Science, v. 278, no. 7, p. 865-902.
24. Dallegge, T.A., Ort, M.H., and Mcintosh, W.C., 2003, Mio-Pliocene chrono-stratigraphy, basin morphology and paleodrainage relations derived from the Bidahochi Formation, Hopi and Navajo Nations, northeastern Arizona: The Mountain Geologist, v. 40, no. 3, p. 55-82.
25. Damon, P.E., and Spencer, J.E., 2001, K-Ar geochronologic survey of the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 53-56.
26. DeCelles, P.G., 2004, Late Jurassic to Eocene evolution of the Cordilleran thrust belt and foreland basin system, western U.S.A.: American Journal of Science, v. 304, p. 105-168, doi: 10.2475/ajs.304.2.105.
27. Dickinson, W.R., 1995, Paleogene depositional systems of the western Transverse Ranges and adjacent southernmost Coast Ranges, California, in Fritsche, A.E., ed., Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States-II: Los Angeles, California, Pacific Section, SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, v. 75, p. 53-83.
28. Dickinson, W.R., 1996, Kinematics of Transrotational Tectonism in the California Transverse Ranges and Its Contribution to Cumulative Slip along the San Andreas Transform Fault System: Geological Society of America Special Paper 305, 46 p.
29. Dickinson, W.R., 2003, Depositional facies of the Quiburis Formation, basin fill of the San Pedro trough, southeastern Arizona Basin and Range Province, in Raynolds, R.G., and Flores, R.M., eds., Cenozoic Systems of the Rocky Mountain Region: Denver, Rocky Mountain Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), p. 157-181.
30. Dickinson, W.R., and Snyder, W.S., 1978, Plate tectonics of the Laramide orogeny, in Matthews, V., ed., Laramide Folding Associated with Basement Block Faulting in the Western United States: Geological Society of America Memoir 151, p. 355-366.
31. Dickinson, W.R., Klute, M.A., Hayes, M.J., Janecke, S.U., Lundin, E.R., McKit trick, M.A., and Olivares, M.D., 1988, Paleogeographic and paleotectonic setting of Laramide sedimentary basins in the central Rocky Mountains region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1023-1039, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1023:PAPSOL>2.3.CO;2.
32. Doadrio, I., Carmona, J.A., Martinez, E., and De Sostoa, A., 1999, Genetic variation and taxonomic analysis of the subgenus Profundulus: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 55, p. 751-766, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999. tb00715.x.
33. Dorsey, R.J., Fluette, A., McDougall, K., Housen, B.A., Janecke, S.U., Axen, G.J., and Shirvell, C.R., 2007, Chronology of Miocene-Pliocene deposits at Split Mountain Gorge, Southern California: A record of regional tectonics and Colorado River evolution: Geology, v. 35, p. 57-60, doi: 10.1130/G23139A.1.
34. Dowling, T.E., Tibbets, C.A., Minckley, W.L., and Smith, G.R., 2002, Evolutionary relationships of the plagopterins (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from cyto-chrome b sequences: Copeia, v. 2002, p. 665-678, doi: 10.1643/0045-8511 (2002)002[0665:EROTPT]2.0.CO;2.
35. Echelle, A., 2008, this volume, The western North American pupfish clade (Cyprinodontidae: Cyprinodon): Mitochondrial DNA divergence and drainage history, in Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D.M., eds., Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives: Geological Society of America Special Paper 439, doi: 10.1130/2008.2439(02).
36. Estabrook, G.F., Smith, G.R., and Dowling, T.E., 2007, Body mass and temperature influence rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in western North American cyprinid fish: Evolution, v. 61, p. 1176-1187.
37. Faulds, J.E., Schreiber, B.C., Reynolds, S.J., Okaya, D., and Gonzalez, L., 1997, Origin and paleogeography of an immense, nonmarine Miocene salt deposit in the Basin and Range (western USA): The Journal of Geology, v. 105, p. 19-36.
38. Faulds, J.E., Price, L.M., and Wallace, M.A., 2001, Pre-Colorado river paleo-geography and extension along the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, northwest Arizona, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 93-99.
39. Gilbert, G.K., 1890, Lake Bonneville: U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 1, 438 p.
40. Gillooly, J.F., Allen, A.P., West, G.B., and Brown, J.H., 2005, Metabolic rate calibrates the molecular clock: Reconciling molecular and fossil estimates of evolutionary divergence: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 102, p. 140-145, doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0407735101.
41. Goldstrand, P.M., 1994, Tectonic development of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene strataofsouthwesternUtah: Geological SocietyofAmericaBulletin, v. 106, no. 1, p. 145-154, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0145:TDOUCT> 2.3.CO;2.
42. Grande, L., 1984, Paleontology of the Green River Formation with a Review of the Fish Fauna: Geological Survey of Wyoming, Bulletin 63, 333 p.
43. Gregory, K.M., and Chase, C.G., 1992, Tectonic significance of paleobotanically estimated climate and altitude of the late Eocene erosion surface, Colorado: Geology, v. 20, p. 581-585, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992) 020<0581: TSOPEC>2.3.CO;2.
44. Gross, E.L., Patchett, P.J., Dallegge, T.A., and Spencer, J.E., 2001, The Colorado River system and Neogene sedimentary formations along its course: Apparent Sr isotopic connections: The Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 449-461, doi: 10.1086/320793.
45. Hamilton, W., and Meyers, W.B., 1966, Cenozoic tectonics of the western United States: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 4, p. 509-549.
46. Hansen, W.R., 1985, Drainage development of the Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming and its bearing on fish biogeography, neotectonics, and paleoclimates: The Mountain Geologist, v. 22, no. 4, p. 192-204.
47. Hansen, W.R., 1986, Neogene Tectonics and Geomorphology ofthe Eastern Uinta Mountains in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1356, 78 p.
48. Hansen, W.R., and Dickinson, W.R., 1990, Paleogeographic and paleotectonic setting of Laramide sedimentary basins in the central Rocky Mountain region: Alternative interpretation and reply: Comment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 280-282, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102 <0280:PAPSOL>2.3.CO;2.
49. Hearst, J.M., and Smith, G.R., 2002, Fishes of the late Pleistocene Duck Point local fauna, Power County, Idaho, equable climate indicator or reworked assemblage?, in Akersten, W.A., Thompson, M.E., Meldrum, D.J., Rapp, R.A., and McDonald, H.G., eds., And Whereas ... Papers on the Vertebrate Paleontology of Idaho Honoring John A. White, Volume 2: Idaho Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Paper number 37, p. 131-140.
50. Heller, P.L., and Ryberg, P.T., 1983, Sedimentary record of subduction to forearc transition in the rotated Eocene basin of western Oregon: Geology, v. 11, p. 380-383, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<380:SROSTF>2.0.CO;2.
51. Heller, P.L., Tabor, R.W., and Suzcek, C.A., 1987, Paleogeographic evolution of the U.S. Pacific Northwest: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 1652-1667.
52. House, P.K., Pearthree, P.A., Howard, K.A., Bell, J.W., Perkins, M.E., Faulds, J.E., and Brock, A.L., 2005, Birth of the lower Colorado River - Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for its inception near the conjunction of Nevada, Arizona, and California, in Pederson, J., and Dehler, C.M., eds., Interior Western United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Field Guide 6, p. 357-387, doi 10.1130/2005.fld006(17).
53. Howard, J.L., 1996, Paleocene to Holocene paleodeltas of ancestral Colorado River offset by the San Andreas fault system, southern California: Geology, v. 24, no. 9, p. 783-786, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0783:PTH- POA>2.3.CO;2.
54. Howard, J.L., 2000, Provenance of quartzite clasts in the Eocene-Oligocene Sespe Formation: Paleogeographic implications for southern California and the ancestral Colorado River: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 11, p. 1635-1649, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1635: POQCIT>2.0.CO;2.
55. Hubbs, C.L., and Miller, R.R., 1948, The zoological evidence: Correlation between fish distribution and hydrographic history in the desert basins of western United States, in The Great Basin, with Emphasis on Glacial and Postglacial Times: University of Utah Bulletin, v. 38, no. 20, p. 17-166.
56. Hunt, C.B., 1969, Geologic History of the Colorado River: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 669-C, p. 59-130.
57. Jenkins, R.E., and Burkhead, N.M., 1993, Freshwater Fishes of Virginia: Bethesda, Maryland, American Fisheries Society, 1079 p.
58. Johnson, R.C., 1985, Early Cenozoic history of the Uinta and Piceance Creek Basins, Utah and Colorado, with special reference to the development of Eocene Lake Uinta, in Flores, R.M., and Kaplan, S.S., eds., Cenozoic Paleo-geography of the West-Central United States: Denver, Colorado, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Rocky Mountain Section, Rocky Mountain Paleogeography Symposium 3, p. 247-276.
59. Kerr, D.R., and Kidwell, S.M., 1991, Late Cenozoic sedimentation and tectonics, western Salton Trough, California, in Walawender, M.J., and Hanan, B.B., eds., Geological Excursions in Southern California and Mexico: Geological Society of America, National Meeting Guidebook: San Diego, Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, p. 397-416.
60. Kuehne, R.A., and Bailey, R.M., 1961, Stream capture and the distribution of the percid fish, Etheostoma sagitta, with geologic and taxonomic considerations: Copeia, v. 1961, p. 1-8, doi: 10.2307/1440163.
61. Long, S.P., Link, P.K., Janecke, S.U., Perkins, M.E., and Fanning, C.M., 2006, Multiple phases of Tertiary extension and synextensional deposition of Miocene-Pliocene Salt Lake Formation in an evolving supradetachment basin, Malad Range, southeast Idaho, U.S.A.: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 1-27, doi: 10.2113/gsrocky.41.1.1.
62. Lonsdale, P.F., 1989, Geology and tectonic history of the Gulf of California, in Winterer, E.L., et al., eds., The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. N, p. 499-521.
63. Love, D.W., 1989, Bidahochi Formation: An interpretive summary, in Anderson, O.J., ed., Southwest Colorado Plateau: Socorro, New Mexico, New Mexico Geological Society, Fortieth Field Conference Guidebook, p. 273-280.
64. Lucchitta I., 1979, Late Cenozoic uplift of the southwestern Colorado Plateau and adjacent lower Colorado River region: Tectonophysics, v. 61, p. 63-95, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90292-0.
65. Lucchitta, I., 1987, The mouth of the Grand Canyon and the edge of the Colorado Plateau in the upper Lake Mead area, Arizona: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section, Centennial Field Guide, v. 2, p. 365-370.
66. Marshall, C.R., 1990, Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges: Paleobiology, v. 16, p. 1-10.
67. Martin, A.P., and Palumbi, S.R., 1993, Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock: Washington, D.C., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, v. 90, p. 4087-4091.
68. McClellan, P.H., 1977, Paleontology and Paleoecology of Neogene Freshwater Fishes from the Salt Lake Beds, Northern Utah [Master's thesis]: Berkeley, University of California, 243 p.
69. McKee, E.D., Wilson, R.F., Breed, W.J., and Breed, C.S., eds., 1967, Evolution of the Colorado River in Arizona - AHypothesis Developed at the Symposium on Cenozoic Geology of the Colorado Plateau in Arizona, August 1964: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 44, 67 p.
70. Meade, J.I., Thompson, R.S., and Van Devender, T.R., 1982, Late Wisconsinan and Holocene Fauna from Smith Creek Canyon, Snake Range, Nevada: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, v. 20, 26 p.
71. Meek, N., and Douglass, J., 2001, Lake overflow: An alternative hypothesis for Grand Canyon incision and development of the Colorado River, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 199-204.
72. Metzger, D.G., and Loeltz, O.J., 1973, Geohydrology of the Needles Area, Arizona, California, and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-J, 54 p.
73. Metzger, D.G., Loeltz, O.J., and Irelan, B., 1973, Geohydrology of the Parker-Blythe-Cibola Area, Arizona and California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-G, 130 p.
74. Miller, D.M., Nilsen, T.H., and Bilodeau, W.L., 1992, Late Cretaceous to early Eocene geologic evolution of the U.S. Cordillera, in Burchfiel, B.C., Lip-man, P.W., and Zoback, M.L., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. G-3, p. 205-260.
75. Miller, R.R., 1959, Origin and affinities of the freshwater fish fauna of western North America, in Hubbs, C.L., ed., Zoogeography: American Association Advancement of Science Publication 51, p. 187-222.
76. Miller, R.R. and Hubbs, C.L., 1960, The spiny-rayed cyprinid fishes (Pla-gopterini) of the Colorado River system: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publication no. 115, p. 1-42.
77. Minckley, W.L., Hendrickson, D.A., and Bond, C.E., 1986, Geography of western North America freshwater fishes: Description and relationship to intercontinental tectonism, in Hocutt, C.H., and Wile, E.O., eds., The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 519-614.
78. Morton, D.M., and Matti, J.C., 1993, Extension and contraction within an evolving divergent strike-slip fault complex: The San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones at their convergence in southern California, in Powell, R.E., Wel-don, R.J., II, and Matti, J.C., eds., The San Andreas Fault System: Displacement, Palinspastic Reconstruction, and Geologic Evolution: Geological Society of America Memoir 178, p. 217-230.
79. Negrini, R., 2002, Pluvial lake sizes in the northwestern Great Basin throughout the Quaternary Period, in Hershler, R., Madsen, D.B., and Curry, D.R., eds., Great Basin Aquatic Systems History: Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 11-52.
80. Oskin, M., and Stock, J., 2003, Marine incursion synchronous with plate-boundary localization in the Gulf of California: Geology, v. 31, p. 23-26, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031 <0023:MISWPB>2.0.CO;2.
81. Oviatt, C.G., Curry, D.R., and Sack, D., 1992, Radiocarbon chronology of Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 99, p. 225-241, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90017-Y.
82. Patchett, P. J., and Spencer, J.E., 2001, Application of Sr isotopes to the hydrology of the Colorado River system waters and potentially related Neogene sedimentary formations, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 167-171.
83. Peirce, H.W., 1976, Tectonic significance of Basin and Range thick evaporite deposits, in Wilt, J.C., and Jenney, J.P., eds., Tectonic Digest, v. 10: Tucson, Arizona Geological Society, p. 325-339.
84. Peirce, H.W., Damon, P.E., and Shafiqullah, M., 1979, An Oligocene (?) Colorado Plateau edge in Arizona: Tectonophysics, v. 61, p. 1-24, doi: 10.1016/ 0040-1951(79)90289-0.
85. Pierce, K.L., and Morgan, L.A., 1992, The track of the Yellowstone hot spot: Vol-canism, faulting, and uplift, in Link, P., Kuntz, M., and Platt, L., eds., Regional Geology of Eastern Idaho and Western Wyoming: Geological Society of America Memoir 179, p. 1-53.
86. Potochnik, A.R., 2001, Paleogeomorphic evolution of the Salt River region: Implications for Cretaceous-Laramide inheritance for ancestral Colorado River drainage, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 17-22.
87. Potochnik,A.R.,and Faulds, J.E., 1998,Atale of two rivers: Mid-Tertiary structural inversion and drainage reversal across the southern boundary ofthe Colorado Plateau, in Duebendorfer, E.M., ed., Geologic Excursions in Northern and Central Arizona (Field trip guidebook for Geological Society ofAmerica, Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, May 1998): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, p. 149-173.
88. Poulson, S.R., and John, B.E., 2003, Stable isotope and trace element geochemistry of the basal Bouse Formation carbonate, southwestern United States: Implications for the Pliocene uplift history of the Colorado Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 434-444, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0434:SIATEG>2.0.CO;2.
89. Powell, R.E., 1993, Balanced palinspastic reconstruction of pre-late Cenozoic paleogeology, southern California: Geologic and kinematic constraints on evolution of the San Andreas fault system, in Powell, R.E., Weldon, R.J., II, and Matti, J.C., eds., The San Andreas Fault System: Displacement, Palin-spastic Reconstruction, and Geologic Evolution: Geological Society of America Memoir 178, p. 1-106.
90. Reheis, M.C., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Reynolds, R.L., Repenning, C.A., and Mifflin, M.D., 2002, Pliocene to middle Pleistocene lakes in the western Great Basin: Ages and connections, in Hershler, R., Madsen, D.B., and Curry, D.R., eds., Great Basin Aquatic Systems History: Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 53-108.
91. Reynolds, R.E., and Lindsay, E.H., 1999, Late Tertiary basins and faunas along the Nevada-Utah border, in Gillette, D.D., ed., Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1, p. 469-478.
92. Reynolds, S.J., Richard, S.M., Haxel, G.B., Tosdal, R.M., and Laubach, S.E., 1988, Geologic setting of Mesozoic and Cenozoic metamorphism in Arizona, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution of the Western United States (Rubey Volume 7): Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 466-501.
93. Richard, S.M., Reynolds, S.J., Spencer, J.E., and Pearthree, P.A., 2000, Geologic Map of Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Map 35, scale 1:1,000,000.
94. Rogers, K.L., Repenning, C.A., Forester, R.M., Larson, E.E., Hall, S.A., Smith, G.R., Anderson, E., and Brown, T. J., 1985, Middle Pleistocene (Late Irving-tonian: Nebraskan) climatic changes in south-central Colorado: National Geographic Research, v. 1, no. 4, p. 535-563.
95. Sadler, P.M., 1993, The Santa Ana Basin ofthe central San Bernardino Mountains: Evidence of the timing of uplift and strike slip relative to the San Gabriel Mountains, in Powell, R.E., Weldon, R.J., II, and Matti, J.C., eds., The San Andreas Fault System: Displacement, Palinspastic Reconstruction, and Geologic Evolution: Geological Society of America Memoir 178, p. 307-321.
96. Sahagian, D., Proussevitch, A., and Carlson, W., 2002, Timing of Colorado Plateau uplift: Initial constraints from vesicular basalt-derived paleoeleva-tions: Geology, v. 30, no. 9, p. 807-810, doi: 10.1130/0091- 7613(2002)030 <0807:TOCPUI>2.0.CO;2.
97. Shoemaker, E.M., Roach, C.H., and Byers, F.M., Jr., 1962, Diatremes and uranium deposits in the Hopi Buttes, Arizona, in Engel, A.E.J., James, H.L., and Leonard, B.F., eds., Petrologic Studies-A Volume in Honor of A.F. Bud-dington: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, p. 327-355.
98. Sloss, L.L., 1988, Tectonic evolution of the craton in Phanerozoic time, in Sloss, L.L., ed., Sedimentary Cover-North American Craton: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. D-2, p. 25-51.
99. Smith, C.L., 1985, The Inland Fishes of New York State: Albany, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 522 p.
100. Smith, G.R., 1966, Distribution and evolution of the North American catostomid fishes of the subgenus Pantosteus, genus Catostomus: University of Michigan Museum Zoology Miscellaneous Publication 129, p. 1-132.
101. Smith, G.R., 1981, Late Cenozoic freshwater fishes of North America: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 12, p. 163-193, doi: 10.1146/ annurev.es.12.110181.001115.
102. Smith, G.R., 1992, Phylogeny and biogeography of the Catostomidae, freshwater fishes of North America and Asia, in Mayden, R.L., ed., Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes: Stanford, Stanford University Press, p. 778-826.
103. Smith, G.R., and Dowling, T.E., 2008, this volume, Correlating hydrographic events and divergence times of speckled dace (Rhinichthys: Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Colorado River drainage, in Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D.M., eds., Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives: Geological Society of America Special Paper 439, doi: 10.1130/2008.2439(13).
104. Smith, G.R., and Miller, R.R., 1985, Taxonomy of fishes from Miocene Clarkia lake beds, Idaho, in Smiley, C.J., ed., Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest: San Francisco, American Association for the Advancement of Science Pacific Division, p. 75-84.
105. Smith, G.R., Swirydczuk, K., Kimmel, P.G., and Wilkinson, B.H., 1982, Fish biostratigraphy of late Miocene to Pleistocene sediments of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho, in Bonnichsen, B., and Breckenridge, R.M., eds., Cenozoic Geology of Idaho: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 26, p. 519-541.
106. Smith, G.R., Hall, J.G., Koehn, R.K., and Innes, D.J., 1983, Taxonomic relationships of the Zuni mountain sucker, Catostomus discobolus yarrowi: Copeia, v. 1983, p. 37-48, doi: 10.2307/1444696.
107. Smith, G.R., Morgan, N., and Gustafson, E., 2000, Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Ringold Formation, Washington: Pliocene capture of the Snake River by the Columbia River: University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology Papers, v. 32, p. 1-47.
108. Smith, G.R., Dowling, T., Gobalet, K.W., Lugaski, T., Shiazawa, D., and Evans, R.P., 2002, Biogeography and timing of evolutionary events among Great Basin fishes, in Hershler, R., Madsen, D.B., and Currey, D.R., eds., Great Basin Aquatic Systems History: Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 175-234.
109. Smith, P.B., 1970, New evidence for a Pliocene marine embayment along the lower Colorado River area, California and Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1411-1420, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81 [1411:NEFAPM]2.0.CO;2. Spencer, J.E., 1996, Uplift of the Colorado Plateau due to lithosphere attenuation during Laramide low-angle subduction: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 13,595-13,609, doi: 10.1029/96JB00818.
110. Spencer, J.E., and Patchett, P.J., 1997, Sr isotope evidence for a lacustrine origin for the upper Miocene to Pliocene Bouse Formation, lower Colorado River trough, and implications for timing of Colorado Plateau uplift: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 767-778, doi: 10.1130/0016- 7606(1997)109<0767:SIEFAL>2.3.CO;2.
111. Spencer, J.E., and Pearthree, P.A., 2001, Headward erosion versus closed-basin spillover as alternative causes of Neogene capture of the ancestral Colorado River by the Gulf of California, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 215-219.
112. Spencer, J.E., and Reynolds, S.J., 1989, Middle Tertiary tectonics of Arizona and the Southwest, in Jenney, J.P., and Reynolds, S.J., eds., Geologic Evolution of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 17, p. 539-574.
113. Spencer, J.E., Richard, S.M., Reynolds, S.J., Miller, R.J., Shafiqullah, M., Grubensky, M.J., and Gilbert, W.G., 1995, Spatial and temporal relationships between mid-Tertiary magmatism and extension in southwestern Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,321-10,351, doi: 10.1029/94JB02817.
114. 39 Ar geochronology of the Hualapai Limestone and Bouse Formation and implications for the age of the lower Colorado River, inYoung, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 89-91.
115. Spencer, J.E., Pearthree, P.A., and House, P.K., 2008, this volume, An evaluation of the evolution of the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene Bouse lake system in the lower Colorado River valley, southwestern USA, in Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D.M., eds., Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives: Geological Society of America Special Paper 439, doi: 10.1130/2008.2439(17).
116. Stewart, J.H., 1998, Regional characteristics, tilt domains, and extensional history of the late Cenozoic Basin and Range Province, western North America, in Faulds, J.E., and Stewart, J.H., eds., Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones: The Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 323, p. 47-74.
117. Stewart, J.H., Anderson, R.E., Aranda-Gomez, J.J., Beard, L.S., Billingsley, G.H., Cather, S.M., Dilles, J.H., Dokka, R.K., Faulds, J.E., Ferrari, L., Grose,
118. T.L.T., Henry, C.D., Janecke, S.U., Miller, D.M., Richard, S.M., Rowley, P.D., Roldán-Quintana, J., Scott, R.B., Sears, J.W., and Williams, V.S., 1998, Map showing Cenozoic tilt domains and associated structural features, western North America, in Faulds, J.E., and Stewart, J.H., eds., Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones: The Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 323, plate 1.
119. Stock, J.M., and Hodges, K.V., 1989, Pre-Pliocene extension around the Gulf of California and the transfer of Baja California to the Pacific plate: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 99-115.
120. Surdam, R.C., and Stanley, K.O., 1979, Lacustrine sedimentation during the culminating phase of Eocene Lake Gosiute, Wyoming (Green River Formation): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, Part I, p. 93-110, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<93:LSDTCP>2.0.CO;2.
121. Surdam, R.C., and Stanley, K.O., 1980, Effects of changes in drainage-basin boundaries on sedimentation in Eocene Lakes Gosiute and Uinta of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado: Geology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 135-139, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1980)8<135:EOCIDB>2.0.CO;2.
122. Swofford, D., Olson, G., Waddell, P., and Hillis, D., 1996, Phylogenetic inference, in Hillis, D., Moritz, C., and Mable, B., eds., Molecular Systematics (second ed.): Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, p. 407-514.
123. Tamura, K., and Nei, M., 1993, Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees: Molecular Biology and Evolution, v. 10, p. 512-526.
124. Taylor, D.W., 1985, Evolution of Miocene freshwater drainages and
125. Todd, T.N., 1976, Pliocene occurrence of the recent atherinid fish Colpichthys regis in Arizona: Journal of Paleontology, v. 50, p. 462-466.
126. Uyeno, T., and Miller, R.R., 1965, Middle Pliocene cyprinid fishes from the Bida-hochi Formation, Arizona: Copeia, v. 1965, n. 1, p. 28-41.
127. Vandervoort, D.S., and Schmitt, J.G., 1990, Cretaceous to early Tertiary paleo-geography in the hinterland of the Sevier thrust belt, east-central Nevada: Geology, v. 18, no. 6, p. 567-570, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018 <0567:CTETPI>2.3.CO;2.
128. Wallace, M.A., Faulds, J.E., and Brady, R.J., 2005, Geologic Map of the Mead-view North Quadrangle, Mohave County, Arizona and Clark County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map M-154, scale 1:24,000, 22 p. text.
129. Wernicke, B., Spencer, J.E., Burchfiel, B.C., and Guth, P.L., 1982, Magnitude of crustal extension in the southern Great Basin: Geology, v. 10, p. 499-502, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<499:MOCEIT>2.0.CO;2.
130. Wilson, M.V.H., 1977, Middle Eocene Freshwater Fishes from British Columbia: Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution 113, 61 p.
131. Wolfe, J.A., Schorn, H.E., Forest, C.E., and Molnar, P., 1997, Paleobotanical evidence for high altitudes in Nevada during the Miocene: Science, v. 276, p. 1672-1675, doi: 10.1126/science.276.5319.1672.
132. Wolfe, J.A., Forest, C.E., and Molnar, P., 1998, Paleobotanical evidence of Eocene and Oligocene paleoaltitudes in midlatitude western North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 664-678, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0664:PEOEAO>2.3.CO;2.
133. Wrucke, C.T., and Conway, C.M., 1987, Geologic Map ofthe Mazatzal Wilderness and Contiguous Roadless Area, Gila, Maricopa, and Yavapai Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-664, 22 p., scale 1:48,000.
134. Young, R.A., 1979, Laramide deformation, erosion, and plutonism along the southwestern margin of the Colorado Plateau: Tectonophysics, v. 61, p. 25-47, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90290-7.
135. Young, R.A., 2001a, Geomorphic, structural, and stratigraphic evidence for Laramide uplift of the southwestern Colorado Plateau margin in northwestern Arizona, in Erskine, M.C., Faulds, J.E., Bartley, J.M., and Rowley, P.D., eds., The Geologic Transition, High Plateaus to Great Basin-A Symposium and Field Guide: Utah Geological Association Publication 30, p. 227-237.
136. Young, R.A., 2001b, The Laramide-Paleogene history of the western Grand Canyon region: Setting the stage, in Young, R.A., and Spamer, E.E., eds., The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Grand Canyon Association Monograph 12, p. 7-15.