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PFP vessels, using a two stage pump-compressor system, have demonstrated filling rates of 5-20 lmin and filling times of 40 s to 1 min (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/aircraft/sampling.html and http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc-systems/pmwiki2/uploads/PhdAmpDiplomaThesis/baum. pdf). CARIBIC vessels in Refs. and required 30 s to 1.5 min to fill using a three-stage pump compressor capable of up to 30 lmin. Schuck (Ref.) used a three-stage pump to produce 200-300 mbar (20-30 kPa) of pressure at the sampler inlet. If we used a similar scheme with our miniature samplers, and sample at 30 000 ft, the chamber-filling pressure difference would be 0.174 psig (1.2 kPa). Correcting for temperature and altitude, the orifice flow rate (www.okcc.com) is 0.15 lmin, requiring only 20 s to fill a 50 ml sample chamber. The altitude resolution (for controlled descents) or lateral resolution (for airplane or UAV systems), is therefore much greater with the miniature vessels even considering the orifice flow restriction. Incidentally, such a 50 ml chamber can provide sufficient sample for ∼50 GC-MS analyses.
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