Sources and human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Global Nest Journal

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 99-108

  Kalantzi, O I ^a   Siskos, P A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Environmental levels; Human exposure; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Sources

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861156802     PISSN: 11084006     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Alaee M., Arias P., Sjödin A. and Bergman Å. (2003), An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release, Environ. Int., 29, 683-689.
2. Akutsu K., Kitagawa M., Nakazawa H., Makino T., Iwazaki K., Oda H. and Hori S. (2003), Time-trend (1973-2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mothers milk, Chemosphere, 53(6), 645-654.
3. Alcock R.E., Sweetman A.J., Prevedouros K. and Jones K.C. (2003), Understanding levels and trends of BDE-47 in the UK and North America: an assessment of principal reservoirs and source inputs, Environ. Int., 29(6), 691-698.
4. Andersson O. and Blomkvist G. (1981), Polybrominated aromatic pollutants found in fish in Sweden, Chemosphere, 10(9), 1051-1060.
5. Bi X., Ou W., Sheng G., Zhang W., Mai B., Chen D., Yu L. and Fu J. (2006), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk, Environ. Pollut., 144(3), 1024-1030.
6. Bocio A., Llobet J.M., Domingo J.L., Corbella J., Teixidó A., and Casas C., (2003), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: Human exposure through the diet, J.Agric.Food Chem., 51, 3191-3195.
7. Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (2000) An Introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants, http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2703617/An-introduction-to-Brominated-Flame-Retardants/[accessed 9 May 2010].
8. Brouwer A., Morse D.C., Lans M.C., Schuur A.G., Murk A.J. and Klasson-Wehler E. (1998) Interactions of persistent environmental organohalogens with the thyroid hormone system: mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health, Toxicol. Ind. Health., 14, 59-84.
9. 14C]-PBDE-47) in pike (Esox lucius) after dietary exposure - time series study using whole body autoradiography, Chemosphere, 40(9-11), 977-985.
10. Chao H.A., Chih-Chend Chen S., Chang C-M., Koh T-W., Chang-Chien G-P., Ouyang E., Lin S-L., Shy C-G., Chen F-A. and Chao H-R. (2010) Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk correlated to maternal age, education level, and occupational exposure, J. Haz. Mat., 175(1-3), 492-500.
11. Chevrier J., Harley K.G., Bradman A., Gharbi M., Sjödin A. and Eskenazi B. (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy, Environ. Health Persp., 118(10), 1444-1449.
12. Christiansson A., Hovander L., Athanassiadis I., Jakobsson K. and Bergman Å. (2008). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aircraft cabins - A source of human exposure?, Chemosphere, 73(10), 1654-1660.
13. Corsolini S., Covaci A., Ademollo N., Focardi S. and Schepens, P. (2006) Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their enantiomeric signatures, and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Adélie penguin food web, Antarctica, Environ. Pollut., 140(2), 371-382.
14. Covaci A., Gheorghe A., Voorspoels S., Maervoet J., Steen Redekker E., Blust R. and Schepens P. (2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sediment cores from Scheldt river, Belgium: analytical aspects and depth profiles, Environ. Int., 31, 367-375.
15. Covaci A., de Boer J., Ryan J.J., Voorspoels S. and Schepens P. (2002) Distribution of organobrominated and organochlorinated contaminants in Belgian human adipose tissue, Environ. Res., 88, 210-218.
16. Daniels J.L., Pan I-J., Jones R., Anderson S., Patterson D.G. Jr., Needham L.L. and Sjödin A. (2009) Individual Characteristics Associated with PBDE Levels in U.S. Human Milk Samples, Environ. Health Perspect., 118(1), 155-160.
17. Darnerud P.O., Atuma S., Aune M., Bjerselius R., Glynn A., Petersson Grawé K. and Becker W., (2006) Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data, Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, 1597-1606.
18. Darnerud P.O. (2003) Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and wildlife, Environ. Int., 29, 841-853.
19. De Wit C.A. (2002) An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment Chemosphere, 46(5), 583-624.
20. DeCarlo V.J. (1979) Studies on brominated chemicals in the environment, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 320, 678-681.
21. Dirtu A.C., Cernat R., Dragan D., Mocanu R., Van Grieken R., Neels H. and Covaci A. (2006) Organohalogenated pollutants in human serum from Iassy, Romania and their relation with age and gender, Environ. Int., 32(6), 797-803.
22. European Union (2004) Directive 2003/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 6 February 2003 amending for the 24th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0011:en:NOT [accessed 9 May 2010].
23. Fängström B., Athanassiadis I., Odsjö T., Norén K. and Bergman Å. (2008) Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980 - 2004, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52, 187-193.
24. Fängström B., Strid A., Grandjean P., Weihe P. and Bergman Å. (2005) A retrospective study of PBDEs and PCBs in human milk from the Faroe Islands, Environ. Health., 14, 4-12.
25. Fernandez M.F., Araque, P., Kiviranta, H., Molina-Molina, J.M., Rantakokko, P., Laine, O., Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N. (2007) PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain, Chemosphere, 66, 377-383.
26. Fischer D., Hooper K., Athanasiadou M., Athanassiadis I. and Bergman Å. (2007) Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study, Environ. Health Persp., 114(10), 1581-1584.
27. Guvenius D.M., Aronsson A., Ekman-Ordeberg G., Bergman Å. and Norén K. (2003) Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol, Environ. Health Persp., 111(9), 1235-1241.
28. Haglund P.S., Zook D.R., Buser H-R. and Hu J. (1997) Identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxy-polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic biota, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3281-3287.
29. Hakk H. and Letcher R.J. (2003) Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants - a review, Environ.Int., 29, 801-828.
30. Hale R.C., La Guardia M.J., Harvey E.P., Matteson Mainor T., Duff W.H. and Gaylor M.O. (2001) Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in Virginia freshwater fishes (USA), Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(23), 4585-4591.
31. Harrad S. and Porter L. (2007) Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from New Zealand, Chemosphere, 66(10), 2019-2023.
32. Harrad S., Hazrati, S. and Ibarra, C. (2006) Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4633-4638.
33. Hedley A.J., Hui L.L., Kypke K., Malisch R., van Leeuwen, F.X.R., Moy, G., Wong, T.W. and Nelson, E.A.S. (2010) Residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk in Hong Kong, Chemosphere, 79(3), 259-265.
34. Hooper K. and McDonald T.A. (2000) The PBDEs: an emerging environmental challenge and another reason for breast milk monitoring programmes, Environ. Health Persp., 108(5), 387-392.
35. Horng, C.-T., Chao, H.-R., Chang, C.-M., Agoramoorthy, G., Tzeng, T.-F. and Shieh, P.-C. (2010). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk in Taiwan, Asian J. Chem., 22(4), 2869-2878.
36. Ikonomou M.G., Rayne S. and Addison R.F. (2002) Exponential Increases of the Brominated Flame Retardants, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(9), 1886-1892.
37. Ingelido A.M., Di Domenico A., Ballard T., De Felip E., Dellatte E., Ferri F., Fulgenzi A.R., Herrmann T., Iacovella N., Miniero R., Päpke O. and Porpora M.G. (2004) Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in milk from Italian women living in Rome and Venice, Organohalogen Compounds, 66, 2722-2727.
38. Inoue K., Harada K., Takenaka K., Uehara S., Kono M., Shimizu T., Takasuga T., Senthilkumar K., Yamashita F. and Koizumi A. (2006) Levels and concentration ratios of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum and breast milk in Japanese mothers, Environ. Health Persp., 114(8),1179-1185.
39. Jakobsson K., Thuresson K., Rylander L., Sjödin A., Hagmar L. and Bergman Å. (2002) Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians, Chemosphere,. 46, 709-716.
40. Johnson-Restrepo B. and Kannan K. (2009) An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States, Chemosphere, 76(4), 542-548.
41. Julander A., Westberg H., Engwall M. and van Bavel B. (2005) Distribution of brominated flame retardants in different dust fractions in air from an electronics recycling facility, Sci. Total Environ., 350, 151-160.
42. Kalantzi O.I., Geens T., Covaci A. and Siskos P.A. (2011) Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece, Environ. Int., 37(2), 349-353.
43. Kalantzi O.I., Brown F.R., Caleffi M., Goth-Goldstein R. and Petreas, M. (2009) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose tissue samples from Brazil, Environment International, 35(1), 113-117.
44. Kalantzi O.I., Martin F.L., Thomas G.O., Alcock R.E., Tang H.R., Drury S.C., Carmichael P.L., Nicholson J.K and Jones K.C. (2004) Different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two UK regions, Environ. Health Persp., 112(10), 1085-1091.
45. Kang C.S., Lee J.-H., Kim S.-K., Lee K.-T., Lee J.S., Park P.S., Yun S.H., Kannan K., Yoo Y.W., Ha J.Y. and Lee, S.W. (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord Serum, maternal serum, and breast milk from Seoul, South Korea, Chemosphere, 80(2), 116-122.
46. Karlsson M., Julander A., van Bavel B. and Hardell L. (2006) Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust, Environ. Int., 33, 62-69.
47. La Guardia M.J., Hale R.C. and Harvey E. (2007) Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(19), 6663-6670.
48. Lee R.G.M., Thomas G.O and Jones K.C. (2004) PBDEs in the atmosphere of western Europe, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 699-706.
49. Li J., Yu H., Zhao Y., Zhang G. and Wu Y. (2008) Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 73(2), 182-186.
50. López D., Athanasiadou M., Athanassiadis I., Estrada L.Y., Diaz-Barriga F. and Bergman Å. (2004) A preliminary study on PBDEs and HBCDD in blood and milk from Mexican women, Third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, 6-9 June 2004, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 483-487.
51. Ma J., Cheng J., Wang W., Kunisue T., Wu M. and Kannan K. (2011) Elevated concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in hair from workers at an electronic waste recycling facility in Eastern China, J. Haz. Mat., 186(2-3), 1966-1971.
52. Mandalakis M., Stephanou E.G., Horii Y. and Kannan K. (2008) Emerging contaminants in car interiors: evaluating the impact of airborne PBDEs and PBDD/Fs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(17), 6431-6436.
53. Mazdai A., Dodder N.G., Abernathy M.P., Hites R.A. and Bigsby R.M. (2003) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples, Environ. Health Persp., 111, 1249-1252.
54. McDonald T.A. (2002) A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs, Chemosphere, 46(5), 745-755.
55. Meironyté D., Norén K. and Bergman Å. (1999) Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk: A time-related trend study, 1972-1997, J. Toxicol. Env. Health, 58(6), 329-341.
56. Morf L.S., Tremp J., Gloor R., Huber Y., Stengele M. and Zennegg M. (2005) Brominated flame retardants in waste electrical and electronic equipment: substance flows in a recycling plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8691-8699.
57. Morland K.B., Landrigan P.J., Sjödin A., Gobeille A.K., Jones R.S., McGahee E.E., Needam L.L. and Patterson D.G. Jr. (2005) Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers among urban anglers, Environ. Health Persp., 113(12),1689-1692.
58. Muenhor D., Harrad S., Ali N., Covaci A. (2010) Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in Thailand, Environ. Int., 36(7), 690-698.
59. Naert C., Piette M., Bruneel N. and Van Peteghem C. (2006) Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Belgian human adipose tissue samples, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 50, 290-296
60. Ohta S., Ishizuka D., Nishimura H., Nakao T., Aozasa O., Shimidzu Y., Ochiai F., Kida T., Nishi M. and Miyata H. (2002) Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan, Chemosphere., 46, 689-696.
61. Om U., Erikson L., Jacobsson E. and Bergman Å. (1996) Synthesis and characterisation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: unlabelled and radio-labelled tetra-, penta- and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, Acta Chem. San., 50, 802-807.
62. Oros D.R., Hoover D., Rodigari F., Crane D. and Sericano J. (2005) Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments, and bivalves from the San Francisco estuary, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(1), 33-41.
63. Pereg D., Ryan J.J., Ayotte P., Muckle G., Patry B. and Dewailly E. (2003) Temporal and spatial changes of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and other POPs in human milk from Nunavik (Arctic) and southern Quebec, Organohalogen Compounds, 61, 127-130.
64. Petreas M., Nelson D., Brown F.R., Goldberg D., Hurley S and Reynolds P. (2011) High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in breast adipose tissue of California women, Environ. Int., 37(1),190-197.
65. Petreas M., Li, C., Visita P., Gill S., Gill M. and Garcha J. (2005) Autoshredder and e-waste as sources of PBDE exposures in California, Organohalogen Compounds, 67, 1012-1015.
66. Polder A., Thomsen C., Lindstrom G., Loken K.B. and Skaare J.U. (2008) Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway, Chemosphere, 73(1), 14-23.
67. Roosens L., Abdallah M.A.-E., Harrad S., Neels H. and Covaci A. (2009) Factors influencing concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in students from Antwerp, Belgium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(10), 3535-3541.
68. Pulkrabová J., Hrádková P., Hajšlová J., Poustka J., Nápravníková, M. and Poláček, V. (2009) Brominated flame retardants and other organochlorine pollutants in human adipose tissue samples from the Czech Republic, Environ. Int., 35(1), 63-68.
69. Raab U., Preiss U., Albrecht M., Shahin N., Parlar H. and Fromme H. (2008) Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mothers milk from Germany (Bavaria), Chemosphere, 72(1), 87-94.
70. Rahman F., Langford K.H., Scrimshaw M.D. and Lester J.N. (2001) Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, Sci. Total Environ., 275(1-3), 1-17.
71. Ryan J.J. and Patry B., (2001) Body burden and food exposure in Canada for polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Organohalogen Compounds., 51, 226-229.
72. Sakai S-I., Hirai Y., Aizawa H., Ota, S. and Muroishi Y. (2006) Emission inventory of deca-brominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) in Japan, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 8, 56-62.
73. Schecter A., Colacino J., Sjodin A., Needham L. and Birnbaum L. (2010a), Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers, Chemosphere, 78(10), 1279-1284.
74. Schecter A., Haffner D., Colacino J., Patel K., Päpke O., Opel M. and Birnbaum L. (2010b) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in Composite U.S. Food Samples, Environ. Health Perspect., 118(3), 357-362.
75. Schecter A., Päpke O., Harris T.R., Tung K.C., Musumba A., Olson J. and Birnbaum L. (2006) Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex, Environ. Health Persp., 114(10), 1515-1520.
76. Schiavone A., Kannan K., Horii Y., Focardi S. and Corsolini S. (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polycyclic musks in human fat from Italy: Comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, Environ. Pollut., 158(2), 599-606.
77. Schuhmacher M., Kiviranta H., Vartiainen T. and Domingo L.L. (2004) Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk of women from Catalonia, Spain, Organohalogen Compounds, 66, 2560-2566.
78. Schuhmacher M., Kiviranta H., Ruokojärvi P., Nadal M. and Domingo J.L. (2009) Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in breast milk of women from Catalonia, Spain: A follow-up study, Environ. Int., 35(3), 607-613.
79. Sellström U., Jansson B., Kierkegaard A. and de Wit C. (1993) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in biological samples from the Swedish environment. Chemosphere, 26(9), 1703-1718.
80. She J., Holden A., Sharp M., Tanner M., Williams-Derry C. and Hooper K. (2004) Unusual pattern of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US breast milk, Organohalogen Compounds, 66, 3945-3950.
81. Sjödin A., Wong L.-Y., Jones R.S., Park A., Zhang Y., Hodge C., Dipietro E., Mcclure C., Turner W., Needham L.L., Patterson Jr. D.G. (2008) Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(4), 1377-1384.
82. Sjödin A., Jones R.S., Focant J.F., Lapeza C., Wang R.Y., McGahee III E.E., Zhang Y., Turner W.E., Slazyk B., Needham L.L. and Patterson Jr. D.G. (2004) Retrospective Time-Trend Study of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether and Polybrominated and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels in Human Serum from the United States, Environ. Health. Perspect., 112(6), 654-658.
83. Sjödin A., Patterson D.G.Jr., and Bergman Å., (2003) A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) - particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Environ.Int., 29, 829-839.
84. Sjödin A., Hagmar L., Klasson Wehler E., Björk J., and Bergman Å., (2000) Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in Latvian and Swedish men, Environ.Health Perspect., 108, 1035-1041.
85. Soderstrom G., Sellström U., de Wit C.A. and Tysklind M. (2004) Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 127-132.
86. Stapleton, H.N., Sjödin, A., Jones, R.S., Niehüser, S., Zhang, Y. and Patterson Jr., D.G. (2008). Serum Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Foam Recyclers and Carpet Installers Working in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(9), 3453-3458.
87. Stapleton H., Kelly S., Allen J.G. and Webster T. (2007) Exposure to PBDEs from hand to mouth contact: Measurements of PBDEs on hand wipes from individuals in the United States, Fourth International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, BFR 2007, 24-27 April, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
88. Stapleton H.M., Dodder N.G., Offenberg J.H., Schantz M.M. and Wise S.A. (2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(4), 925-931.
89. Sudaryanto A., Kajiwara N., Takahashi M. and Tanabe S. (2008a) Geographical distribution and accumulation features of PBDEs in human breast milk from Indonesia, Env. Poll., 151(1), 130-138.
90. Sudaryanto A., Kajiwara N., Tsydenova O.V., Isobe T., Yu H., Takahashi S. and Tanabe S. (2008b) Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China: Implication on exposure sources and pathways, Chemosphere, 73(10), 1661-1668.
91. Sun S., Zhao J., Leng J., Wang P., Wang Y., Fukatsu H., Liu D., Liu X. and Kayama F. (2010) Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern China and potential dietary risk factors, Chemosphere, 80(10), 1151-1159.
92. Thomas G.O., Wilkinson M., Hodson S. and Jones K.C. (2006) Organohalogen chemicals in human blood from the United Kingdom, Environ. Pollut., 141(1), 30-34.
93. Thomsen C., Stigum H., Frøshaug M., Broadwell S.L., Becher G. and Eggesbø M. (2010) Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study, Environ. Int., 36(1), 68-74.
94. Thomsen C., Lundanes E. and Becher G. (2002) Brominated flame retardants in archived serum samples from Norway: A study on temporal trends and the role of age, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(7), 1414-1418.
95. Thuresson K., Bergman Å. and Jakobsson K. (2005) Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1980-1986.
96. Törnkvist A., Glynn A., Aune M., Darnerud P.O. and Halldin Ankarberg E. (2011) PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, HBCD and chlorinated pesticides in a Swedish market basket from 2005 - Levels and dietary intake estimations, Chemosphere, 83(2), 193-199.
97. Vieth B., Herrmann T., Mielke H., Ostermann B., Päpke O. and Rudiger T. (2004) PBDE levels in human milk: the situation in Germany and potential influencing factors - a controlled study, Organohalogen Compounds, 66, 2643-2648.
98. Vizcaino E., Grimalt J.O., Lopez-Espinosa M.-J., Llop S., Rebagliato M., Ballester F. (2011) Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain), Environ. Int., 37(1), 152-157.
99. Voorspoels S., Covaci A., Neels H. and Schepens P. (2007) Dietary PBDE intake: A market-basket study in Belgium, Environ. Int., 33, 93-97.
100. Webster T.F., Vieira V. and Schecter A., (2005) Estimating human exposure to PBDE-47 via air, food, and dust using Monte Carlo methods. Proceedings From DIOXIN2005, 505-508.
101. Weiss J., Meijer L., Sauer P., Linderholm L., Athanassiadis I. and Bergman Å. (2004) PBDE and HBCDD levels in blood from Dutch mothers and infants-analysis of a Dutch Groningen Infant Cohort, Organohalogen Compounds, 66, 2677-2682.
102. WHO (1994) Environmental Health Criteria, 162, Brominated diphenyl ethers, World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland.
103. Wilford B.H., Shoeib M., Harner T., Zhu J. and Jones K.C. (2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7027-7035.
104. Wu N., Herrmann T., Päpke O., Tickner J., Hale R., Harvey E., La Guardia M., McClean M.D. and Webster T.F. (2007) Human exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(5), 1584-1589.
105. Zhu L., Ma B., Hites R.A. (2009) Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in Northern China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(18), 6963-6968.
106. Zhu L., Ma B., Li J., Wu Y. and Gong J. (2009) Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways, Chemosphere, 74(11), 1429-1434.