Comparative analysis of coordination strategies for electric vehicles

IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Leemput, N ^a   Van Roy, J ^a   Geth, F ^a   Tant, P ^a   Claessens, B ^b   Driesen, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b FLEMISH INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH VITO   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Coordinated charging; Electric vehicles; Smart grids

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS; COORDINATION STRATEGY; CORRELATION MAPPING; LITERATURE OVERVIEW; SMART GRID; THREE PARAMETERS;

EXHIBITIONS; SMART POWER GRIDS;

ELECTRIC VEHICLES;

EID: 84860710985     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2011.6162778     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (109)

1. International Energy Agency, "Technology Roadmap: Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles", Tech. Rep. IEA Technology Roadmaps, OECD/IEA, 2009
2. European Comission, "A sustainable future for transport: Towards an integrated, technology-lead and user-friendly system", Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2009
3. J. Van Mierlo, Y. Marenne, "Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and other considerations related to Battery Electric Vehicles", draft version, Association for Electric Vehicles in Europe, April 2009
4. M Duvall, E. Knipping, M. Alexander, L. Tonachel, C. Clark, "Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Tech. Rep., Electric Power Research Institute, California (USA), July 2007
5. J. Salihi, "Energy Requirements for Electric Cars and their Impact on Electric Power Generation and Distribution Systems", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 9, no. 5, 1973
6. G. T. Heydt, "The Impact of Electric Vehicle Deployment on Load Management Strategies", IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 3, no. 5, May 1983
7. S. Rahman, G.B. Shrestha, "An investigation into the impact of electric vehicle load on the electric utility distribution system", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 2, April 1993
8. A. Brooks, T. Gage, "Integration of Electric Drive Vehicles with the Electric Power Grid: a New Value Stream", Presented at the 18th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS-18), Berlin, Germany, 2001
9. M. Duvall, "Comparing the benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Options for Compact Sedan and Sport Utility Vehicles", Tech. Rep., Electric Power research Institute, 2002
10. A. Simpson, "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology",22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium(EVS-22), Yokohama, Japan, 2006
11. B. Sovacool, R.Hirsh, "Beyond batteries: An examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition", Elsevier Energy Policy, vol. 37, Dec. 2008
12. S.G. Wirasingha, N. Schofield, A. Emadi, "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle developments in the US: trends, barriers, and economic feasibility", IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2008
13. M. Kintner-Meyer, K. Schneider, R. Pratt," Impacts Assessments Of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional U.S. Power Grids, Tech. Rep., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Nov. 2007
14. N. DeForest, J. Funk, A. Lorimer, B. Ur, I. Sidhu, P. Kaminsky, B. Tenderich, "Impact of Widespread Electric Vehicle Adoption on the Electrical Utility Business", Tech. Rep., Center for Entrepreneurship & Technology (CET), University of California, Aug. 2009
15. A.S. Masoum, S. Deilami, P.S. Moses, A. Abu-Siada, "Impacts of Battery Charging Rates of Plug-in Electric Vehicle on Smart Grid Distribution Systems", 2011
16. S. Shao, T. Zhang, M. Pipattanasomporn, S. Rahman, "Impact of TOU Rates on Distribution Load Shapes in a Smart Grid with PHEV Penetration", Tech. Rep., Advanced Research Institute, Virginia Tech, U.S.A., 2010
17. A.S. Masoum, S. Dei, P. S. Moses, A.A. Siada, "Voltage Profile and THD Distortion of Residential Network with High Penetration of Plug-in Electrical Vehicles", IEEE/PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010
18. K. Clement, K. Van Reusel, J. Driesen: "The consumption of electrical energy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Belgium", EETFig European Ele-Drive Transportation Conference, Brussels, Belgium, June 2007
19. K. Clement-Nyns, E. Haesen, J. Driesen, "The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, pp. 371-380, Feb. 2010
20. K. Clement-Nyns, E. Haesen, J. Driesen, "Stochastic analysis of the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on the distribution grid", 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, 2009
21. G.A. Putrus, P. Suwanapingkarl, D. Johnston, E.C. Bentley, M. Narayana "Impact of electric vehicles on power distribution networks", IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 827-831, Vancouver, Canada, Sept. 2009
22. L. Pieltain Fernandez, T. Gomez San Roman, R. Cossent, C. Mateo Domingo, P. Frias, "Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Networks", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 2010
23. B.A. Hacker, S. Azongha, C.S. Edrington, "PHEV impacts on microgrid systems", IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC), pp. 1-7, Oct. 2009
24. C. Camus, C. M. Silva, T. L. Farias, J. Esteves, "Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Portuguese Electric Utility System", International Conference on Energy and Electric Drives, May 2009
25. A. Bedir, B. Ozpineci, J. E. Christian, "The Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Interaction with Energy Storage and Solar Panels on the Grid for a Zero Energy House", IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, June 2010
26. A. Karnama, V. Knazkins, "Scenario-based investigation of the effects of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in 11 kV substations in Stockholm", International Conference on the European Energy Market, Aug. 2010
27. H.U. Gerbracht, D. Most, W. Fichtner, "Impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Germany's Power Plant Portfolio: A Model Based Approach", 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 2010
28. K. J. Dyke, N. Schofield, M Barnes, "The Impact of Transport Electrification on Electrical Networks", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, issue 12, Feb. 2010
29. H. Valizadeh Haghi, S.M. Hakimi, M. Aliakbar Golki, "Considering Impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Planning Optimal Hybrid Systems", 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Frankfurt, Germany, June 2011
30. X. Zhong, A. Cruden, D. Infield, P. Holik, S. Huang, "Assessment of Vehicle to grid power as power system support", Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), pp. 1-5, Sept. 2009
31. Y. Ota, H. Taniguchi, T. Nakajima, K.M. Liyanage K. Shimizu, T. Masuta, J. Baba, A. Yokoyama, "Effect of Autonomous Distributed Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) on Power System Frequency Control", International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2010
32. S.W. Hadley, "Evaluating the Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Electricity Supplies", iREP Symposium: Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control, 2007
33. S.W. Hadley, A. Tsvetkova, "Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation", The Electricity Journal, vol. 22, no. 10, pp, 56-68, 2009
34. K. Clement-Nyns, E. Haesen, J. Driesen, "Coordinated charging of multiple plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in residential distribution grids", IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009
35. P. Denholm, W. Short, "An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles", Tech. Rep., National Renewable Energy Laboratory , July 2006
36. K. Mets, T. Verschueren, W. Haerick, C. Develder, F. De Turck, "Optimizing smart energy control strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging", IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium Workshops (NOMS Wksps), pp. 293-299, Apr. 2010
37. S. Acha, T.C. Green, N. Shah, "Effects of optimized plug-in hybrid vehicle charging strategies on electric distribution network losses", IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-6, Apr. 2010
38. S. Acha, T.C. Green, N. Shah, "Optimal Charging Strategies of Electric Vehicles in the UK Power Market", IEEE/PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2011
39. N. Rotering, M. Ilic, "Optimal Charge Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Deregulated Electricity Markets", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Nov. 2010
40. M. Doostizadeh, M. Khanabadi, A. Esmaeilian, M. Mohseninezhad, "Optimal Energy Management of a Retailer with Smart Metering and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle", 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2011
41. O. Sundstrom, C. Binding, "Optimization Methods to Plan the Charging of Electric Vehicle Fleets", Proc. of the International Conference on Control, Communication and Power Engineering, 2010
42. A.Y. Saber, G.K. Venayagamoorthy. "Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Cost and Emission Reductions", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, March 2011
43. A. Brooks, E. Lu, D. Reicher, C. Spirakis, B. Weihl, "Demand Dispatch", IEEE power & energy magazine, pp.20-29, May/June 2010
44. E. Sortomme, M.M. Hindi, S.D.J. MacPherson, S.S. Venkata, "Coordinated Charging of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Minimize Distribution System Losses", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, March 2011
45. M.D. Gallus, R. La Fauci, G. Andersson, "Investigating PHEV Wind Balancing Capabilities using Heuristics and Model Predictive Control", IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, July 2010
46. M.D. Gallus, G. Andersson, "Demand Management of Grid Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)", IEEE Energy2030, Atlanta, USA, Nov. 2008
47. M. Pipattanasomporn, H. Feroze, S. Rahman, "Multi-agent systems in a distributed smart grid: Design and implementation", IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, April 2009
48. E. Haesen, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, "Multi-objective valuation of electricity storage services", Proceedings of EESAT Conference, Sept. 2007
49. E. Haesen, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, "Robust planning methodology for integration of stochastic generators in distribution grids", IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 1, no. 1, 2007
50. P. Papadopoulos, S. Skarvelis-Kazakos, I. Grau, L. M. Cipcigan, N. Jenkins, "Predicting Electric Vehicle Impacts on Residential Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation", IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2010
51. S. Blumsack, C. Samaras, P. Hines, "Long-Term Electric System Investments to support Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles", Tech. Rep., 2008
52. K. Qian, C. Zhou, M. Allan, Y. Yuan," Modeling of Load Demand Due to EV Battery Charging in Distribution Systems", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, issue 2, Aug. 2010
53. J.A. Peças Lopes, C.L. Moreira, A.G. Madureira, "Defining Control Strategies for MicroGrids Islanded Operation ", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21 no. 2, May 2006
54. J.A. Peças Lopes, F.J. Soares, P.M. Rocha Almeida, "Identifying Management Procedures to Deal with Connection of Electric Vehicles in the Grid", IEEE PowerTech, Bucharest, 2009
55. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), "Integral: Integrated ICT-platform based Distributed Control in Electricity Grids", homepage, http://www.integral-eu.com, last time consulted on 14/05/2011
56. S.S. Hernandez, P.P. Galindo, A.Q. Lopez, "EPV Project: Technology to integrate EV inside smart grids", 2010
57. Q. Wu, A.H. Nielsen, J. Østergaard, S.T. Cha, F. Marra, P.B. Andersen, "Modeling of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for EV Grid Integration Study", European Conference SmartGrids & E-Mobility
58. B. Adornato, R. Patil, Z. Filipi, Z. Baraket, T. Gordon, "Characterizing Naturalistic Driving Patterns for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Analysis", IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2009
59. Electricity Advisory committee, "Storage as a Strategic Tool for Managing Variability and Capacity Concerns in the Modern Grid", Tech. Rep., 2008
60. M. Aliakbar Golki, H. Valizadeh Haghi, "Using a Multivariate DOE Method for Congestion Study in Distribution Systems under Impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles", 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Frankfurt, Germany, June 2011
61. P.M. Rocha Almeida, J.A. Peças Lopes, F.J. Soares, M.H. Vascones, "Automatic generation control operation with electric vehicles", Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control (iREP), pp. 1-7, Sept. 2010
62. N.J. Gil, J.A. Peças Lopes, "Hierarchical frequency control scheme for multi-microgrids operations", IEEE Lausanne Power Tech, pp. 473-478, June 2008
63. N.J. Gil, J.A. Peças Lopes, "Hierarchical Frequency Control Scheme for Islanded Multi-Microgrids Operation", IEEE Lausanne Power Tech, 2007
64. J. A. Peças Lopes, P. M. Rocha Almeida, F. J. Soares, "Using Vehicleto-Grid to Maximize the Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Resources in Islanded Electric Grids", International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, 2009
65. A.Y. Saber; G.K. Venayagamoorthy, "Unit Commitment with Vehicleto-Grid using Particle Swarm Optimization", IEEE PowerTech, Bucharest, 2009
66. W. Kempton, V. Udo, K. Huber, K. Komara, S. Letendre, S. Baker, D. Brunner, N. Pearre, "A Test of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for Energy Storage and Frequency Regulation in the PJM System", Tech. Rep., University of Delaware, Pepco Holdings Inc., PJM Interconnect, Green Mountain College, Nov. 2008
67. P. Mitra, G.K. Venayagamoorthy, "Wide area control for improving stability of a power system with plug-in electric vehicles", IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2009
68. S. Vandael, N. Boucké, T. Holvoet, G. Deconinck, "Decentralized demand side management of plug-in hybrid vehicles in a Smart Grid", ATES, May 2010
69. S. Vandael, K. De Craemer, N. Boucké, T. Holvoet, G. Deconinck, "Decentralized coordination of plug-in hybrid vehicles for imbalance reduction in a Smart Grid", 10th Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Taipei, Taiwan, 2011
70. A. Mohsenian-Rad, V.W.S. Wong, J. Jatskev, R. Schrober, A. Leon-Garcia, "Autonomous Demand Side Management Bases on Game-Theoretic Energy Consumption Scheduling for the Future Smart Grid", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Dec. 2010
71. K. De Brabandere, B. Bolsens., J. Van den Keybus., A. Woyte, J. Driesen, R. Belmans: "A Voltage and Frequency Droop Control Method for Parallel Inverters", IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, pp. 1107-1115, July 2007
72. S. De Breucker, P. Jacqmaer, K. De Brabandere, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, "Grid Power Quality Improvements Using Grid-Coupled Hybrid Electric Vehicles", 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, 2006
73. M. Prodanovic , K. De Brabandere, J. Van den Keybus, T. Green and J. Driesen, "Harmonic and reactive power compensation as ancillary services in inverter-based distributed generation", The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Dec. 2006
74. S. Bashash, S.J. Moura, H.K. Fathy , "Charge Trajectory Optimization of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Energy Cost Reduction and Battery Health Enhancement", American Control Conference, Baltimore, USA, June 2010
75. I. Momber, T. Gómez; G. Venkataramanan, M. Stadler, S. Beer, J. Lai, C. Marnay, V. Battaglia, "Plug-in Electric Vehicle Interactions with a Small Office Building: An economic Analysis using DER-CAM", 2010
76. Flemish Regulator for the Energy and Gas Markets (VREG),"Information about average electricity and gas consumption", web page, http://www.vreg.be, last time consulted on 16/05/2011
77. V. Brslica, "Plug-in hybrids and new energy storages", IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Oct. 2009
78. Shin-ichi Inage, "Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Vehicles in a Smart Grid Environment", Working Paper, International Energy Agency, 2010
79. Lombardi, P. Vasquez, Z. A. Styczynski, "Plug-in electric vehicles as storage devices within an Autonomous power system: Optimization issue", IEEE PowerTech, Oct. 2009
80. W. Kempton, J. Tomić , S. Letendre, A. Brooks, T. Lipman, "Vehicleto-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California", Prepared for: California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency, and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Electric Transportation Program, 2001
81. W. Kempton, J. Tomic, "Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: calculating capacity and net revenue", Elsevier Journal of Power Sources, Dec. 2004
82. W. Kempton, J. Tomic, "Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy", Elsevier Journal of Power Sources, Dec. 2004
83. W. Kempton, S. Letendre, "Electric Vehicles as a new Power Source for electric utilities", Elsevier Science, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 157-175, Dec. 1996
84. W. Kempton, T. Kubo, "Electric-drive vehicles for peak power in Japan", Elsevier Energy Policy, vol. 28, pp. 9-18, Aug. 1999
85. H. Lund, W. Kempton, "Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G", Elsevier Energy Policy, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 3578-3587, 2008
86. D. Sikai Huang Infield, "The potential of domestic electric vehicles to contribute to Power System Operation through vehicle to grid technology", Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), March 2010
87. H. Sekyung, H. Soohee, K. Sezaki, "Development of an Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Aggregator for Frequency Regulation", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 1, issue 1, June 2010
88. M.P.F. Hommelberg, C.J. Warmer, I.G. Kamphuis, J.K. Kok, G.J. Schaeffer, "Distributed control concepts using Multi-Agent technology and automatic markets: an indispensable feature of smart power grids", IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-7, June 2007
89. M.P.F. Hommelberg, B.J. van der Velde, C.J. Warmer, I.G. Kamphuis, J.K. Kok, "A Novel Architecture for Real-time Operation of Multi-Agent Based Coordination of Demand and Supply", IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1-5, July 2008
90. C.J. Warmer, M.P.F. Hommelberg, J.K. Kok, I.G. Kamphuis, "Local DER Driven Grid Support by Coordinated Operation of Devices", IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1-5, July 2008
91. B. Roossien, P.C. van der Laag, "Universal Power Manager: Integrating ECN's PowerMatcher with Nedap's Atrium", Tech. Rep., Energy research Center of the Netherlands, Jan. 2010
92. D.A. Cohen, "GridAgents™: Intelligent agent applications for integration of distributed energy resources within distribution systems", IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2008
93. European Comission: Energy, ,"EU's energy-related strategies'", web page, ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/index-en.htm, last time consulted on 16/05/2011
94. Belpex: Belgian Power Exchange, web page, www.belpex.be, last time consulted on 13/07/2011
95. Y. Hase, "Handbook of Power System Engineering", chap. 12-16, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007
96. L. Chen, H. Suzuki, T. Wachi, Y. Shimura, "Components of nodal prices for electric power systems", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 41-49, Feb. 2002
97. R.K. Singh, N.B.D. Choudhury, S.K. Goswami, "Effect of load models on nodal pricing and revenue evaluation of DG in distribution network", Annual IEEE India Conference, vol. 1, pp. 229-233, Dec. 2008
98. R.K. Singh, S.K. Goswami, "Evaluation of Nodal Prices and Revenue of Distributed Generation in Distribution Network Including Load Model", IEEE Region 10 and the Third international Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, pp. 1-6, Dec. 2008
99. P.M. Sotkiewicz, J.M. Vignolo, "Nodal pricing for distribution networks: efficient pricing for efficiency enhancing DG", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1013-1014, May 2006
100. P. Van Roy, T. Van Craenenbroeck, R. Belmans, D. Van Dommelen, G. Pepermans, S. Proost, "Comparison of transmission tariff methods in a free market for electricity", International Conference on Electric Power Engineering, pp. 159, 1999
101. P. Wang, Y. Ding, Y. Xiao, "Technique to evaluate nodal reliability indices and nodal prices of restructured power systems", IEEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 152, no. 3, pp. 390-396, May 2005
102. K. De Brabandere, K. Vanthournout, J. Driesen, G. Deconinck, R. Belmans, "Control of Microgrids", IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007
103. P. Jacqmaer, S. De Breucker, K. De Brabandere, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, "Plug-in HEVs using d,q Current Components for Single-Phase Grid-Coupling", Electa, K.U.Leuven, Belgium
104. M.A.A. Pedrasa, T.D. Spooner, I.F. MacGill, "Coordinated Scheduling of Residential Distributed Energy Resources to Optimize Smart Home Energy Services", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids, Sydney, Australia, Sep. 2010
105. H. Makkonen, J. Partanen, P.S ilventoinen, "Concept of battery charging and discharging in automotive applications", International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2010
106. European Standard EN 50160 on "voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems", web document www.eurelectric.org/Download/Download.aspxDocumentID=11743, last time consulted on 13/07/2011
107. B. Jansen, C. Binding, O. Sundstr, D. Gantenbein, "Architecture and Communication of an Electric Vehicle Virtual Power Plant", Tech. Rep., IBM Research, Zurich, Switzerland, 2010
108. N. Lu, D.J. Hammerstrom, "Design Considerations for Frequency Responsive Grid FriendlyTM Appliances", IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition, 2006
109. M. Bragard, N. Soltau, S. Thomas, R.W. De Doncker, "The Balance of Renewable Sources and User Demands in Grids: Power Electronics for Modular Battery Energy Storage Systems", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 12, Dec. 2010