Vulnerable Self, Poor Understanding of Others' Minds, Threat Anticipation and Cognitive Biases as Triggers for Delusional Experience in Schizophrenia: A Theoretical Model

Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 247-259

  Salvatore, Giampaolo ^a   Lysaker, Paul H ^b,c   Popolo, Raffaele ^a   Procacci, Michele ^a   Carcione, Antonino ^a   Dimaggio, Giancarlo ^a  

^a Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva APC   (Italy)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Evolutionary psychology; Persecutory delusions; Schizophrenia; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; COGNITION; DELUSION; EGO; HUMAN; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SELF CONCEPT; THEORY OF MIND;

AGGRESSION; COGNITION; DELUSIONS; EGO; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT; THEORY OF MIND;

EID: 84860449517     PISSN: 10633995     EISSN: 10990879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.746     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Abu-Akel, A. (1999). Impaired theory of mind in schizophrenia. Pragmatics and Cognition, 7, 247-282.
2. Abu-Akel, A., & Bailey, A.L. (2000). The possibility of different forms of theory of mind impairment in psychiatric and developmental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 30, 735-38. doi: 10.1017/S0033291799002123.
3. APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revised). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Bale, T.L., Baram, T.Z., Brown, A.S., Goldstein, J.M., Insel, T.R., McCarthy, M.M., Nemeroff, C.B., Reyes, T.M., Simerly, R.B., & Susser, E.S. (2010). Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 314-319. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.028.
5. Bell, M.D., Bryson, G.J., & Lysaker, P.H. (1997). Positive and negative affect recognition in schizophrenia: A comparison with substance abuse and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Research, 73, 73-82.
6. Bell, V., Halligan, P.W., & Ellis, H.D. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience of belief. In P.W. Halligan, & M. Aylward (Eds), The power of belief (pp. 3-21). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Bentall, R.P. (1994). Cognitive biases and abnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions. In A.S. David, & J. Cutting (Eds), The neuropsychology of schizophrenia (pp. 337-360). London: Erlbaum.
8. Bentall, R.P., Corcoran, R., Howard, R., Blackwood, N., & Kinderman, P. (2001). Persecutory delusions: A review and theoretical interpretation. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 1143-1192. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00106-4.
9. Bentall, R., & Kaney, S. (1989). Content specific information processing and persecutory delusions: An investigation using the Emotional Stroop Test. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 62, 355-364.
10. Bentall, R., Kaney, S., & Bowen-Jones, K. (1995). Persecutory delusions and recall of threat related, depression related, and neutral words. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 445-457. doi: 10.1007/BF02230411.
11. Blackwood, N.J., Howard, R.J., Bentall, R.P., & Murray, R.M. (2001). Cognitive neuropsychiatric models of persecutory delusions. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 527-539.
12. Bleuler, E. (1906). Affektivität, suggestibilität, paranoïa (Ia ed). Halle: Carl Marhold.
13. Brüne, M. (2005). 'Theory of mind' in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 21-42. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbi002.
14. Buchanan, A., Reed, A., Wessely, S., Garety, P., Taylor, P., & Grubin, D.G. (1993). Acting on delusions. II: The phenomenological correlates of acting on delusions. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 77-81.
15. Buss, A.H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.
16. Butler, R.W., Mueser, K.T., Sprock, J., & Braff, D.L. (1996). Positive symptoms of psychosis in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 839-44. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00314-2.
17. Candido, C.L., & Romney, D.M. (1990). Attributional style in paranoid vs. depressed patients. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 63, 355-363.
18. Chadwick, P.D.J., & Lowe, C.F. (1994). A cognitive approach to measuring delusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 355-367. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90133-3.
19. Chapman, L.J., & Chapman, J.P. (1980). Scales for rating psychotic and psychotic-like experiences as continua. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 476-489.
20. Claridge, G. (1997). Schizotypy: Implications for illness and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Corcoran, R., & Frith, C.D. (2003). Autobiographical memory and theory of mind: evidence of a relationship in schizophrenia. Psichological Medicine, 33, 897-905.
22. Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., & Procacci, M. (2007). Psychotherapy of personality disorders. London: Bruner-Routledge.
23. Dudley, R.E.J., & Over, D.E. (2003). People with delusions jump to conclusions: A theoretical account of research findings on the reasoning of people with delusions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10, 263-274. doi: 10.1002/cpp.376.
24. Ensink, B. (1992). Confusing realities: A study on child sexual abuse and psychiatric symptoms. Amsterdam: VU University Press.
25. Fear, C., Sharp, H., & Healy, D. (1996). Cognitive processes in delusional disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 61-67.
26. Fenigstein, A, Scheier, M.F., & Buss, A.H. (1975). Private and public self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
27. Ferrari, P.F., Gallese, V., Rizzolatti, G., & Fogassi, L. (2003). Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and communicative mouth actions in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1703-1714. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02601.x.
28. Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill International.
29. Fowler, D. (2000). Psychological formulation of early episodes of psychosis: A cognitive model. In M. Birchwood, D. Fowler, & C. Jackson (Eds), Early intervention in psychosis: A guide to concepts, evidence and interventions (pp. 101-127). Chichester: Wiley.
30. Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 425-457. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004.
31. Freeman, D., & Freeman, J. (2008). Paranoia: The 21st century fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Freeman, D., & Garety, P.A. (2004). Paranoia: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Hove: Psychology Press.
33. Freeman, D., Garety, P.A., Bebbington, P.E., Smith, B., Rollinson, R., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Ray, K., & Dunn, G. (2005). Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 427-435. doi: 10.1192/bjp.186.5.427.
34. Freeman, D., Garety, P.A., & Fowler, D. (2008). The puzzle of paranoia. In D. Freeman, R. Bentall, & P.A. Garety (Eds), Persecutory delusions: Assessment, theory and treatment (pp. 121-142). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35. Freeman, D., Garety, P.A., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., & Dunn, G. (2004). Why do people with delusions fail to choose more realistic explanations for their experiences? An empirical investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 671-680.
36. Freeman, D., Garety, P., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., & Hadley, C. (1998). The London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy for psychosis. IV: Self-esteem and persecutory delusions. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 415-430.
37. Freeman, D., Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., & Bebbington, P.E. (2002). A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 331-347.
38. Frith, C.D. (1992). The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
39. Frith, C.D. (2004). Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychological Medicine, 34, 385-389. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703001326.
40. Frith, C., & Corcoran, R. (1996). Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 521-530. doi: 10.1017/S0033291700035601.
41. Gallese, V. (2001). The 'shared manifold' hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-7), 33-50.
42. Gallese, V. (2003). The roots of empathy: The shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology, 36, 171-180. doi: 10.1159/000072786.
43. Gallese, V. (2005). Embodied simulation: From neurons to phenomenal experience. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4, 23-48. doi: 10.1007/s11097-005-4737-z.
44. Gallese, V., & Lakoff, G. (2005). The brain's concepts: The role of the sensory-motor system in reason and language. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 455-479. doi: 10.1080/02643290442000310.
45. Garety, P.A., Everitt, B.S., & Hemsley, D.R. (1988). The characteristics of delusions: A cluster analysis of deluded subjects. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 237, 112-114. doi: 10.1007/bf00382375.
46. Garety, P.A., & Freeman, D. (1999). Cognitive approaches to delusions: A critical review of theories and evidence. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 113-154.
47. Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1987). The characteristics of delusional experience. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurobiological Sciences, 236, 294-298. doi: 10.1007/bf00380955.
48. Garety, P.A., Hemsley, D.R., & Wessely, S. (1991). Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients: Biased in performance on a probabilistic inference task. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 194-201.
49. Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Bebbington, P.E. (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31, 189-195. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701003312.
50. Gilbert, P. (1989). Human nature and suffering. London: Routledge.
51. Gilbert, P. (1998). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 447-463.
52. Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolutionary approaches to psychopathology: The role of natural defences. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 17-27.
53. Gilbert, P. (2002). Evolutionary approaches to psychopathology and cognitive therapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 263-294.
54. Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9-75). London: Routledge.
55. Gilbert, P., Birchwood, M. Gilbert, J., Trower, P., Hay, J., Murray, B., Meaden, A., Olsen, K., & Miles, J.N. (2001). An exploration of evolved mental mechanisms for dominant and subordinate behaviour in relation to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and critical thoughts in depression. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1117-1127. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701004093.
56. Gilbert, P., Boxall, M., Cheung, C., & Irons, C. (2005). The relations of paranoid ideation and social anxiety in a mixed clinical population. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 124-133. doi: 10.1002/cpp.438.
57. Goldman, A. (1992). In defence of the simulation theory. Mind and Language, 7, 104-19.
58. Gordon, R.M. (1995a). Folk psychology as simulation. In M. Davies, & T. Stone (Eds), Folk psychology (pp. 60-73). Oxford: Blackwell.
59. Gordon, R.M. (1995b). Simulation without introspection or inference from me to you. In M. Davies, & T. Stone (Eds), Mental simulation (pp. 53-67). Oxford: Blackwell.
60. Gordon, R.M. (1996). 'Radical' simulationism. In P. Carruthers, & P.K. Smith (Eds), Theories of theories of mind (pp. 11-21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Green, C., Garety, P.A., Freeman, D., Fowler, D., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2006a). Content and affect in persecutory delusions. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 561-577. doi: 10.1348/014466506X98768.
62. Green, C., Garety, P.A., Freeman, D., Fowler, D., Bebbington, P., Dunn, D., & Kuipers, E. (2006b). Phenomenology and affect in persecutory delusions. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 561-577.
63. Gumley, A., & Schwannauer, M. (2006). Staying well after psychosis: A cognitive interpersonal approach to recovery and relapse prevention. Chichester: Wiley.
64. Harrington, L., Langdon, R., Siegert, R.J., & McClure, J. (2005a). Schizophrenia, theory of mind, and persecutory delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10, 87-104. doi: 10.1080/13546800344000327.
65. Harrington, L., Siegert, R.J., & McClure, J. (2005b). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10, 249-286. doi: 10.1080/13546800244000316.
66. Harris, P. (1995). From simulation to folk psychology: The case for development. In M. Davies, & T. Stone (Eds), Folk psychology (pp. 207-231). Oxford: Blackwell.
67. Heilbrun, A.B. (1973). Aversive maternal control: A theory of schizophrenic development. New York: John Wiley.
68. Hemsley D.R., & Garety, P.A. (1986). Formation and maintenance of delusions: A Bayesian analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 51-56.
69. Iacoboni, I., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J.C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biology, 3, 529-535. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079.
70. Janet, P. (1889). L'automatisme psychologique. Paris: Alcan.
71. Jannerod, M., & Pacherie, E. (2004). Agency, simulation and self-identification. Mind and Language, 19(2), 113-146.
72. Kaney, S., & Bentall, R.P. (1989). Persecutory delusions and attributional style. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 62, 191-198. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2004.00251.x.
73. Kaney, S., Wolfenden, M., Dewey, M.E., & Bentall, R.P. (1992). Persecutory delusions and recall of threatening propositions. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 85-87.
74. Kendler, K.S., Glazer, W.M., & Morgenstern, H. (1983). Dimensions of delusional experience. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 466-469.
75. Kerr, S.L., & Neale, J.M. (1993). Emotion perception in schizophrenia: Specific deficit or further evidence of generalized poor performance? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 312-318.
76. Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R.P. (1996). Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: Evidence for a model of paranoid ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 106-113.
77. Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R.P. (2000). Self-discrepancies and causal attributions: Studies of hypothesized relationships. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 255-273.
78. Kretschmer, E. (1918). Der sensitive bezieihungswahn. Berlin: Springer.
79. Lacan, J. (1932). De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité. suivi de Premiers écrits sur la paranoïa (pp. 228-235). Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1975.
80. Langdon, R., Coltheart, M., & Ward, P.B. (2006). Empathetic perspective-taking is impaired in schizophrenia: Evidence from a study of emotion attribution and theory of mind. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11, 133-155. doi: 10.1080/13546800444000218.
81. Leafhead, K.M., Young, A.W., & Szulecka, T.K. (1996). Delusions demand attention. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 5-16.
82. Leahy, R.L. (2002). Pessimism and the evolution of negativity. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 295-316.
83. Liotti, G., & Gilbert, P. (2010, 12 August). Mentalizing, motivation and social mentalities: Theoretical considerations and implications for psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. doi: 10.1348/147608310X520094.
84. Liotti, G., & Gumley, A. (2008). An attachment perspective on schizophrenia: The role of disorganized attachment, dissociation and mentalization. In A. Moskowitz, I. Schäfer, & M.J. Dorahy (Eds), Psychosis, trauma and dissociation: Emerging perspective on severe psychopathology (pp. 117-133). London: John Wiley and Sons.
85. Lysaker, P.H., Dimaggio, G., Buck, K.D., Carcione, A., & Nicolò, G. (2007). Metacognition within narratives of schizophrenia: associations with multiple domains of neurocognition. Schizophrenia Research, 93, 278-87. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.016.
86. Lysaker, P.H., & Lysaker, J.T. (2008). Schizophrenia and the fate of the self. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
87. Lysaker, P.H., Salvatore, G., Grant, M.L.A., Procacci, M., Olesek, K.L., Buck, K.D., Nicolò, G., & Dimaggio, G. (2010). Deficits in theory of mind and social anxiety as independent paths to paranoid features in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 124(1), 81-85.
88. MacBeth, A., Schwannauer, M., & Gumley, A. (2008). The association between attachment style, social mentalities, and paranoid ideation: An analogue study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 81, 79-93. doi: 10.1348/147608307X246156.
89. Maner, J.K., Kenrick, D.T., Becker, D.V., Robertson, T.E., Hofer, B., Neuberg, S.L., Delton, A.W., Butner, J., & Schaller, M. (2005). Functional projection: How Fundamental social motives can bias interpersonal perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 63-78. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.63.
90. Millon, T. (1999). Personality-guided therapy. New York: Wiley.
91. Mitchell, J.P., Macrae, C.N., & Banaji, M.R. (2006). Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others. Neuron, 50, 655-663. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.040.
92. Moritz, S., Werner, R., & von Collani, G. (2006). The inferiority complex in paranoia readdressed: A study with the Implicit Association Test. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11, 402-415. doi: 10.1080/13546800444000263.
93. Morrison, R.L., Bellack, A.S., & Bashore, T.R. (1988). Perception of emotion among schizophrenic patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 10, 319-332.
94. Morrison, A.P., Frame, L., & Larkin, W. (2003). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 331-353. doi: 10.1348/014466503322528892.
95. Mueser, K.T., Doonan, R., Penn, D.L., Blanchard, J.J., Bellack, A.S., Nishith, P., & DeLeon, J. (1996). Emotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 271-275.
96. Payne, R.W. (1966). The measurement and significance of overinclusive thinking and retardation in schizophrenic patients. In P.H. Hoch, & J. Zubin (Eds). Psychopathology of schizophrenia (pp. 77-97). New York: Grune & Stratton.
97. Peters, E., Day, S., & Garety, P. (1997). From preconscious to conscious processing: Where does the abnormality lie in delusions. Schizophrenia Research, 24, 120.
98. Peters, E.R., Joseph, S.A., & Garety, P.A. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 553-576.
99. Phillips, M.L., Senior, C., & David, A.S. (2000). Perception of threat in schizophrenics with persecutory delusions: An investigation using visual scan paths. Psychological Medicine, 30, 157-167. doi: 10.1017/S0033291799001397.
100. Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515-526.
101. Randall, F., Corcoran, R., Day, J.C., & Bentall, R.P. (2003). Attention, theory of mind, and causal attributions in people with persecutory delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 8, 287-294. doi: 10.1080/135468000057.
102. Rhodes, J., & Jakes, S. (2010). Perspectives on the onset of delusions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17, 136-146. doi: 10.1002/cpp.675.
103. Safran, J.D., & Muran, J.C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York: Guilford.
104. Safran J.D., & Segal Z.V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
105. Salvatore, G. Dimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P.H. (2007). An intersubjective perspective on negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Implications of simulation theory. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 144-164. doi: 10.1080/13546800600819921.
106. Salvatore, G., Dimaggio, G., Popolo, R., & Lysaker P.H. (2008). Deficits in mindreading in stressful contexts and their relationships to social withdrawal in schizophrenia. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 72, 191-209.
107. Salvatore, G., Nicolò, G., & Dimaggio, G. (2005). Impoverished dialogical relationship patterns in paranoid personality disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 59, 247-265.
108. Salvatore, G., Procacci, M., Popolo, R., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A., Semerari, A., & Dimaggio, G. (2009). Adapted metacognitive interpersonal therapy for improving adherence to intersubjective contexts in a person with schizophrenia. Clinical Case Studies, 8(6), 473-488. doi: 10.1177/1534650109354916.
109. Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., Dorahy, M.J., & Adamson, G. (2007). The distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in the population: A latent class analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Research, 89, 101-109.
110. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J.P., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., & Frith, C.D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5561), 1157-1162.
111. Stanghellini, G. (2001). Psychopathology of common sense. Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology, 8, 201-218.
112. Strauss, J.S. (1969). Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20, 581-586.
113. Taylor, J.L. (2008). Violence and persecutory delusions. In D. Freeman, R. Bentall, & P.A. Garety (Eds), Persecutory delusions. assessment, theory and treatment (pp. 91-104). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
114. Taylor, P.J., Leese, M., Williams, D., Butwell, M., Daly, R., & Larkin, E. (1998). Mental disorder and violence. A special (high security) hospital study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 218-121.
115. Tettamanti, M., Buccino, G., Saccuman, M.C., Gallese, V., Danna, M., Scifo, P., Fazio, F., Rizzolatti, G., Cappa, S.F., & Perani, D. (2004). Listening to action-related sentences activates fronto-parietal motor circuits. Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences, 17, 273-281.
116. Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of human communication. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
117. Trower, P., Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Byrne, S., Nelson, A., & Ross, K. (2004). Cognitive therapy for command hallucinations. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 312-320.
118. Trower, P., & Chadwick, P. (1995). Pathways to defense of the self: A theory of two types of paranoia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 263-278.
119. Wessely, S., Buchanan, A., Reed, A., Cutting, J., Everitt, B., Garety, P., & Taylor, P.J. (1993). Acting on delusions. I: Prevalence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 69-76.
120. White, L.O., & Mansell, W. (2009). Failing to ponder? Delusion-prone individuals rush to conclusions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 16, 111-124. doi: 10.1002/cpp.607.
121. Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655-664. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2.
122. Won, H.T., & Lee, H.J. (1997). The self-concept and attributional style in a paranoid group. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 173-182.
123. Young, H.F., & Bentall, R.P. (1997). Probabilistic reasoning in deluded, depressed and normal subjects: Effects of task difficulty and meaningful versus non-meaningful material. Psychological Medicine, 27, 455-465.