메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 369-379

Muscarinic Receptors: Their Roles in Disorders of the Central Nervous System and Potential as Therapeutic Targets

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Alzheimer's disease; Bipolar disorder; Major depressive disorder; Parkinson's disease; Schizophrenia; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BUNGAROTOXIN RECEPTOR; DONEPEZIL; GAMMA SECRETASE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT; LIGAND; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 1; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 2; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 3; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 4; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 5; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PHYSOSTIGMINE; RIVASTIGMINE; SCOPOLAMINE; XANOMELINE;

EID: 84860315449     PISSN: 17555930     EISSN: 17555949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00249.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (77)

References (126)
  • 1
    • 49449094458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine beyond neurons: The non-neuronal cholinergic system in humans
    • Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ. Acetylcholine beyond neurons: The non-neuronal cholinergic system in humans. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1558-1571.
    • (2008) Br J Pharmacol , vol.154 , pp. 1558-1571
    • Wessler, I.1    Kirkpatrick, C.J.2
  • 2
    • 30444432203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of muscarinic receptors mimics experience-dependent plasticity in the honey bee brain
    • Ismail N, Robinson GE, Fahrbach SE. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors mimics experience-dependent plasticity in the honey bee brain. Proc Natl Acad Scie USA 2006;103:207-211.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Scie USA , vol.103 , pp. 207-211
    • Ismail, N.1    Robinson, G.E.2    Fahrbach, S.E.3
  • 3
    • 0031040861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: Toward a unifying hypothesis
    • Sarter M, Bruno JP. Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: Toward a unifying hypothesis. Brain Res Rev 1997;23:28-46.
    • (1997) Brain Res Rev , vol.23 , pp. 28-46
    • Sarter, M.1    Bruno, J.P.2
  • 4
    • 0033018477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine in mind: A neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness
    • Perry E, Walker M, Grace J, Perry R. Acetylcholine in mind: A neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness Trends Neurosci 1999;22:273-280.
    • (1999) Trends Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 273-280
    • Perry, E.1    Walker, M.2    Grace, J.3    Perry, R.4
  • 5
    • 0001536516 scopus 로고
    • The action of certain esters and ethers of choline and their relation to muscarine
    • Dale HH. The action of certain esters and ethers of choline and their relation to muscarine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1914;6:147-190.
    • (1914) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.6 , pp. 147-190
    • Dale, H.H.1
  • 7
    • 0031774720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
    • Caulfield MP, Birdsall NJ. International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 1998;50:279-290.
    • (1998) Pharmacol Rev , vol.50 , pp. 279-290
    • Caulfield, M.P.1    Birdsall, N.J.2
  • 8
    • 0029013930 scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: Signal transduction through multiple effectors
    • Felder CC. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: Signal transduction through multiple effectors. FASEB J 1995;9:619-625.
    • (1995) FASEB J , vol.9 , pp. 619-625
    • Felder, C.C.1
  • 9
    • 0028924664 scopus 로고
    • Differential regulation of molecular subtypes of muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease
    • Flynn DD, Ferrari-DiLeo G, Mash DC, Levey AI. Differential regulation of molecular subtypes of muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1995;64:1888-1891.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 1888-1891
    • Flynn, D.D.1    Ferrari-DiLeo, G.2    Mash, D.C.3    Levey, A.I.4
  • 10
    • 0027177289 scopus 로고
    • Association of m1 and m2 muscarinic receptor proteins with asymmetric synapses in the primate cerebral cortex: Morphological evidence for cholinergic modulation of excitatory neurotransmission
    • Mrzljak L, Levey AI, Goldman-Rakic PS. Association of m1 and m2 muscarinic receptor proteins with asymmetric synapses in the primate cerebral cortex: Morphological evidence for cholinergic modulation of excitatory neurotransmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:5194-5198.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 5194-5198
    • Mrzljak, L.1    Levey, A.I.2    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.3
  • 11
    • 0025917517 scopus 로고
    • Increased muscarinic receptor messenger RNA in Alzheimer's disease temporal cortex demonstrated by in situ hybridization histochemistry
    • Harrison PJ, Barton AJ, Najlerahim A, McDonald B, Pearson RC. Increased muscarinic receptor messenger RNA in Alzheimer's disease temporal cortex demonstrated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1991;9:15-21.
    • (1991) Brain Res Mol Brain Res , vol.9 , pp. 15-21
    • Harrison, P.J.1    Barton, A.J.2    Najlerahim, A.3    McDonald, B.4    Pearson, R.C.5
  • 12
    • 0036522982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of central inhibitory muscarinic autoreceptors by the use of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knock-out mice
    • Zhang W, Basile AS, Gomeza J, Volpicelli LA, Levey AI, Wess J. Characterization of central inhibitory muscarinic autoreceptors by the use of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knock-out mice. J Neurosci 2002;22:1709-1717.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 1709-1717
    • Zhang, W.1    Basile, A.S.2    Gomeza, J.3    Volpicelli, L.A.4    Levey, A.I.5    Wess, J.6
  • 13
    • 0031881557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein and mRNA in cortical neurons of the normal and cholinergically deafferented rhesus monkey
    • Mrzljak L, Levey AI, Belcher S, Goldman-Rakic PS. Localization of the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein and mRNA in cortical neurons of the normal and cholinergically deafferented rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1998;390:112-132.
    • (1998) J Comp Neurol , vol.390 , pp. 112-132
    • Mrzljak, L.1    Levey, A.I.2    Belcher, S.3    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.4
  • 14
    • 41549107533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in macaque V1 are most frequently expressed by parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons
    • Disney AA, Aoki C. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in macaque V1 are most frequently expressed by parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons. J Comp Neurol 2008;507:1748-1762.
    • (2008) J Comp Neurol , vol.507 , pp. 1748-1762
    • Disney, A.A.1    Aoki, C.2
  • 15
    • 0028104392 scopus 로고
    • Localization of muscarinic M3 receptor protein and M3 receptor binding in rat brain
    • Levey AI, Edmunds SM, Heilman CJ, Desmond TJ, Frey KA. Localization of muscarinic M3 receptor protein and M3 receptor binding in rat brain. Neuroscience 1994;63:207-221.
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.63 , pp. 207-221
    • Levey, A.I.1    Edmunds, S.M.2    Heilman, C.J.3    Desmond, T.J.4    Frey, K.A.5
  • 16
    • 0025130727 scopus 로고
    • Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia
    • Weiner DM, Levey AI, Brann MR. Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:7050-7054.
    • (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.87 , pp. 7050-7054
    • Weiner, D.M.1    Levey, A.I.2    Brann, M.R.3
  • 17
    • 0025313499 scopus 로고
    • Localization of m5 muscarinic receptor mRNA in rat brain examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry
    • Vilaro MT, Palacios JM, Mengod G. Localization of m5 muscarinic receptor mRNA in rat brain examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neurosci Lett 1990;114:154-159.
    • (1990) Neurosci Lett , vol.114 , pp. 154-159
    • Vilaro, M.T.1    Palacios, J.M.2    Mengod, G.3
  • 18
    • 0035910050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperactivity, elevated dopaminergic transmission, and response to amphetamine in M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-deficient mice
    • Gerber DJ, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Huang SY, Caron MG, Tonegawa S. Hyperactivity, elevated dopaminergic transmission, and response to amphetamine in M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:15312-15317.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.98 , pp. 15312-15317
    • Gerber, D.J.1    Sotnikova, T.D.2    Gainetdinov, R.R.3    Huang, S.Y.4    Caron, M.G.5    Tonegawa, S.6
  • 19
    • 0035879062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperactivity and intact hippocampus-dependent learning in mice lacking the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
    • Miyakawa T, Yamada M, Duttaroy A, Wess J. Hyperactivity and intact hippocampus-dependent learning in mice lacking the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Neurosci 2001;21:5239-5250.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 5239-5250
    • Miyakawa, T.1    Yamada, M.2    Duttaroy, A.3    Wess, J.4
  • 20
    • 30644461032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of synaptic plasticity by physiological activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse hippocampus
    • Shinoe T, Matsui M, Taketo MM, Manabe T. Modulation of synaptic plasticity by physiological activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci 2005;25:11194-11200.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 11194-11200
    • Shinoe, T.1    Matsui, M.2    Taketo, M.M.3    Manabe, T.4
  • 21
    • 0037220723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective cognitive dysfunction in acetylcholine M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice
    • Anagnostaras SG, Murphy GG, Hamilton SE, et al. Selective cognitive dysfunction in acetylcholine M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice. Nat Neurosci 2003;6:51-58.
    • (2003) Nat Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 51-58
    • Anagnostaras, S.G.1    Murphy, G.G.2    Hamilton, S.E.3
  • 22
    • 0042575347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysregulated hippocampal acetylcholine neurotransmission and impaired cognition in M2, M4 and M2/M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice
    • Tzavara ET, Bymaster FP, Felder CC, et al. Dysregulated hippocampal acetylcholine neurotransmission and impaired cognition in M2, M4 and M2/M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice. Mol Psychiatry 2003;8:673-679.
    • (2003) Mol Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 673-679
    • Tzavara, E.T.1    Bymaster, F.P.2    Felder, C.C.3
  • 23
    • 0033573915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pronounced pharmacologic deficits in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice
    • Gomeza J, Shannon H, Kostenis E, et al. Pronounced pharmacologic deficits in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:1692-1697.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , pp. 1692-1697
    • Gomeza, J.1    Shannon, H.2    Kostenis, E.3
  • 24
    • 0035826218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor are hypophagic and lean
    • Yamada M, Miyakawa T, Duttaroy A, et al. Mice lacking the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor are hypophagic and lean. Nature 2001;410:207-212.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 207-212
    • Yamada, M.1    Miyakawa, T.2    Duttaroy, A.3
  • 25
    • 0035957582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neostriatal muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in the generation of tremulous jaw movements in rodents implications for cholinergic involvement in parkinsonism
    • Salamone JD, Correa M, Carlson BB, et al. Neostriatal muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in the generation of tremulous jaw movements in rodents implications for cholinergic involvement in parkinsonism. Life Sci 2001;68:2579-2584.
    • (2001) Life Sci , vol.68 , pp. 2579-2584
    • Salamone, J.D.1    Correa, M.2    Carlson, B.B.3
  • 26
    • 13044283415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor-mediated locomotor stimulation in M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice
    • Gomeza J, Zhang L, Kostenis E, et al. Enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor-mediated locomotor stimulation in M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:10483-10488.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , pp. 10483-10488
    • Gomeza, J.1    Zhang, L.2    Kostenis, E.3
  • 27
    • 9444239189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M4 muscarinic receptors regulate the dynamics of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission: Relevance to the pathophysiology and treatment of related CNS pathologies
    • Tzavara ET, Bymaster FP, Davis RJ, et al. M4 muscarinic receptors regulate the dynamics of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission: Relevance to the pathophysiology and treatment of related CNS pathologies. FASEB J 2004;18:1410-1412.
    • (2004) FASEB J , vol.18 , pp. 1410-1412
    • Tzavara, E.T.1    Bymaster, F.P.2    Davis, R.J.3
  • 28
    • 0242352643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel insights into M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function by the use of gene targeting technology
    • Yamada M, Basile AS, Fedorova I, et al. Novel insights into M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function by the use of gene targeting technology. Life Sci 2003;74:345-353.
    • (2003) Life Sci , vol.74 , pp. 345-353
    • Yamada, M.1    Basile, A.S.2    Fedorova, I.3
  • 29
    • 0037143440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates morphine reinforcement and withdrawal but not morphine analgesia
    • Basile AS, Fedorova I, Zapata A, et al. Deletion of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates morphine reinforcement and withdrawal but not morphine analgesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:11452-11457.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.99 , pp. 11452-11457
    • Basile, A.S.1    Fedorova, I.2    Zapata, A.3
  • 30
    • 84860300879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. 4th - text revision ed. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th - text revision ed. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  • 31
    • 33748052338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtyping schizophrenia: Implications for genetic research
    • Jablensky A. Subtyping schizophrenia: Implications for genetic research. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:815-836.
    • (2006) Mol Psychiatry , vol.11 , pp. 815-836
    • Jablensky, A.1
  • 33
    • 0001048556 scopus 로고
    • Atropine Coma: A somatic therapy in psychiatry
    • Forrer GR, Miller JJ. Atropine Coma: A somatic therapy in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1958;115:455-458.
    • (1958) Am J Psychiatry , vol.115 , pp. 455-458
    • Forrer, G.R.1    Miller, J.J.2
  • 34
    • 58149217885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the cholinergic system in the pathology and treatment of schizophrenia
    • Scarr E, Dean B. Role of the cholinergic system in the pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:73-86.
    • (2009) Expert Rev Neurother , vol.9 , pp. 73-86
    • Scarr, E.1    Dean, B.2
  • 35
    • 0141533278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of muscarinic m1 receptor genetic polymorphisms with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients
    • Liao DL, Hong CJ, Chen HM, et al. Association of muscarinic m1 receptor genetic polymorphisms with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 2003;48:72-76.
    • (2003) Neuropsychobiology , vol.48 , pp. 72-76
    • Liao, D.L.1    Hong, C.J.2    Chen, H.M.3
  • 37
    • 70350446516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased cortical muscarinic receptors define a subgroup of subjects with schizophrenia
    • Scarr E, Cowie TF, Kanellakis S, Sundram S, Pantelis C, Dean B. Decreased cortical muscarinic receptors define a subgroup of subjects with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14:1017-1023.
    • (2009) Mol Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 1017-1023
    • Scarr, E.1    Cowie, T.F.2    Kanellakis, S.3    Sundram, S.4    Pantelis, C.5    Dean, B.6
  • 40
    • 0021060772 scopus 로고
    • Increased muscarinic cholinergic receptors in prefrontal cortices of medicated schizophrenics
    • Watanabe S, Nishikawa T, Takashima M, Toru M. Increased muscarinic cholinergic receptors in prefrontal cortices of medicated schizophrenics. Life Sci 1983;33:2187-2196.
    • (1983) Life Sci , vol.33 , pp. 2187-2196
    • Watanabe, S.1    Nishikawa, T.2    Takashima, M.3    Toru, M.4
  • 41
    • 0030091175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The density of muscarinic M1 receptors is decreased in the caudate- putamen of subjects with schizophrenia
    • Dean B, Crook JM, Opeskin K, Hill C, Keks N, Copolov DL. The density of muscarinic M1 receptors is decreased in the caudate- putamen of subjects with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 1996;1:54-58.
    • (1996) Mol Psychiatry , vol.1 , pp. 54-58
    • Dean, B.1    Crook, J.M.2    Opeskin, K.3    Hill, C.4    Keks, N.5    Copolov, D.L.6
  • 42
    • 1642415654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of m1/m4 muscarinic receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression disorder
    • Zavitsanou K, Katsifis A, Mattner F, Xu-Feng H. Investigation of m1/m4 muscarinic receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:619-625.
    • (2004) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.29 , pp. 619-625
    • Zavitsanou, K.1    Katsifis, A.2    Mattner, F.3    Xu-Feng, H.4
  • 43
    • 0037223693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo determination of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor availability in schizophrenia
    • Raedler TJ, Knable MB, Jones DW, et al. In vivo determination of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor availability in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:118-127.
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 118-127
    • Raedler, T.J.1    Knable, M.B.2    Jones, D.W.3
  • 44
    • 0036932174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased muscarinic(1) receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia
    • Dean B, McLeod M, Keriakous D, McKenzie J, Scarr E. Decreased muscarinic(1) receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:1083-1091.
    • (2002) Mol Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 1083-1091
    • Dean, B.1    McLeod, M.2    Keriakous, D.3    McKenzie, J.4    Scarr, E.5
  • 45
    • 34247643222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered hippocampal muscarinic M4, but not M1, receptor expression from subjects with schizophrenia
    • Scarr E, Sundram S, Keriakous D, Dean B. Altered hippocampal muscarinic M4, but not M1, receptor expression from subjects with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:1161-1170.
    • (2007) Biol Psychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 1161-1170
    • Scarr, E.1    Sundram, S.2    Keriakous, D.3    Dean, B.4
  • 46
    • 67349144696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder subjects
    • Gibbons AS, Scarr E, McLean CA, Sundram S, Dean B. Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder subjects. J Affect Disord 2009;116:184-191.
    • (2009) J Affect Disord , vol.116 , pp. 184-191
    • Gibbons, A.S.1    Scarr, E.2    McLean, C.A.3    Sundram, S.4    Dean, B.5
  • 47
    • 0033515114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The binding of [3H]AF-DX 384 is reduced in the caudate-putamen of subjects with schizophrenia
    • Crook JM, Dean B, Pavey G, Copolov D. The binding of [3H]AF-DX 384 is reduced in the caudate-putamen of subjects with schizophrenia. Life Sci 1999;64:1761-1771.
    • (1999) Life Sci , vol.64 , pp. 1761-1771
    • Crook, J.M.1    Dean, B.2    Pavey, G.3    Copolov, D.4
  • 48
    • 17044413243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M2/M4 muscarinic receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders
    • Zavitsanou K, Katsifis A, Yu Y, Huang XF. M2/M4 muscarinic receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Brain Res Bull 2005;65:397-403.
    • (2005) Brain Res Bull , vol.65 , pp. 397-403
    • Zavitsanou, K.1    Katsifis, A.2    Yu, Y.3    Huang, X.F.4
  • 49
    • 67651102672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM1)-Galpha(q/11) coupling in a schizophrenia endophenotype
    • Salah-Uddin H, Scarr E, Pavey G, et al. Altered M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM1)-Galpha(q/11) coupling in a schizophrenia endophenotype. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:2156-2166.
    • (2009) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.34 , pp. 2156-2166
    • Salah-Uddin, H.1    Scarr, E.2    Pavey, G.3
  • 51
    • 0030927142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xanomeline: A selective muscarinic agonist for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Bymaster FP, Whitesitt CA, Shannon HE, et al. Xanomeline: A selective muscarinic agonist for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 1997;40:158-170.
    • (1997) Drug Dev Res , vol.40 , pp. 158-170
    • Bymaster, F.P.1    Whitesitt, C.A.2    Shannon, H.E.3
  • 52
    • 48949095543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia
    • Shekhar A, Potter WZ, Lightfoot J, et al. Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1033-1039.
    • (2008) Am J Psychiatry , vol.165 , pp. 1033-1039
    • Shekhar, A.1    Potter, W.Z.2    Lightfoot, J.3
  • 53
    • 58249122324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of amphetamine-induced activity by the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist, xanomeline, is absent in muscarinic M(4) receptor knockout mice and attenuated in muscarinic M(1) receptor knockout mice
    • Woolley ML, Carter HJ, Gartlon JE, Watson JM, Dawson LA. Attenuation of amphetamine-induced activity by the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist, xanomeline, is absent in muscarinic M(4) receptor knockout mice and attenuated in muscarinic M(1) receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009;603:147-149.
    • (2009) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.603 , pp. 147-149
    • Woolley, M.L.1    Carter, H.J.2    Gartlon, J.E.3    Watson, J.M.4    Dawson, L.A.5
  • 55
    • 0036212608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the cholinergic muscarinic system in bipolar disorder and related mechanism of action of antipsychotic agents
    • Bymaster FP, Felder CC. Role of the cholinergic muscarinic system in bipolar disorder and related mechanism of action of antipsychotic agents. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7(Suppl 1):S57-S63.
    • (2002) Mol Psychiatry , vol.7 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bymaster, F.P.1    Felder, C.C.2
  • 56
    • 0017105216 scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effect of gallamine on muscarinic receptors
    • Clark AL, Mitchelson F. The inhibitory effect of gallamine on muscarinic receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1976;58:323-331.
    • (1976) Br J Pharmacol , vol.58 , pp. 323-331
    • Clark, A.L.1    Mitchelson, F.2
  • 57
    • 46249084634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, 77-LH-28-1
    • Langmead CJ, Austin NE, Branch CL, et al. Characterization of a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, 77-LH-28-1. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1104-1115.
    • (2008) Br J Pharmacol , vol.154 , pp. 1104-1115
    • Langmead, C.J.1    Austin, N.E.2    Branch, C.L.3
  • 58
    • 44649157592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipsychotic-like behavioral effects and cognitive enhancement by a potent and selective muscarinic M-sub-1 receptor agonist, AC-260584
    • Vanover KE, Veinbergs I, Davis RE. Antipsychotic-like behavioral effects and cognitive enhancement by a potent and selective muscarinic M-sub-1 receptor agonist, AC-260584. Behav Neurosci 2008;122:570-575.
    • (2008) Behav Neurosci , vol.122 , pp. 570-575
    • Vanover, K.E.1    Veinbergs, I.2    Davis, R.E.3
  • 59
    • 72049088792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AC-260584, an orally bioavailable M1 muscarinic receptor allosteric agonist, improves cognitive performance in an animal model
    • Bradley SR, Lameh J, Ohrmund L, et al. AC-260584, an orally bioavailable M1 muscarinic receptor allosteric agonist, improves cognitive performance in an animal model. Neuropharmacology 2010;58:365-373.
    • (2010) Neuropharmacology , vol.58 , pp. 365-373
    • Bradley, S.R.1    Lameh, J.2    Ohrmund, L.3
  • 60
    • 70449640543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Selective allosteric potentiator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases activity of medial prefrontal cortical neurons and restores impairments in reversal learning
    • Shirey JK, Brady AE, Jones PJ, et al. A Selective allosteric potentiator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases activity of medial prefrontal cortical neurons and restores impairments in reversal learning. J Neurosci 2009;29:14271-14286.
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 14271-14286
    • Shirey, J.K.1    Brady, A.E.2    Jones, P.J.3
  • 61
    • 55249118679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel selective allosteric activator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates amyloid processing and produces antipsychotic-like activity in rats
    • Jones CK, Brady AE, Davis AA, et al. Novel selective allosteric activator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates amyloid processing and produces antipsychotic-like activity in rats. J Neurosci 2008;28:10422-10433.
    • (2008) J Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 10422-10433
    • Jones, C.K.1    Brady, A.E.2    Davis, A.A.3
  • 62
    • 76749144987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of action and in vivo validation of an m(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulator with potential antipsychotic properties
    • Leach K, Loiacono RE, Felder CC, et al. Molecular mechanisms of action and in vivo validation of an m(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulator with potential antipsychotic properties. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:855-869.
    • (2010) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.35 , pp. 855-869
    • Leach, K.1    Loiacono, R.E.2    Felder, C.C.3
  • 63
    • 49449108109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allosteric modulation of the muscarinic M4 receptor as an approach to treating schizophrenia
    • Chan WY, McKinzie DL, Bose S, et al. Allosteric modulation of the muscarinic M4 receptor as an approach to treating schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:10978-10983.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.105 , pp. 10978-10983
    • Chan, W.Y.1    McKinzie, D.L.2    Bose, S.3
  • 64
    • 57349113845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats
    • Brady AE, Jones CK, Bridges TM, et al. Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;327:941-953.
    • (2008) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.327 , pp. 941-953
    • Brady, A.E.1    Jones, C.K.2    Bridges, T.M.3
  • 66
    • 78651013959 scopus 로고
    • The effects of diisopropylfluorophosphonate in schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis
    • Rowntree DW, Nevin S, Wilson A. The effects of diisopropylfluorophosphonate in schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1950;13:47-62.
    • (1950) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 47-62
    • Rowntree, D.W.1    Nevin, S.2    Wilson, A.3
  • 67
    • 50549171499 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides
    • Gershon S, Shaw FH. Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. Lancet 1961;1:1371-1374.
    • (1961) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1371-1374
    • Gershon, S.1    Shaw, F.H.2
  • 68
  • 69
    • 0022786925 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic mechanisms in depression
    • Dilsaver SC. Cholinergic mechanisms in depression. Brain Res 1986;396:285-316.
    • (1986) Brain Res , vol.396 , pp. 285-316
    • Dilsaver, S.C.1
  • 70
    • 33749333018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Furey ML, Drevets WC. Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:1121-1129.
    • (2006) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 1121-1129
    • Furey, M.L.1    Drevets, W.C.2
  • 71
    • 75849117116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication of scopolamine's antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Drevets WC, Furey ML. Replication of scopolamine's antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67:432-438.
    • (2010) Biol Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 432-438
    • Drevets, W.C.1    Furey, M.L.2
  • 72
    • 77958001705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scopolamine produces larger antidepressant and antianxiety effects in women than in men
    • Furey ML, Khanna A, Hoffman EM, Drevets WC. Scopolamine produces larger antidepressant and antianxiety effects in women than in men. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:2479-2488.
    • (2010) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.35 , pp. 2479-2488
    • Furey, M.L.1    Khanna, A.2    Hoffman, E.M.3    Drevets, W.C.4
  • 73
    • 33745712727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced muscarinic type 2 receptor binding in subjects with bipolar disorder
    • Cannon DM, Carson RE, Nugent AC, et al. Reduced muscarinic type 2 receptor binding in subjects with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:741-747.
    • (2006) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 741-747
    • Cannon, D.M.1    Carson, R.E.2    Nugent, A.C.3
  • 74
    • 79959895506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in cholinergic muscarinic-2 receptor gene modulates M(2) receptor binding in vivo and accounts for reduced binding in bipolar disorder
    • Cannon DM, Klaver JK, Gandhi SK, et al. Genetic variation in cholinergic muscarinic-2 receptor gene modulates M(2) receptor binding in vivo and accounts for reduced binding in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2010;doi:.
    • (2010) Mol Psychiatry
    • Cannon, D.M.1    Klaver, J.K.2    Gandhi, S.K.3
  • 75
    • 0037043027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of the muscarinic cholinergic 2 receptor (CHRM2) gene with major depression in women
    • Comings DE, Wu S, Rostamkhani M, McGue M, Iacono WG, MacMurray JP. Association of the muscarinic cholinergic 2 receptor (CHRM2) gene with major depression in women. Am J Med Genet 2002;114:527-529.
    • (2002) Am J Med Genet , vol.114 , pp. 527-529
    • Comings, D.E.1    Wu, S.2    Rostamkhani, M.3    McGue, M.4    Iacono, W.G.5    MacMurray, J.P.6
  • 76
    • 4544236290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of common and specific genetic effects: Association of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene with alcohol dependence and major depressive syndrome
    • Wang JC, Hinrichs AL, Stock H, et al. Evidence of common and specific genetic effects: Association of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene with alcohol dependence and major depressive syndrome. Human Mole Genet 2004;13:1903-1911.
    • (2004) Human Mole Genet , vol.13 , pp. 1903-1911
    • Wang, J.C.1    Hinrichs, A.L.2    Stock, H.3
  • 77
    • 26444559170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHRM2 gene predisposes to alcohol dependence, drug dependence and affective disorders: Results from an extended case-control structured association study
    • Luo X, Kranzler HR, Zuo L, Wang S, Blumberg HP, Gelernter J. CHRM2 gene predisposes to alcohol dependence, drug dependence and affective disorders: Results from an extended case-control structured association study. Human Mole Genet 2005;14:2421-2434.
    • (2005) Human Mole Genet , vol.14 , pp. 2421-2434
    • Luo, X.1    Kranzler, H.R.2    Zuo, L.3    Wang, S.4    Blumberg, H.P.5    Gelernter, J.6
  • 78
    • 64549137963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression Case Control (DeCC) Study fails to support involvement of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene in recurrent major depressive disorder
    • Cohen-Woods S, Gaysina D, Craddock N, et al. Depression Case Control (DeCC) Study fails to support involvement of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene in recurrent major depressive disorder. Human Mole Genet 2009;18:1504-1509.
    • (2009) Human Mole Genet , vol.18 , pp. 1504-1509
    • Cohen-Woods, S.1    Gaysina, D.2    Craddock, N.3
  • 79
    • 34547208823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel multivalent ligand that bridges the allosteric and orthosteric binding sites of the M2 muscarinic receptor
    • Steinfeld T, Mammen M, Smith JAM, Wilson RD, Jasper JR. A novel multivalent ligand that bridges the allosteric and orthosteric binding sites of the M2 muscarinic receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2007;72:291-302.
    • (2007) Mol Pharmacol , vol.72 , pp. 291-302
    • Steinfeld, T.1    Mammen, M.2    Smith, J.A.M.3    Wilson, R.D.4    Jasper, J.R.5
  • 80
    • 0017835802 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis
    • Davis KL, Berger PA. Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:23-49.
    • (1978) Biol Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 23-49
    • Davis, K.L.1    Berger, P.A.2
  • 83
    • 84860281741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Management of substance abuse. Available from: [Accessed March 2010].
    • World Health Organization. Management of substance abuse. Available from: [Accessed March 2010].
  • 84
    • 84860300880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social impact of drug abuse. 2, 1-49. 1995. United Nations International Drug Control Programme. Position paper for the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6-12 March, 1995).
    • Smith JP. The social impact of drug abuse. 2, 1-49. 1995. United Nations International Drug Control Programme. Position paper for the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6-12 March, 1995).
    • Smith, J.P.1
  • 85
    • 0033231660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dopamine hypothesis of reward: Past and current status
    • Spanagel R, Weiss F. The dopamine hypothesis of reward: Past and current status. Trends Neurosci 1999;22:521-527.
    • (1999) Trends Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 521-527
    • Spanagel, R.1    Weiss, F.2
  • 86
    • 70350302372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic functioning in stimulant addiction: Implications for medications development
    • Sofuoglu M, Mooney M. Cholinergic functioning in stimulant addiction: Implications for medications development. CNS Drugs 2009;23:939-952.
    • (2009) CNS Drugs , vol.23 , pp. 939-952
    • Sofuoglu, M.1    Mooney, M.2
  • 87
    • 0037459788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala blocks acquisition of cocaine-stimulus association in a model of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in rats
    • See RE, McLaughlin J, Fuchs RA. Muscarinic receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala blocks acquisition of cocaine-stimulus association in a model of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Neurosci 2003;117:477-483.
    • (2003) Neurosci , vol.117 , pp. 477-483
    • See, R.E.1    McLaughlin, J.2    Fuchs, R.A.3
  • 88
    • 34548776932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the gene coding for the M5 muscarinic receptor (CHRM5) influences cigarette dose but is not associated with dependence to drugs of addiction: Evidence from a prospective population based cohort study of young adults
    • Anney R, Lotfi-Miri M, Olsson C, Reid S, Hemphill S, Patton G. Variation in the gene coding for the M5 muscarinic receptor (CHRM5) influences cigarette dose but is not associated with dependence to drugs of addiction: Evidence from a prospective population based cohort study of young adults. BMC Genetics 2007;8:46.
    • (2007) BMC Genetics , vol.8 , pp. 46
    • Anney, R.1    Lotfi-Miri, M.2    Olsson, C.3    Reid, S.4    Hemphill, S.5    Patton, G.6
  • 89
    • 34250333373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol dependence with comorbid drug dependence: Genetic and phenotypic associations suggest a more severe form of the disorder with stronger genetic contribution to risk
    • Dick DM, Agrawal A, Wang JC, et al. Alcohol dependence with comorbid drug dependence: Genetic and phenotypic associations suggest a more severe form of the disorder with stronger genetic contribution to risk. Addiction 2007;102:1131-1139.
    • (2007) Addiction , vol.102 , pp. 1131-1139
    • Dick, D.M.1    Agrawal, A.2    Wang, J.C.3
  • 90
    • 77349117800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of a variant in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 gene (CHRM2) with nicotine addiction
    • Mobascher A, Rujescu D, Mittelstrass K, et al. Association of a variant in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 gene (CHRM2) with nicotine addiction. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010;153B:684-690.
    • (2010) Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , vol.153 B , pp. 684-690
    • Mobascher, A.1    Rujescu, D.2    Mittelstrass, K.3
  • 91
    • 0020467645 scopus 로고
    • Effects of haloperidol and physostigmine on self-administration of local anesthetics
    • de la Garza R, Johanson CE. Effects of haloperidol and physostigmine on self-administration of local anesthetics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;17:1295-1299.
    • (1982) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.17 , pp. 1295-1299
    • de la Garza, R.1    Johanson, C.E.2
  • 92
    • 34248579635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine inhibits d-amphetamine-induced psychotic-like behavior in Cebus monkeys
    • Andersen MB, Werge T, Fink-Jensen A. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine inhibits d-amphetamine-induced psychotic-like behavior in Cebus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;321:1179-1182.
    • (2007) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.321 , pp. 1179-1182
    • Andersen, M.B.1    Werge, T.2    Fink-Jensen, A.3
  • 93
    • 20144370802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled screening trial of tiagabine, sertraline and donepezil as cocaine dependence treatments
    • Winhusen TM, Somoza EC, Harrer JM, et al. A placebo-controlled screening trial of tiagabine, sertraline and donepezil as cocaine dependence treatments. Addiction 2005;100(Suppl 1):68-77.
    • (2005) Addiction , vol.100 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 68-77
    • Winhusen, T.M.1    Somoza, E.C.2    Harrer, J.M.3
  • 94
    • 39149137217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine does not alter total choices for methamphetamine, but may reduce positive subjective effects, in a laboratory model of intravenous self-administration in human volunteers
    • de la Garza R, Mahoney JJ III., Culbertson C, Shoptaw S, Newton TF. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine does not alter total choices for methamphetamine, but may reduce positive subjective effects, in a laboratory model of intravenous self-administration in human volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008;89:200-208.
    • (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.89 , pp. 200-208
    • de la Garza, R.1    Mahoney III, J.J.2    Culbertson, C.3    Shoptaw, S.4    Newton, T.F.5
  • 95
    • 0035957545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M5 muscarinic receptors are needed for slow activation of dopamine neurons and for rewarding brain stimulation
    • Yeomans J, Forster G, Blaha C. M5 muscarinic receptors are needed for slow activation of dopamine neurons and for rewarding brain stimulation. Life Sci 2001;68:2449-2456.
    • (2001) Life Sci , vol.68 , pp. 2449-2456
    • Yeomans, J.1    Forster, G.2    Blaha, C.3
  • 96
    • 45149123897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of acetylcholine in cocaine addiction
    • Williams MJ, Adinoff B. The role of acetylcholine in cocaine addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:1779-1797.
    • (2008) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.33 , pp. 1779-1797
    • Williams, M.J.1    Adinoff, B.2
  • 97
    • 66749151360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of the first highly M5-preferring muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand, an M5 positive allosteric modulator derived from a series of 5-trifluoromethoxy N-benzyl isatins
    • Bridges TM, Marlo JE, Niswender CM, et al. Discovery of the first highly M5-preferring muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand, an M5 positive allosteric modulator derived from a series of 5-trifluoromethoxy N-benzyl isatins. J Med Chem 2009;52:3445-3448.
    • (2009) J Med Chem , vol.52 , pp. 3445-3448
    • Bridges, T.M.1    Marlo, J.E.2    Niswender, C.M.3
  • 98
    • 77953791638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel allosteric effects of amiodarone at the muscarinic M5 receptor
    • Stahl E, Ellis J. Novel allosteric effects of amiodarone at the muscarinic M5 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; doi:.
    • (2010) J Pharmacol Exp Ther
    • Stahl, E.1    Ellis, J.2
  • 99
    • 77951776829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: Strategies for disease modification
    • Citron M. Alzheimer's disease: Strategies for disease modification. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010;9:387-398.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.9 , pp. 387-398
    • Citron, M.1
  • 101
    • 0030497927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From acetylcholine to amyloid: Neurotransmitters and the pathology of Alzheimer's disease
    • Nitsch RM. From acetylcholine to amyloid: Neurotransmitters and the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegeneration 1996;5:477-482.
    • (1996) Neurodegeneration , vol.5 , pp. 477-482
    • Nitsch, R.M.1
  • 102
    • 10844247067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association analysis for the muscarinic M1 receptor genetic polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease
    • Liu HC, Hong CJ, Liu TY, Chi CW, Tsai SJ. Association analysis for the muscarinic M1 receptor genetic polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005;19:42-45.
    • (2005) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.19 , pp. 42-45
    • Liu, H.C.1    Hong, C.J.2    Liu, T.Y.3    Chi, C.W.4    Tsai, S.J.5
  • 103
    • 0027718062 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic markers in Alzheimer disease and the autoregulation of acetylcholine release
    • Quirion R. Cholinergic markers in Alzheimer disease and the autoregulation of acetylcholine release. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1993;18:226-234.
    • (1993) J Psychiatry Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 226-234
    • Quirion, R.1
  • 104
    • 0023943181 scopus 로고
    • Differential alteration of various cholinergic markers in cortical and subcortical regions of human brain in Alzheimer's disease
    • Araujo DM, Lapchak PA, Robitaille Y, Gauthier S, Quirion R. Differential alteration of various cholinergic markers in cortical and subcortical regions of human brain in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1988;50:1914-1923.
    • (1988) J Neurochem , vol.50 , pp. 1914-1923
    • Araujo, D.M.1    Lapchak, P.A.2    Robitaille, Y.3    Gauthier, S.4    Quirion, R.5
  • 105
    • 0025811066 scopus 로고
    • High-affinity choline uptake carrier in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for the cholinergic hypothesis of dementia
    • Pascual J, Fontan A, Zarranz JJ, Berciano J, Florez JS, Pazos A. High-affinity choline uptake carrier in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for the cholinergic hypothesis of dementia. Brain Res 1991;552:170-174.
    • (1991) Brain Res , vol.552 , pp. 170-174
    • Pascual, J.1    Fontan, A.2    Zarranz, J.J.3    Berciano, J.4    Florez, J.S.5    Pazos, A.6
  • 106
    • 34249699769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basal ganglia cholinergic neurochemistry of progressive supranuclear palsy and other neurodegenerative diseases
    • Warren NM, Piggott MA, Lees AJ, Burn DJ. The basal ganglia cholinergic neurochemistry of progressive supranuclear palsy and other neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:571-575.
    • (2007) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.78 , pp. 571-575
    • Warren, N.M.1    Piggott, M.A.2    Lees, A.J.3    Burn, D.J.4
  • 107
    • 0026952546 scopus 로고
    • Reorganization of cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease: Neuron loss, neuritic plaques, and muscarinic receptor binding
    • Vogt BA, Crino PB, Vogt LJ. Reorganization of cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease: Neuron loss, neuritic plaques, and muscarinic receptor binding. Cerebral Cortex 1992;2:526-535.
    • (1992) Cerebral Cortex , vol.2 , pp. 526-535
    • Vogt, B.A.1    Crino, P.B.2    Vogt, L.J.3
  • 108
    • 12444282640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic receptors in basal ganglia in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
    • Piggott MA, Owens J, O'Brien J, et al. Muscarinic receptors in basal ganglia in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2003;25:161-173.
    • (2003) J Chem Neuroanat , vol.25 , pp. 161-173
    • Piggott, M.A.1    Owens, J.2    O'Brien, J.3
  • 109
    • 0032774067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in diffuse Lewy body disease: Relation to Alzheimer's disease
    • Shiozaki K, Iseki E, Uchiyama H, et al. Alterations of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in diffuse Lewy body disease: Relation to Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:209-213.
    • (1999) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 209-213
    • Shiozaki, K.1    Iseki, E.2    Uchiyama, H.3
  • 110
    • 43049101943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of [3H]4-DAMP binding to muscarinic receptors in the orbitofrontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease patients with psychosis
    • Tsang S, Francis P, Esiri M, Wong P, Chen C, Lai M. Loss of [3H]4-DAMP binding to muscarinic receptors in the orbitofrontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease patients with psychosis. Psychopharmacology 2008;198:251-259.
    • (2008) Psychopharmacology , vol.198 , pp. 251-259
    • Tsang, S.1    Francis, P.2    Esiri, M.3    Wong, P.4    Chen, C.5    Lai, M.6
  • 111
    • 0035892543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies-an immunohistochemical study
    • Shiozaki K, Iseki E, Hino H, Kosaka K. Distribution of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies-an immunohistochemical study. J Neurol Sci 2001;193:23-28.
    • (2001) J Neurol Sci , vol.193 , pp. 23-28
    • Shiozaki, K.1    Iseki, E.2    Hino, H.3    Kosaka, K.4
  • 112
    • 77952544279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical M1 receptor concentration increases without a concomitant change in function in Alzheimer's disease
    • Overk CR, Felder CC, Tu Y, et al. Cortical M1 receptor concentration increases without a concomitant change in function in Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2010;40:63-70.
    • (2010) J Chem Neuroanat , vol.40 , pp. 63-70
    • Overk, C.R.1    Felder, C.C.2    Tu, Y.3
  • 113
    • 33344458827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M1 receptors play a central role in modulating AD-like pathology in transgenic mice
    • Caccamo A, Oddo S, Billings LM, et al. M1 receptors play a central role in modulating AD-like pathology in transgenic mice. Neuron 2006;49:671-682.
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.49 , pp. 671-682
    • Caccamo, A.1    Oddo, S.2    Billings, L.M.3
  • 114
    • 0030902127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of xanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer disease
    • Bodick NC, Offen WW, Levey AI, et al. Effects of xanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1997;54:465-473.
    • (1997) Arch Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 465-473
    • Bodick, N.C.1    Offen, W.W.2    Levey, A.I.3
  • 115
    • 33745712929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RGS4-dependent attenuation of M4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion
    • Ding J, Guzman JN, Tkatch T, et al. RGS4-dependent attenuation of M4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion. Nat Neurosci 2006;9:832-842.
    • (2006) Nat Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 832-842
    • Ding, J.1    Guzman, J.N.2    Tkatch, T.3
  • 116
    • 0020061023 scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase activity in Parkinsonian subjects with reference to dementia
    • Ruberg M, Ploska A, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y. Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase activity in Parkinsonian subjects with reference to dementia. Brain Res 1982;232:129-139.
    • (1982) Brain Res , vol.232 , pp. 129-139
    • Ruberg, M.1    Ploska, A.2    Javoy-Agid, F.3    Agid, Y.4
  • 117
    • 0027529819 scopus 로고
    • Altered muscarinic and nicotinic receptor densities in cortical and subcortical brain regions in Parkinson's disease
    • Lange KW, Wells FR, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Altered muscarinic and nicotinic receptor densities in cortical and subcortical brain regions in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1993;60:197-203.
    • (1993) J Neurochem , vol.60 , pp. 197-203
    • Lange, K.W.1    Wells, F.R.2    Jenner, P.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 118
    • 0034711764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic dysfunction in diseases with Lewy bodies
    • Tiraboschi PM, Hansen LAM, Alford MB, et al. Cholinergic dysfunction in diseases with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2000;54:407-411.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 407-411
    • Tiraboschi, P.M.1    Hansen, L.A.M.2    Alford, M.B.3
  • 119
    • 33749248987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo SPECT imaging of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using (R,R) 123I-QNB in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia
    • Colloby SJ, Pakrasi S, Firbank MJ, et al. In vivo SPECT imaging of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using (R, R) 123I-QNB in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. NeuroImage 2006;33:423-429.
    • (2006) NeuroImage , vol.33 , pp. 423-429
    • Colloby, S.J.1    Pakrasi, S.2    Firbank, M.J.3
  • 120
    • 0031828022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain muscarinic receptors in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease: A positron emission tomographic study
    • Asahina M, Suhara T, Shinotoh H, Inoue O, Suzuki K, Hattori T. Brain muscarinic receptors in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease: A positron emission tomographic study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:155-163.
    • (1998) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 155-163
    • Asahina, M.1    Suhara, T.2    Shinotoh, H.3    Inoue, O.4    Suzuki, K.5    Hattori, T.6
  • 121
    • 0028082156 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic markers in degenerative parkinsonism: Autoradiographic demonstration of high-affinity choline uptake carrier hyperactivity
    • Rodri'guez-Puertas R, Pazos A, Pascual J. Cholinergic markers in degenerative parkinsonism: Autoradiographic demonstration of high-affinity choline uptake carrier hyperactivity. Brain Res 1994;636:327-332.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.636 , pp. 327-332
    • Rodri'guez-Puertas, R.1    Pazos, A.2    Pascual, J.3
  • 122
    • 34247897190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic receptors in the thalamus in progressive supranuclear palsy and other neurodegenerative disorders
    • Warren NM, Piggott MA, Lees AJ, Burn DJ. Muscarinic receptors in the thalamus in progressive supranuclear palsy and other neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007;66:399-404.
    • (2007) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 399-404
    • Warren, N.M.1    Piggott, M.A.2    Lees, A.J.3    Burn, D.J.4
  • 123
    • 76549126343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinson's disease: A cohort study
    • Ehrt U, Broich K, Larsen JP, Ballard C, Aarsland D. Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinson's disease: A cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:160-165.
    • (2010) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.81 , pp. 160-165
    • Ehrt, U.1    Broich, K.2    Larsen, J.P.3    Ballard, C.4    Aarsland, D.5
  • 124
    • 0026729474 scopus 로고
    • Exacerbation of parkinsonism by tacrine
    • Ott BR, Lannon MC. Exacerbation of parkinsonism by tacrine. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992;15:322-325.
    • (1992) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 322-325
    • Ott, B.R.1    Lannon, M.C.2
  • 125
    • 34548561540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The muscarinic receptor antagonist tropicamide suppresses tremulous jaw movements in a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor: Possible role of M4 receptors
    • Betz A, McLaughlin P, Burgos M, Weber S, Salamone J. The muscarinic receptor antagonist tropicamide suppresses tremulous jaw movements in a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor: Possible role of M4 receptors. Psychopharmacology 2007;194:347-359.
    • (2007) Psychopharmacology , vol.194 , pp. 347-359
    • Betz, A.1    McLaughlin, P.2    Burgos, M.3    Weber, S.4    Salamone, J.5
  • 126
    • 42949098078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diphenidol-related diamines as novel muscarinic M4 receptor antagonists
    • Varoli L, Andreani A, Burnelli S, et al. Diphenidol-related diamines as novel muscarinic M4 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008;18:2972-2976.
    • (2008) Bioorg Med Chem Lett , vol.18 , pp. 2972-2976
    • Varoli, L.1    Andreani, A.2    Burnelli, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.