-
1
-
-
33645064240
-
Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests
-
Beckett K.,Nyrop K.,Pfingst L.Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests.Criminology. 2006;44:105-137.
-
(2006)
Criminology
, vol.44
, pp. 105-137
-
-
Beckett, K.1
Nyrop, K.2
Pfingst, L.3
-
4
-
-
84964179951
-
Race prejudice as a sense of group position
-
Blumer H.Race prejudice as a sense of group position.Pacific Sociological Review. 1958;1:3-7.
-
(1958)
Pacific Sociological Review
, vol.1
, pp. 3-7
-
-
Blumer, H.1
-
5
-
-
33644593560
-
Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White officers
-
Brown R. A.,Frank J.Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White officers.Justice Quarterly. 2006;23:96-126.
-
(2006)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.23
, pp. 96-126
-
-
Brown, R.A.1
Frank, J.2
-
6
-
-
85009952977
-
Police don't like Black people: African American young men's accumulated police experiences
-
Brunson R."Police don't like Black people:" African American young men's accumulated police experiences.Criminology and Public Policy. 2007;6:71-102.
-
(2007)
Criminology and Public Policy
, vol.6
, pp. 71-102
-
-
Brunson, R.1
-
7
-
-
67649458217
-
Police relations with Black and White youths in different urban neighborhoods
-
Brunson R. K.,Weitzer R.Police relations with Black and White youths in different urban neighborhoods.Urban Affairs Review. 2009;44:858-884.
-
(2009)
Urban Affairs Review
, vol.44
, pp. 858-884
-
-
Brunson, R.K.1
Weitzer, R.2
-
8
-
-
33745447407
-
Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States
-
Brunson R. K.,Miller J.Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States.British Journal of Criminology. 2005;46:613-640.
-
(2005)
British Journal of Criminology
, vol.46
, pp. 613-640
-
-
Brunson, R.K.1
Miller, J.2
-
9
-
-
0018630909
-
Double marginality of Black policemen: A Reassessment
-
Campbell V.Double marginality of Black policemen: A Reassessment.Criminology. 1980;17:477-484.
-
(1980)
Criminology
, vol.17
, pp. 477-484
-
-
Campbell, V.1
-
11
-
-
26844527634
-
Citizens' perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police
-
Engel R. S.Citizens' perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2005;42:445-481.
-
(2005)
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol.42
, pp. 445-481
-
-
Engel, R.S.1
-
12
-
-
33751110450
-
Toward a better understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in search and seizure rates
-
Engel R. S.,Johnson R.Toward a better understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in search and seizure rates.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2006;34:605-617.
-
(2006)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.34
, pp. 605-617
-
-
Engel, R.S.1
Johnson, R.2
-
13
-
-
0346355454
-
Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police
-
Garner J. H.,Maxwell C. D.,Heraux C. G.Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police.Justice Quarterly. 2002;19:705-746.
-
(2002)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.19
, pp. 705-746
-
-
Garner, J.H.1
Maxwell, C.D.2
Heraux, C.G.3
-
14
-
-
43649107698
-
Officer race and citizen-reported traffic ticket decisions by police in 1999 and 2002
-
Gilliard-Matthews S.,Kowalski B. R.,Lundman R. J.Officer race and citizen-reported traffic ticket decisions by police in 1999 and 2002.Police Quarterly. 2008;11:202-219.
-
(2008)
Police Quarterly
, vol.11
, pp. 202-219
-
-
Gilliard-Matthews, S.1
Kowalski, B.R.2
Lundman, R.J.3
-
15
-
-
74349101183
-
Police misconduct, media coverage, and public perceptions of racial profiling: An experiment
-
Graziano L.,Schuck A.,Martin C.Police misconduct, media coverage, and public perceptions of racial profiling: An experiment.Justice Quarterly. 2009;27:52-76.
-
(2009)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.27
, pp. 52-76
-
-
Graziano, L.1
Schuck, A.2
Martin, C.3
-
16
-
-
84925975357
-
Race, class and the perception of criminal injustice in America
-
Hagan J.,Albonetti C.Race, class and the perception of criminal injustice in America.American Journal of Sociology. 1982;88:329-355.
-
(1982)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.88
, pp. 329-355
-
-
Hagan, J.1
Albonetti, C.2
-
17
-
-
23944504097
-
Race, ethnicity and youth perceptions of criminal injustice
-
Hagan J.,Shedd C.,Payne M. R.Race, ethnicity and youth perceptions of criminal injustice.American Sociological Review. 2005;70:381-407.
-
(2005)
American Sociological Review
, vol.70
, pp. 381-407
-
-
Hagan, J.1
Shedd, C.2
Payne, M.R.3
-
19
-
-
74949115937
-
Striking out: Race and support for police use of force
-
Johnson D.,Kuhns J.Striking out: Race and support for police use of force.Justice Quarterly. 2009;26:592-623.
-
(2009)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.26
, pp. 592-623
-
-
Johnson, D.1
Kuhns, J.2
-
20
-
-
33644591408
-
Race and police officers' perceptions of their job performance: An analysis of the relationship between police officers' race, education level and job performance
-
Kaker S.Race and police officers' perceptions of their job performance: An analysis of the relationship between police officers' race, education level and job performance.Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. 2003;18:45-56.
-
(2003)
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology
, vol.18
, pp. 45-56
-
-
Kaker, S.1
-
22
-
-
0037921283
-
An examination of the convergence and divergence of internal and external allegations of misconduct filed against police officers
-
Lersch K. M.,Mieczkowski T.An examination of the convergence and divergence of internal and external allegations of misconduct filed against police officers.Policing. 2000;23:54-68.
-
(2000)
Policing
, vol.23
, pp. 54-68
-
-
Lersch, K.M.1
Mieczkowski, T.2
-
24
-
-
0036691187
-
Police disrespect toward the public: An encounter-based analysis
-
Mastrofski S. D.,Reisig M. D.,McCluskey J. D.Police disrespect toward the public: An encounter-based analysis.Criminology. 2002;40:519-552.
-
(2002)
Criminology
, vol.40
, pp. 519-552
-
-
Mastrofski, S.D.1
Reisig, M.D.2
McCluskey, J.D.3
-
25
-
-
65349153300
-
Perceptions of criminal injustice, symbolic racism and racial politics
-
Matsueda R. L.,Drakulich K.Perceptions of criminal injustice, symbolic racism and racial politics.ANNALS. 2009;623:163-178.
-
(2009)
ANNALS
, vol.623
, pp. 163-178
-
-
Matsueda, R.L.1
Drakulich, K.2
-
26
-
-
84857251860
-
Racial threat, suspicion, and police behavior: The impact of race and place in traffic enforcement
-
Novak K. J.,Chamlin M. B.Racial threat, suspicion, and police behavior: The impact of race and place in traffic enforcement.Crime & Delinquency. 2008;:.
-
(2008)
Crime & Delinquency
-
-
Novak, K.J.1
Chamlin, M.B.2
-
27
-
-
31144441404
-
Racial threat, concentrated disadvantage and social control: Considering the macro-level sources of variation in arrests
-
Parker K. F.,Stults B. J.,Rice S. K.Racial threat, concentrated disadvantage and social control: Considering the macro-level sources of variation in arrests.Criminology. 2005;43:1111-1134.
-
(2005)
Criminology
, vol.43
, pp. 1111-1134
-
-
Parker, K.F.1
Stults, B.J.2
Rice, S.K.3
-
29
-
-
84998098768
-
Experience, quality of life, and neighborhood context
-
Reisig M.,Parks R.Experience, quality of life, and neighborhood context.Justice Quarterly. 2000;17:607-629.
-
(2000)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.17
, pp. 607-629
-
-
Reisig, M.1
Parks, R.2
-
30
-
-
84990393825
-
Does it exist? Studying citizens' attitudes of racial profiling
-
Reitzel J.,Piquero A. R.Does it exist? Studying citizens' attitudes of racial profiling.Police Quarterly. 2006;9:161-183.
-
(2006)
Police Quarterly
, vol.9
, pp. 161-183
-
-
Reitzel, J.1
Piquero, A.R.2
-
31
-
-
84993790958
-
Attitudes toward the police: The effect of direct and vicarious experiences
-
Rosenbaum D. P.,Schuck A. M.,Costello S. K.,Hawkins D. F.,Ring M. K.Attitudes toward the police: The effect of direct and vicarious experiences.Police Quarterly. 2005;3:343-365.
-
(2005)
Police Quarterly
, vol.3
, pp. 343-365
-
-
Rosenbaum, D.P.1
Schuck, A.M.2
Costello, S.K.3
Hawkins, D.F.4
Ring, M.K.5
-
32
-
-
0032235909
-
Legal cynicism and subcultural tolerance of deviance
-
Sampson R. J.,Bartusch D.Legal cynicism and subcultural tolerance of deviance.Law and Society Review. 1998;32:777-804.
-
(1998)
Law and Society Review
, vol.32
, pp. 777-804
-
-
Sampson, R.J.1
Bartusch, D.2
-
33
-
-
0000792346
-
Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States
-
Sampson R. J.,Lauritsen J. L.Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States.Crime and Justice. 1997;21:311-374.
-
(1997)
Crime and Justice
, vol.21
, pp. 311-374
-
-
Sampson, R.J.1
Lauritsen, J.L.2
-
34
-
-
55149087944
-
The influence of race/ethnicity, social class, and neighborhood context on residents' attitudes toward the police
-
Schuck A. M.,Rosenbaum D. P.,Hawkins D. F.The influence of race/ethnicity, social class, and neighborhood context on residents' attitudes toward the police.Police Quarterly. 2008;11:496-519.
-
(2008)
Police Quarterly
, vol.11
, pp. 496-519
-
-
Schuck, A.M.1
Rosenbaum, D.P.2
Hawkins, D.F.3
-
35
-
-
84900893553
-
-
Peterson R. D.Krivo L. J.Hagan J., ed., New York: NYU Press
-
Shedd C.,Hagan J.The many colors of crime:Inequalities of race, ethnicity, and crime in America. Peterson R. D.Krivo L. J.Hagan J., ed. New York: NYU Press; 2006:313-333.
-
(2006)
The Many Colors of Crime:Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America
, pp. 313-333
-
-
Shedd, C.1
Hagan, J.2
-
36
-
-
0024600727
-
Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place
-
Sherman L. W.,Gartin P. R.,Buerger M. E.Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place.Criminology. 1989;27:27-55.
-
(1989)
Criminology
, vol.27
, pp. 27-55
-
-
Sherman, L.W.1
Gartin, P.R.2
Buerger, M.E.3
-
40
-
-
1642587223
-
Community accountability, minority threat, and police brutality: An examination of civil rights criminal complaints
-
Smith B. W.,Holmes M. D.Community accountability, minority threat, and police brutality: An examination of civil rights criminal complaints.Criminology. 2003;41:1035-1063.
-
(2003)
Criminology
, vol.41
, pp. 1035-1063
-
-
Smith, B.W.1
Holmes, M.D.2
-
41
-
-
12144254552
-
-
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice
-
Smith W. R.,Tomaskovic-Devey D.,Zingraff M. H.,Mason M.,Warren P. Y.,Wright C. P., ... Felson R. C.The North Carolina highway traffic study. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2003:.
-
(2003)
The North Carolina Highway Traffic Study. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice
-
-
Smith, W.R.1
Tomaskovic-Devey, D.2
Zingraff, M.H.3
Mason, M.4
Warren, P.Y.5
Wright, C.P.6
Felson, R.C.7
-
42
-
-
65249183106
-
Latino youths' experiences with and perceptions of involuntary police encounters
-
Solis C.,Portillos E. L.,Brunson R. K.Latino youths' experiences with and perceptions of involuntary police encounters.ANNALS. 2009;623:39-51.
-
(2009)
ANNALS
, vol.623
, pp. 39-51
-
-
Solis, C.1
Portillos, E.L.2
Brunson, R.K.3
-
43
-
-
0012208185
-
Is preferential treatment of female offenders a thing of the past? A multisite study of gender, race, and imprisonment
-
Spohn C.,Beichner D.Is preferential treatment of female offenders a thing of the past? A multisite study of gender, race, and imprisonment.Criminal Justice Policy Review. 2000;11:149-184.
-
(2000)
Criminal Justice Policy Review
, vol.11
, pp. 149-184
-
-
Spohn, C.1
Beichner, D.2
-
44
-
-
0346444710
-
The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed Black and Hispanic male offenders
-
Spohn C. C.,Holleran D.The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed Black and Hispanic male offenders.Criminology. 2000;38:281-306.
-
(2000)
Criminology
, vol.38
, pp. 281-306
-
-
Spohn, C.C.1
Holleran, D.2
-
45
-
-
0033713962
-
Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts: Who is punished more harshly-White, Black, White-Hispanic, or Black-Hispanic defendants?
-
Steffensmeier D.,Demuth S.Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts: Who is punished more harshly-White, Black, White-Hispanic, or Black-Hispanic defendants?.American Sociological Review. 2000;65:705-729.
-
(2000)
American Sociological Review
, vol.65
, pp. 705-729
-
-
Steffensmeier, D.1
Demuth, S.2
-
46
-
-
0041075817
-
Ethnicity and judges' sentencing decisions: Hispanic-Black-White comparisons
-
Steffensmeier D.,Demuth S.Ethnicity and judges' sentencing decisions: Hispanic-Black-White comparisons.Criminology. 2001;39:145-178.
-
(2001)
Criminology
, vol.39
, pp. 145-178
-
-
Steffensmeier, D.1
Demuth, S.2
-
47
-
-
69649100509
-
Neighborhood racial context and perceptions of police-based racial discrimination among black youth
-
Stewart E. A.,Baumer E. P.,Brunson R. K.,Simons R. L.Neighborhood racial context and perceptions of police-based racial discrimination among black youth.Criminology. 2009;47:847-887.
-
(2009)
Criminology
, vol.47
, pp. 847-887
-
-
Stewart, E.A.1
Baumer, E.P.2
Brunson, R.K.3
Simons, R.L.4
-
48
-
-
35348906051
-
Racial context and police force size: Evaluating the empirical validity of the minority threat perspective
-
Stults B. J.,Baumer E. P.Racial context and police force size: Evaluating the empirical validity of the minority threat perspective.American Journal of Sociology. 2007;113:507-546.
-
(2007)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.113
, pp. 507-546
-
-
Stults, B.J.1
Baumer, E.P.2
-
49
-
-
33644591112
-
Police officers' attitudes toward their role and work: A comparison of Black and White officers
-
Sun I. Y.Police officers' attitudes toward their role and work: A comparison of Black and White officers.American Journal of Criminal Justice. 2003;28:89-108.
-
(2003)
American Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.28
, pp. 89-108
-
-
Sun, I.Y.1
-
50
-
-
4744348854
-
Racial differences in resolving conflicts: A comparison between Black and White police officers
-
Sun I. Y.,Payne B. K.Racial differences in resolving conflicts: A comparison between Black and White police officers.Crime and Delinquency. 2004;50:516-541.
-
(2004)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.50
, pp. 516-541
-
-
Sun, I.Y.1
Payne, B.K.2
-
51
-
-
39549090642
-
The impact of situational factors, officer characteristics, and neighborhood context on police behavior: A multilevel analysis
-
Sun I. Y.,Payne B. K.,Wu Y.The impact of situational factors, officer characteristics, and neighborhood context on police behavior: A multilevel analysis.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2008;36:22-32.
-
(2008)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.36
, pp. 22-32
-
-
Sun, I.Y.1
Payne, B.K.2
Wu, Y.3
-
52
-
-
0042415427
-
The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing
-
Sunshine J.,Tyler T. R.The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing.Law and Society Review. 2003;37:513-548.
-
(2003)
Law and Society Review
, vol.37
, pp. 513-548
-
-
Sunshine, J.1
Tyler, T.R.2
-
54
-
-
0034963434
-
Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions?
-
Tyler T. R.Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions?.Behavioral Sciences and the Law. 2001;19:215-235.
-
(2001)
Behavioral Sciences and the Law
, vol.19
, pp. 215-235
-
-
Tyler, T.R.1
-
56
-
-
77958553538
-
The continuing significance of race: An analysis across two levels of policing
-
Warren P. Y.The continuing significance of race: An analysis across two levels of policing.Social Science Quarterly. 2010;91:1025-1042.
-
(2010)
Social Science Quarterly
, vol.91
, pp. 1025-1042
-
-
Warren, P.Y.1
-
57
-
-
79955435067
-
Perceptions of police disrespect during vehicle stops: A race-based analysis
-
Warren P. Y.Perceptions of police disrespect during vehicle stops: A race-based analysis.Crime & Delinquency. 2011;57:356-376.
-
(2011)
Crime & Delinquency
, vol.57
, pp. 356-376
-
-
Warren, P.Y.1
-
58
-
-
85050839035
-
Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?
-
Warren P. Y.,Tomaskovic-Devey D.Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?.Criminology and Public Policy. 2009;8:343-369.
-
(2009)
Criminology and Public Policy
, vol.8
, pp. 343-369
-
-
Warren, P.Y.1
Tomaskovic-Devey, D.2
-
59
-
-
33748307612
-
Driving while Black: Bias processes and racial disparity in police stops
-
Warren P. Y.,Tomaskovic-Devey D.,Zingraff M.,Smith W.,Mason M.Driving while Black: Bias processes and racial disparity in police stops.Criminology. 2006;4:709-737.
-
(2006)
Criminology
, vol.4
, pp. 709-737
-
-
Warren, P.Y.1
Tomaskovic-Devey, D.2
Zingraff, M.3
Smith, W.4
Mason, M.5
-
60
-
-
0034337879
-
Racialized policing: Residents' perceptions in three neighborhoods
-
Weitzer R.Racialized policing: Residents' perceptions in three neighborhoods.Law & Society Review. 2000a;34:129-155.
-
(2000)
Law & Society Review
, vol.34
, pp. 129-155
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
-
61
-
-
0034216516
-
White, Black, or blue cops? Race and citizen assessments of police officers
-
Weitzer R.White, Black, or blue cops? Race and citizen assessments of police officers.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2000b;28:313-324.
-
(2000)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.28
, pp. 313-324
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
-
62
-
-
22844457272
-
Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police
-
Weitzer R.,Tuch S.Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police.Crime & Delinquency. 1999;45:494-507.
-
(1999)
Crime & Delinquency
, vol.45
, pp. 494-507
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Tuch, S.2
-
63
-
-
0036563041
-
Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience
-
Weitzer R.,Tuch S.Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience.Criminology. 2002;40:435-456.
-
(2002)
Criminology
, vol.40
, pp. 435-456
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Tuch, S.2
-
64
-
-
20144372930
-
Racially biased policing: Determinants of citizen perceptions
-
Weitzer R.,Tuch S.Racially biased policing: Determinants of citizen perceptions.Social Forces. 2005;83:1009-1030.
-
(2005)
Social Forces
, vol.83
, pp. 1009-1030
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Tuch, S.2
-
67
-
-
44949139535
-
Black or blue: Racial profiling and representative bureaucracy
-
Wilkins V. M.,Williams B. N.Black or blue: Racial profiling and representative bureaucracy.Public Administration Review. 2008;68:652-662.
-
(2008)
Public Administration Review
, vol.68
, pp. 652-662
-
-
Wilkins, V.M.1
Williams, B.N.2
-
68
-
-
57349152497
-
Representing blue: Representative bureaucracy and racial profiling in the Latino community
-
Wilkins V. M.,Williams B. N.Representing blue: Representative bureaucracy and racial profiling in the Latino community.Administration and Society. 2009;40:775-798.
-
(2009)
Administration and Society
, vol.40
, pp. 775-798
-
-
Wilkins, V.M.1
Williams, B.N.2
-
69
-
-
0035538719
-
Race, ethnicity and the female COP: Differential patterns of representation
-
Zhao J.,Herbst L.,Lovrich N.Race, ethnicity and the female COP: Differential patterns of representation.Journal of Urban Affairs. 2001;23:243-257.
-
(2001)
Journal of Urban Affairs
, vol.23
, pp. 243-257
-
-
Zhao, J.1
Herbst, L.2
Lovrich, N.3
|