White, black, or blue cops? Race and citizen assessments of police officers

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 313-324

  Weitzer, Ronald ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034216516     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0047-2352(00)00043-X     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Aberbach, J., & Walker, J. (1970). The attitudes of blacks and whites toward city services. In J. Crecine (Ed.), Financing the Metropolis (pp. 519-538). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Alex, N. (1969). Black in Blue: A Study of the Negro Policeman. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
3. Alpert, G., & Dunham, R. (1988). Policing Multiethnic Neighborhoods. New York: Greenwood Press.
4. Apple, N., & O'Brien, D. (1983). Neighborhood racial composition and residents' evaluation of police performance. J Police Sci & Admin 11, 76-83.
5. Bayley, D., & Mendelsohn, H. (1969). Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America. New York: Free Press.
6. Bordua, D., & Tifft, L. (1971). Citizen interviews, organizational feedback, and police-community relations decisions. Law & Soc Rev 6, 155-182.
7. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1999). Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
8. Decker, S. (1981). Citizen attitudes toward the police: A review of past findings and suggestions for future policy. J Police Sci & Admin 9, 80-87.
9. Decker, S., & Smith, R. (1980). Police minority recruitment: A note on its effectiveness in improving black evaluations of the police. J Crim Just 8, 387-393.
10. Dresner, Morris, Tortorello, & Sykes Research. (1981). The State of Police-Community Relations. Report to the Milwaukee Fire and Police Commission: Milwaukee, WI.
11. Dulaney, W. M. (1996). Black Police in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
12. Flanagan, T., & Vaughn, M. (1996). Public opinion about police abuse of force. In W. Geller & H. Toch (Eds.), Police Violence (pp. 113-128). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
13. Hawkins, H., & Thomas, R. (1991). White policing of black populations. In E. Cashmore & E. McLauglin (Eds.), Out of Order? Policing Black People (pp. 65-86). London: Routledge.
14. Jacob, H. (1971). Black and white perceptions of justice in the city. Law & Soc Rev 6, 69-90.
15. Kerner Commission. (1968). Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Bantam Books.
16. Klinger, D. (1997). Negotiating order in police work: An ecological theory of police response to deviance. Criminology 35, 277-306.
17. Krivo, L., & Peterson, R. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and urban crime. Social Forces 75, 619-650.
18. Leinen, S. (1984). Black Police, White Society. New York: New York University Press.
19. Levin, J., & Thomas, A. (1997). Experimentally manipulating race: Perceptions of police brutality in an arrest. Just Quart 14, 577-585.
20. Mastrofski, S., Snipes, J., & Supina, A. (1996). Compliance on demand: The public's response to specific police requests. J Res Crime & Del 33, 269-305.
21. Murty, K., Roebuck, J., & Smith, J. (1990). The image of the police in black Atlanta communities. J Police Sci & Admin 17, 250-257.
22. Myrdal, G. (1944). An American Dilemma. New York: McGraw-Hill.
23. New York Times Poll. (1999). March 8-14, N = 414 Whites, 257 Blacks. Unpublished poll results.
24. Newsweek Poll. (1995). March 23-25. N = 644 Whites, 53 Blacks. Unpublished poll results.
25. Ostrom, E., & Whitaker, G. (1974). Community control and governmental responsiveness: The case of police in black neighborhoods. In D. Rogers & W. Hawley (Eds.), Improving the Quality of the Urban Environment (pp. 303-334). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
26. President's Advisory Board. (1998). One America in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: President's Initiative on Race.
27. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. (1967). Task Force Report: The Police. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
28. Riksheim, E., & Chermak, S. (1993). Causes of police behavior revisited. J Crim Just 21, 353-382.
29. Sampson, R., & Bartusch, D. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law & Soc Rev 32, 777-804.
30. Schuman, H., Steeh, C., Bobo, L., & Krysan, M. (1997). Racial Attitudes in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
31. Sherman, L. (1983). After the riots: Police and minorities in the United States, 1970-1980. In N. Glazer & K. Young (Eds.), Ethnic Pluralism and Public Policy (pp. 212-235). Toronto, Canada: Lexington.
32. Smith, D. (1986). The neighborhood context of police behavior. In A. Reiss & M. Tonry (Eds.), Crime and Justice (Vol. 8) (pp. 313-341). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
33. Smith, D., Graham, N., & Adams, B. (1991). Minorities and the police. In M. Lynch & E. Britt Patterson (Eds.), Race and Criminal Justice (pp. 22-35). New York: Harrow and Heston.
34. Thomas, C., & Hyman, J. (1977). Perceptions of crime, fear of victimization, and public perceptions of police performance. J Police Sci & Admin 5, 305-317.
35. Tuch, S., & Weitzer, R. (1997). Trends: Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. Public Opinion Quart 61, 642-663.
36. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1981). Who's Guarding the Guardians? A Report on Police Practices. Washington, DC: Commission.
37. U.S. Department of Justice. (1989). Principles of Good Policing. Community Relations Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
38. Walker, D., Richardson, R., Williams, O., Denyer, T., & McGaughey, S. (1972). Contact and support: An empirical assessment of public attitudes toward the police and the courts. NC Law Rev 51, 43-79.
39. Weitzer, R. (1993). Transforming the South African police. Police Studies 16, 1-10.
40. Weitzer, R. (1995). Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
41. Weitzer, R. (1999). Citizen perceptions of police misconduct: Race and neighborhood context. Just Quart 16, 819-846.
42. Weitzer, R, & Tuch, S. (1999). Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police. Crime & Del 45, 494-507.