A craniometric perspective on the transition to agriculture in Europe

Human Biology

Volumn 84, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 45-66

  Pinhasi, Ron ^a   von Cramon Taubadel, Noreen ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ancient DNA; Craniometry; Cultural diffusion; Demic diffusion; Mesolithic; Model bound approaches; Modern European DNA; Neolithic

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

DNA;

AGRICULTURE; CEPHALOMETRY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEMOGRAPHY; EUROPE; GENETICS; HISTORY; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY; POPULATION GENETICS; REVIEW; SKULL; STATISTICS; THEORETICAL MODEL;

AGRICULTURE; CEPHALOMETRY; CULTURE; DEMOGRAPHY; DNA; EUROPE; GENETICS, POPULATION; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; SKULL;

EID: 84859531951     PISSN: 00187143     EISSN: 15346617     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hub.2012.0001     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Allard, P. 2007. The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Paris basin: a review. In Going Over The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North West Europe, A. Whittle, ed. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 211-223.
2. Ammerman, A. J., and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1971. Measuring the rate of spread of early farming in Europe. Man NS. 6:674-688.
3. Ammerman A. J., and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1973. A population model for the diffusion of early farming in Europe. In The Explanation of Culture Change, C. Renfrew, ed. London: Duckworth.
4. Ammerman A. J., and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1984. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Aurenche, O., and S. K. Kozlowski. 1999. La Naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient ou le paradisperdu. Paris: É ditions Errance.
6. Balaresque, P., G. R. Bowden, S. M. Adams et al. 2010. A predominantly Neolithic origin for European paternal lineages. PLoS Biol. 8(1):e1000285.
7. Balloux, F. 2010. The worm in the fruit of the mitochondrial DNA tree. Heredity 104:419-420.
8. Barbujani, G., R. R. Sokal, and N. L. Oden. 1995. Indo-European origins: A computer-simulation test of five hypotheses. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 96:109-132.
9. Barbujani, G., G. Bertorelle, and L. Chikhi. 1998. Evidence for Paleolithic and Neolithic gene flow in Europe. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62:488-492.
10. Bar-Yosef, O. 1998. The transition to agriculture in the Old World. Rev. Archaeol. 19(2):1-5.
11. Bar-Yosef, O., and R. Meadow. 1995. The origins of agriculture in the Near East. In Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, T. D. Price and A. B. Gebauer, eds. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 39-94.
12. Belle, E. M., P. A. Landry, and G. Barbujani. 2006. Origins and evolution of the Europeans' genome: evidence from multiple microsatellite loci. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273(1594):1595-1602.
13. Bellwood, P., and C. Renfrew, eds. 2002. Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis. Cambridge, U.K.: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
14. Bentley, R. A., R. H. Layton, and J. Tehrani. 2009. Kinship, marriage, and the genetics of past human dispersals. Hum. Biol. 81:159-179.
15. Bergmann, A. 1847. Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihr Grösse. Göttinger Studien 1:595-708.
16. Blockley, S. P. E., and R. Pinhasi. 2011. A revised chronology for the adoption of agriculture in the Southern Levant and the role of late glacial climatic change. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30(1-2):98-108.
17. Bocquet-Appel, J. P., and O. Bar-Yosef, eds. 2008. The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences. Netherlands: Springer.
18. Bocquet-Appel, J. P. 2011. When the world's population took off: The springboard of the Neolithic demographic transition. Science 333:560-561.
19. Bogucki, P. 2003. Neolithic dispersals in riverine interior central Europe. In The Widening Harvest: The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward, A. J. Ammerman and P. Biagi, eds. Boston, MA: Archaeological Institute of America, 249-272.
20. Brace, C. L., N. Seguchi, C. B. Quintyn et al. 2006. The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:242-247.
21. Bramanti, B., M. G. Thomas, W. Haak, et al. 2009. Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and Central Europe's first farmers. Science 326:137-140.
22. Burger, J., and M. G. Thomas. 2011. The palaeopopulationgenetics of humans, cattle and dairying in Neolithic Europe. In Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture, R. Pinhasi and J. T. Stock, eds. New York: Wiley & Sons, 371-384.
23. Carlson, D. S., and D. P. Van Gerven. 1977. Masticatory function and post-Pleistocene evolution in Nubia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 46:495-506.
24. Cavalli-Sforza, L L. 1996. The spread of agriculture and nomadic pastoralism: insights from genetics, linguistics, and archaeology. In The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, D. Harris, ed. London: UCL Press, 51-69.
25. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, and A. Piazza. 1993. Demic expansions and human evolution. Science 259:639-646.
26. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, and A. Piazza. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
27. Chamberlain, A. 2009. Archaeological demography. Hum. Biol. 81:275-286.
28. Cherry, J. 1990. The first colonisation of the Mediterranean islands: A review of recent research. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 3:145-221.
29. Cheverud, J. M. 1982. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental morphological integration in the cranium. Evolution 36:499-516.
30. Childe, V. G. 1957. The Dawn of European Civilisation. Bungay, Suffolk: Chaucer Press.
31. Chikhi, L. 2009. Update to Chikhi et al.'s "Clinal variation in the nuclear DNA of Europeans" (1998): Genetic data and storytelling-from archaeogenetics to astralogenetics? Hum. Biol. 81:639-643.
32. Chikhi, L., G. Destro-Bisol, G. Bertorelle et al. 1998. Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely neolithic ancestry of the European gene pool. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95(15):9053-9058.
33. Chikhi, L., R. A. Nichols, G. Barbujani et al. 2002. Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(17):11008-11013.
34. Clark, G. 1965a. Radiocarbon dating and the expansion of farming culture from the Near East over Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 31:58-73.
35. Clark, G. 1965b. Radiocarbon dating and the spread of farming economy. Antiquity 39:45-48.
36. Collard, M., K. Edinborough, S. Shennan et al. 2010. Radiocarbon evidence indicated that migrants introduced farming to Britain. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37:866-870.
37. Constandse-Westermann, T. S. 1974. L'Homme Mésolithique du nord-ouest de L'Europe, distances biologiques, considérations génétiques. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Sociéte d'Anthropologie de Paris 1(13):173-199.
38. Cooper, A., and H. N. Poinar. 2000. Ancient DNA: Do it right or not at all. Science 289:1139.
39. Currat, M., and L. Excoffier. 2005. The effect of the Neolithic expansion on European molecular diversity. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 272:679-688.
40. Deguilloux, M. F., L. Soler, M. H. Pemonge et al. 2011. News from the west: Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 144(1):108-118.
41. Dennell, R. 1983. European Economic Prehistory: A New Approach. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
42. Dupanloup, I., G. Bertorelle, L. Chikhi et al. 2004. Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture on the genome of Europeans. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(7):1361-1372.
43. Ferembach, D. 1973a. L'évolutionhumaine au Proche-Orient. Paléorient. 1:213-221.
44. Ferembach, D. 1973b. Les hommes du bassin Mediterranéen à l'Epipaléolithique. In Die Anfäng des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, Teil VIIIa, I. Schwidetzky, ed. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 1-27.
45. Fix, A. G. 1999. Migration and Colonization in Human Microevolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
46. Flannery, K. V. 1972. The origins of the village as a settlement type in Mesoamerica and the Near East: a comparative study. In Man, Settlement, and Urbanism, P. J. Ucko, R. Tringham, and G. W. Dimbleby, eds. London: Duckworth. 23-53.
47. Flannery, K. V. 2002. The origins of the village revisited: from nuclear to extended households. Am. Antiquity 67:417-433.
48. Galeta, P., V. Sládek, D. Sosna, et al. 2011. Modeling Neolithic dispersal in central Europe: Demographic implications. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 146:104-115.
49. Ghirotto, S., S. Mona, A. Benazzo et al. 2010. Inferring genealogical processes from patterns of Bronze-Age and modern DNA variation in Sardinia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(4):875-886.
50. Gilbert, M. T., H. J. Bandelt, M. Hofreiter, et al. 2005. Assessing ancient DNA studies. TREE. 20(10):541-544.
51. González-José, R., S. Van Der Molen, E. González-Pérez et al. 2004. Patterns of phenotypic covariation and correlation in modern humans as viewed from morphological integration. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 123(1):69-77.
52. González-José, R., F. Ramírez-Rozzi, M. Sardi et al. 2005. Functional-cranial approach to the influence of economic strategy on skull morphology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128:757-771.
53. Green, R. E., J. Krause, A. W. Briggs et al. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328(5979):710-722.
54. Haak, W., P. Forster, B. Bramanti et al. 2005. Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites. Science 310(5750):1016-1018.
55. Haak, W., O. Balanovsky, J. J. Sanchez et al. 2010. Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic farmers reveals their Near Eastern affinities. PLoS Biol. 8(11):e1000536.
56. Handt, O., M. Hoss, M. Krings, et al. 1994. Ancient DNA: Methodological challenges. Experientia. 50(6):524-529.
57. Harvati, K., and T. D. Weaver. 2006a. Human cranial anatomy and the differential preservation of population history and climate signatures. Anat. Rec. 288A:1225-1233.
58. Harvati, K., and T. D. Weaver. 2006b. Reliability of cranial morphology in reconstructing Neanderthal phylogeny. In Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives, K. Harvarti and T. L. Harrison, eds. Dordrecht: Springer, 239-254.
59. Henke, W. 1981. Entwicklungstrends und variabilität bei Jungpaläolithikern und Mesolithikern Europas. Homo. 32:177-196.
60. Henke, W. 1983. Faktorenenalytischer versuch zur typisierung der Jungpaläolithiker und Mesolithiker Europas. Z. Morph. Anthrop. 73(3):279-296.
61. Hofreiter, M. 2008. Palaeogenomics. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 7(2-3):113-124.
62. Hofreiter, M., D. Serre, H. N. Poinar et al. 2001. Ancient DNA. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2(5):353-359.
63. Holmes, M. A., and C. B. Ruff. 2011. Dietary effects on development of the human mandibular corpus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 145:615-628.
64. Hubbe, M., K. Harvati, and W. Neves. 2011. Paleoamerican morphology in the context of European and East Asian late Pleistocene variation: Implications for human dispersion into the new world. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 144(3):442-453.
65. Itan, Y., A. Powell, M. A. Beaumont et al. 2009. The origins of lactase persistence in Europe. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5(8):e1000491.
66. Jackes, M., D. Lubell, and C. Meiklejohn. 1997. On physical anthropological aspects of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iberian peninsula. Curr. Anthropol. 38(5):839-846.
67. Jobling, M. A., M. E. Hurles, and C. Tyler-Smith. 2004. Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins, Peoples and Disease. New York: Garland Science.
68. Jobling, M. A., and C. Tyler-Smith. 2003. The human Y chromosome: An evolutionary marker comes of age. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4(8):598-612.
69. Kolman, C. J., and N. Tuross. 2000. Ancient DNA analysis of human populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111(1):5-23.
70. Konigsberg, L. W. 1990a. Analysis of prehistoric biological variation under a model of isolation by geographic and temporal distance. Hum. Biol. 62:49-70.
71. Konigsberg, L. W. 1990b. Temporal aspects of biological distance: Serial correlation and trend in a prehistoric skeletal lineage. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 82:45-52.
72. Konigsberg, L. W., and S. Ousley. 1995. Multivariate quantitative genetics of anthropometric traits from the Boas data. Hum. Biol. 67:481-498.
73. Kuijt, I., and N. Goring-Morris. 2002. Foraging, farming, and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant: a review and synthesis. J. World Prehist. 16(4):361-440.
74. Lacan, M., C. Keyser, F. X. Ricaut, et al. 2011. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108 (24):9788-9791.
75. Lalueza Fox, C. 1996. Physical anthropological aspects of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iberian peninsula. Curr. Anthropol. 37(4):689-695.
76. Lalueza Fox, C., A. González Martín, and S. Vives Civit. 1996. Cranial variation in the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands: Inferences about the history of the population. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99:413-428.
77. Lieberman, D. E. 2008. Speculations about the selective basis for the modern human craniofacial form. Evol. Anthropol. 17:55-68.
78. Malmström, H., M. T. P. Gilbert, M. G. Thomas et al. 2009. Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between Neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. Curr. Biol. 19(20):1758-1762.
79. Manning, S. W., C. McCartney, B. Kromer et al. 2010. The earlier Neolithic in Cyprus: Recognition and dating of a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A occupation. Antiquity 84:693-706.
80. Menk, R. 1981. Anthropologie du Neolithique Europeen: Analyse Multivariate et Essai de Synthese, These No. 1723, Universite de Genève.
81. Menozzi, P., A. Piazza, and L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1978. Synthetic maps of human gene frequencies in Europeans. Science 201(4358):786-792.
82. Montiel, R., A. Malgosa, and P. Francalacci. 2001. Authenticating ancient human mitochondrial DNA. Hum. Biol. 73(5):689-713.
83. Morant, G. M. 1930. Studies of Paleolithic man: IV. A biometric study of the Upper paleolithic skulls of Europe and their relationships to earlier and later types. Annals of Eugenics 4:109-214.
84. Novembre, J., and M. Stephens. 2008. Interpreting principal component analyses of spatial population genetic variation. Nat. Genet. 40(5):646-649.
85. Özdoǧan, M. 1997. The beginning of Neolithic economies in southeastern Europe: An Anatolian perspective. J. European Archaeol. 5(2):1-33.
86. Özdoǧan, M. 2005. Westward expansion of the Neolithic way of life: What we know and what we do not know. In How Did Farming Reach Europe? Anatolian-European Relations from the Second Half of the 7th through the First Half of the 6th Millennium Cal BC, C. Lihter, ed. Istanbul: BYAZ 2, 13-28.
87. Pääbo, S., H. Poinar, D. Serre, et al. 2004. Genetic analyses from ancient DNA. Ann. Rev. Genet. 38:645-679.
88. Paschetta, C., S. de Azevedo, L. Castillo et al. 2010. The influence of masticatory loading on craniofacial morphology: A test case across technological transitions in the Ohio valley. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141:297-314.
89. Perlès, C. 2001. The Early Neolithic in Greece. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press.
90. Perlès, C. 2005. From the Near East to Greece: Let's reverse the focus-cultural elements that didn't transfer. In How Did Farming Reach Europe? Anatolian-European Relations from the Second Half of the 7th through the First Half of the 6th Millennium Cal BC, C. Lihter, ed. Istanbul: BYAZ 2, 275-290.
91. Piggott, S. 1965. Ancient Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
92. Pinhasi, R. 2004. A new model for the spread of the first farmers in Europe. Documenta Praehistorica 30:1-76.
93. Pinhasi, R. 2006. Neolithic skull shapes and demic diffusion: A bioarchaeological investigation into the nature of the Neolithic transition. Documenta Praehistorica 33:61-70.
94. Pinhasi, R., V. Eshed, P. Shaw. 2008. Evolutionary changes in the masticatory complex following the transition to farming in the southern Levant. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 135:136-148.
95. Pinhasi, R., J. Fort, and A. J. Ammerman. 2005. Tracing the origin and spread of agriculture in Europe. PLoS Biol. 3(12):e410.
96. Pinhasi, R., and M. Pluciennik. 2004. A regional biological approach to the spread of farming in Europe, Anatolia, the Levant, South-Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean. Curr. Anthropol. 45(54):59-82.
97. Pinhasi, R., and N. von Cramon-Taubadel. 2009. Craniometric data supports demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture into Europe. PLoS ONE. 4(8):e6747.
98. Pluciennik, M. 1997. Radiocarbon determinations and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Southern Italy. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 10:115-150.
99. Poinar, H. N., C. Schwarz, J. Qi et al. 2006. Metagenomics to paleogenomics: Large-scale sequencing of Mammoth DNA. Science 311(5759):392-394.
100. Ray, N., M. Currat, P. Berthier et al. 2005. Recovering the geographic origin of early modern humans by realistic and spatially explicit simulations. Genome Res. 15:1161-1167.
101. Ray, N., and L. Excoffier. 2009. Inferring past demography using spatially explicit population genetic models. Hum. Biol. 81:141-157.
102. Relethford, J. H. 1982. The use of quantitative traits in the study of human population structure. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 25:113-132.
103. Relethford, J. H. 1994. Craniometric variation among modern human populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95(1):53-62.
104. Relethford, J. H. 2002. Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118:393-398.
105. Relethford, J. H. 2004. Global patterns of isolation by distance based on genetic and morphological data. Hum. Biol. 76:499-513.
106. Relethford, J. H., and J. Blangero. 1990. Detection of differential gene flow from patterns of quantitative variation. Hum. Biol. 62(1):5-25.
107. Relethford, J. H., M. H. Crawford, and J. Blangero. 1997. Genetic drift and gene flow in post-famine Ireland. Hum. Biol. 69:443-465.
108. Relethford, J. H., and F. C. Lees. 1982. The use of quantitative traits in the study of human population structure. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 25(S3):113-132.
109. Renfrew, C. 1992. Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity. Man (NS). 27:445-478.
110. Renfrew, C., and K. Boyle eds. 2000. Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
111. Richards, M. 2003. The Neolithic invasion of Europe. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 32(1):135-162.
112. Richards, M., H. Corte-Real, P. Forster et al. 1996. Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59(1):185-203.
113. Richards, M., V. Macaulay, H. J. Bandelt et al. 1998. Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in Western Europe. Ann. Hum. Genet. 62(3):241-260.
114. Richards, M., V. Macaulay, E. Hickey et al. 2000. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67(5):1251-1276.
115. Richards, M., V. Macaulay, A. Torroni et al. 2002. In search of geographical patterns in European mitochondrial DNA. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71(5):1168-1174.
116. Riquet, R. 1970. Anthropologie du néolithique et du bronze ancien. Poitiers, France: S.F.I.L. & Impremerie M Texier.
117. Riquet, R. 1973. Anthropologie de Néolithique de la France et des provinces limitrophes. In Die Anfäng des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, Teil VIIIa, I. Schwidetzky, ed. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 247-279.
118. Rohland, N., and M. Hofreiter. 2007a. Ancient DNA extraction from bones and teeth. Nature Protocols 2(7):1756-1762.
119. Rohland, N., and M. Hofreiter. 2007b. Comparison and optimization of ancient DNA extraction. Biotechniques 42(3):343-352.
120. Rompler, H., P. H. Dear, J. Krause et al. 2006. Multiplex amplification of ancient DNA. Nature Protocols 1:720-728.
121. Roseman, C. C. 2004. Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(35):12824-12829.
122. Roseman, C. C., and T. D. Weaver. 2004. Multivariate apportionment of global human craniometric diversity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125(3):257-263.
123. Roseman, C. C., and T. D. Weaver. 2007. Molecules versus morphology? Not for the human cranium. BioEssays 29:1185-1188.
124. Rosenberg, N. A., and M. W. Feldman. 2002. The relationship between coalescence times and population divergence times. In Modern Developments in Theoretical Population Genetics, M. Slatkin and M. Veuille, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 130-164.
125. Roth-Lutra, K. H. 1968. Klimazonen und anthropologische typologie bei den Europiden des 5.-2. Jahrtausend vor C. Homo. 19(2):74-78.
126. Runnels, C. 2003. The origins of the Greek Neolithic: A personal review. In The Widening Harvest: The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward, A.J. Ammermann and P. Biagi, eds. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, 121-132.
127. Saller, K. 1925. Die "Cromagnonrasse. " Anthropol. Anzeiger. 2:176-181.
128. Saller, K. 1926. Die CroMagnon-Rasse und ihre Stellung zu anderen jungpaläolithischen Langscha ̈deln. Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs-und Vererbungslehre 39:191-247.
129. Saller, K. 1927. Die Menschenrassen im oberen Paläolithikum. Eine Erwiderung an Szombathy. Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 57:81-105.
130. Sampietro, M. L., O. Lao, D. Caramelli et al. 2007. Palaeogenetic evidence supports a dual model of Neolithic spreading into Europe. Proc. Biol. Sci. 274(1622):2161-2167.
131. Sardi, M. L., F. Ramírez-Rozzi, and H. M. Pucciarelli. 2004a. Morphologie crânio-faciale des populations del'Europe et du Maghreb depuis le Paléolithique Supérieur jusqu'à présent. Antropo. 7:145-153.
132. Sardi, M. L., F. Ramírez-Rozzi, and H. M. Pucciarelli. 2004b. The Neolithic transition in Europe and North Africa. The functional craneology contribution. Anthropol. Anzeiger. 62:129-145.
133. Sardi, M. L., P. S. Novellino, and H. M. Pucciarelli. 2006. Craniofacial morphology in the Argentine center-west: Consequences of the transition to food production. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 130:333-343.
134. Schuster, S. C. 2008. Next-generation sequencing transforms today's biology. Nat. Meth. 5(1):16-18.
135. Schwidetzky, I. 1962. Das Grazilisierungsproblem. Ein Brückenschlag zwischen Rassengeschichte und Konstitutionsforschung. HOMO. 13:188-195.
136. Schwidetzky, I. 1969. Grazilisation und Degrazilisation: Merkmalsstistische Untersuchungen zur Anthropologie des Neolithikums. HOMO. 20:160-174.
137. Schwidetzky, I., ed. 1973a. Die Anfäng des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, Teil VIIIa, b. Köln: Böhlau Verlag.
138. Schwidetzky, I. 1973b. La situation et les problèmes de l'anthropologie préhistorique en particulier de néolithique. In Die Anfäng des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, Teil VIIIa, b, I. Schwidetzky, ed. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 333-340.
139. Shennan, S. 2009. Evolutionary demography and the population history of the European Early Neolithic. Hum. Biol. 81:339-355.
140. Simoni, L., F. Calafell, D. Pettener et al. 2000. Geographic patterns of mtDNA diversity in Europe. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66(1):262-278.
141. Skeates, R. 2003. Radiocarbon dating and interpretations of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Italy. In The Widening Harvest: The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward, A. J. Ammerman and P. Biagi, eds. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, 157-188.
142. Smith, H. F. 2009. Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Evidence from three-dimensional morphology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21:36-47.
143. Smith, H. F. 2011. The role of genetic drift in shaping modern human cranial evolution: A test using microevolutionary modeling. Int. J. Evol. Biol. Article ID 145262:1-11.
144. Smith, H. F., C. E. Terhune, and C. A. Lockwood. 2007. Genetic, geographic, and environmental correlates of human temporal bone variation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 134:312-322.
145. Soares, P., A. Achilli, O. Semino et al. 2010. The archaeogenetics of Europe. Curr. Biol. 20(4):R174-183.
146. Sokal, R. R., N. L. Oden, and C. Wilson. 1991. Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion. Nature 351(6322):143-14.
147. Sokal, R. R., N. L. Oden, and B. A. Thomson. 1999. A problem with synthetic maps. Hum. Biol. 71:1-13.
148. Steele, J., and S. Shennan. 2009. Introduction: Demography and cultural macroevolution. Hum. Biol. 81:105-119.
149. Strauss, A., and M. Hubbe. 2010. Craniometric similarities within and between human populations in comparison with neutral genetic data. Hum. Biol. 82:315-330.
150. Szombathy, J. 1927. Die Menschenrassen in oberen Paläolithikum. Bemerkingen zu Dr. K. Sallers Abhandlung. Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 57:106-110.
151. Thomas, H. L., and E. S.-J. Rowlett. 1992. The archaeological chronology of Northern Europe. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Vol. 1, R. W. Ehrich, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 345-355.
152. Todorova, H., 1995. The Neolithic, Eneolithic and transitional period in Bulgarian prehistory. In Prehistoric Bulgaria, D. W. Bailey, I. Panayotov, and S. Alexandrov, eds. Madison: Monographs in World Archaeology, 22, Prehistory Press, 79-98.
153. Torroni, A., H. J. Bandelt, L. D'Urbano et al. 1998. mtDNA analysis reveals a major late Paleolithic population expansion from southwestern to northeastern Europe. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62(5):1137-1152.
154. Torroni, A., M. Richards, V. Macaulay et al. 2000. mtDNA haplogroups and frequency patterns in Europe. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66(3):1173-1177.
155. Tykot, R. H. 1994. Radiocarbon dating and absolute chronology in Sardinia and Corsica. In Radiocarbon Dating and Italian Prehistory, R. Skeates and R. Whitehouse, eds. Rome, Italy: Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome No. 14, 115-145.
156. Ulrich, H. 1945. Trois crânes néolithiques alsaciens à caractères négroïdes. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris 9(6): 217-227.
157. Van Andel, T., and C. Runnels. 1995. The earliest farmers in Europe. Antiquity 69:481-500. von Bonin, G. 1935. European races of the Upper Paleolithic. Hum. Biol. 7:196-221.
158. von Bonin, G. 1935. European races of the Upper Paleolithic. Hum. Biol. 7:196-221.
159. von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2009a. Congruence of individual cranial bone morphology and neutral molecular affinity patterns in modern humans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 140:205-215.
160. von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2009b. Revisiting the homoiology hypothesis: The impact of phenotypic plasticity on the reconstruction of human population history from craniometric data. J. Hum. Evol. 57:179-190.
161. von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2011a. The relative efficacy of functional and developmental cranial modules for reconstructing global human population history. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 146:83-93.
162. von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2011b. Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108 (49):19546-19551.
163. von Cramon-Taubadel, N., and R. Pinhasi. 2011. Craniometric data support a mosaic model of demic and cultural Neolithic diffusion to outlying regions of Europe. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 278:2874-2880.
164. von Cramon-Taubadel, N., and T. D. Weaver. 2009. Insights from a quantitative genetic approach to human morphological evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 18:237-240.
165. Weaver, T. D., and C. C. Roseman. 2008. New developments in the genetic evidence for modern human origins. Evol. Anthropol. 17:69-80.
166. Webb, J., and D. Frankel. 2004. Intensive site survey. Implications for estimating settlement size, population and duration in prehistoric Bronze Age Cyprus. British School at Athens Studies 11:125-137.
167. Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
168. Whittle, A., and V. Cummings, eds. 2007. Going Over the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
169. Willerslev, E., and A. Cooper. 2005. Ancient DNA. Proc. Biol. Sci. 272(1558):3-16.
170. Williams-Blangero, S., J. Blangero, and B. Towne. 1990. Quantitative traits and population structure: introduction. Hum. Biol. 62:1-4.
171. Zilhão, J. 2001. Radiocarbon evidence for maritime pioneer colonization at the origins of farming in west Mediterranean Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98(24):14180-14185.
172. Zilhão, J. 2003. The Neolithic transition in Portugal and the role of demic diffusion in the spread of agriculture across west Mediterranean Europe. In The Widening Harvest: The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward, A. J. Ammerman and P. Biagi, eds. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, 207-226.
173. Zimmermann, A., J. Hilpert, and K. P. Wendt. 2009. Estimations of population density for selected periods between the Neolithic and AD 1800. Hum. Biol. 81:357-380.
174. Zvelebil, M. 1986. Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation. In Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming, M. Zvelebil, R. Dennell, and L. Domanka, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 167-188.
175. Zvelebil, M. 1996. The agricultural frontier and the transition to farming in the circum-Baltic area. In The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, D. R. Harris, ed. London, UK: UCL Press, 323-345.
176. Zvelebil, M. 2000. The social context of the agricultural transition in Europe. In Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe, C. Renfrew and K. Boyle, eds. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 57-79.
177. Zvelebil, M. 2001. The agricultural transition and the origins of Neolithic society in Europe. Documenta Praehistorica. 28:1-26.
178. Zvelebil, M., and P. Rowley-Conwey. 1984. Transition to farming in Northern Europe: A hunter-gatherer perspective. Norwegian Archaeol. Rev. 17:104-128.
179. Zvelebil, M., and P. Rowley-Conwey. 1986. Foragers and farmers in Atlantic Europe. In Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming, M. Zvelebil, R. Dennell, and L. Domanka, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 67-93.