Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Evidence from three-dimensional morphology

American Journal of Human Biology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 36-47

  Smith, Heather F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY; EPIGENETICS; HUMAN; MAXILLA; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAIT; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; TEMPORAL BONE; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; SKULL;

EID: 59549091063     PISSN: 10420533     EISSN: 15206300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20805     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Anderson JY. 1998. Mandibular morphology in human populations: an examination of primary muscle attachments and architectonic models for the development of the ramus. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 26:64.
2. Andrews T, Martin L. 1987. Cladistic relationships of extant and fossil hominoids. J Hum Evol 16:101-118.
3. Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G. 1999. Australopithecus garhi: a new species of hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284:629-635.
4. Babineau. TA, Kronmen JH. 1969. A cephalometric evaluation of the cranial base in microcephaly. Angle Orthod 39:57-63.
5. Baker RH, Yu X, DeSalle R. 1998. Assessing the relative contribution of molecular and morphological characters in simultaneous analysis trees. Mol Phylogenet Evol 9:427-436.
6. Bass WM. 1995. Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual, 4th ed, Columbia, MO: Missouri Archaeological Society.
7. Batzer MA, Arcot SS, Phinney JW, Alegria-Hartman M, Kass DH, Milligan SM, Kimpton C, Gill P, Hochmeister M, Ioannou PA, Herreha RJ, Boudreau DA, Scheer WD, Keats BJB, Deininger PL, Stoneking M. 1996. Genetic variation of recent Alu insertions in human populations. J Mol Evol 42:22-29.
8. Baumhammers A, Stallard RE, Zander HA. 1965. Remodeling of alveolar bone. J Periodontol 36:439-442.
9. Beals KL, Smith CL, Dodd SM. 1983. Climate and the evolution of brachycephalization. Am J Phys Anthropol 62:425-437.
10. Beals KL, Smith CL, Dodd SM. 1984. Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines. Curr Anthropol 25:301-330.
11. Beecher RM, Corruccini RS, Freeman M. 1983. Craniofacial correlates of dietary consistency in a nonhuman primate. J Craniofác Gen Dev Biol 3:193-202.
12. Begun D. 1992. Miocene fossil hominoids and the chimp-human clade. Science 257:1929-1939.
13. Biewener AA, Swartz SM, Bertram J. 1986. Bone modeling during growth: dynamic strain equilibrium in the chick tibiotarsus. Calcif Tissue Int 39:390-395.
14. Buikstra J, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
15. Cann HM. 1992. CEPH maps. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2:393-399.
16. Carey JW, Steegmann AT. 1981. Human nasal protrusion, latitude and climate. Am J Phys Anthropol 56:313-319.
17. Carter DR, Beaupre GS. 2001. Skeletal form and function: mechanobiology of skeletal development, aging and regeneration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza P. 1994. The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19. Chamberlain AT, Wood BA. 1987. Early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 16:119-133.
20. Cheverud JM. 1988. A comparison of genetic and phenotypic correlations. Evolution 42:958-968.
21. Collard M, Wood BA. 2000. How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:5003-5006.
22. Collard M, Wood BA. 2007. Hominid homoiology: aln assessment of the impact of phenotypic plasticity on phylogenetic, analyses of humans and their fossil relatives. J Hum Evol 52:573-584.
23. Coon CS, Garn SM, Birdsell JB. 1950, Races: a study of the problems of race formation in man. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
24. Corruccini RS, Beecher R. 1982. Occlusal variation related to soft diet in a nonhuman primate. Science 218:74-76.
25. Corruccini RS, Beecher R. 1984. Occlusofacial morphological integration lowered in baboons raised on soft diet. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 4:135-142.
26. Corruccini RS, Nesbitt R, Ciochon R. 1992. Occlusofacial morphological change in relation to masticatory function. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 14:63-64.
27. Cracraft J. 1981. The use of functional and adaptive criteria in phylogenetic systematics. Am Zool 21:21-36.
28. Currey JD. 2002. Bones: structure and mechanics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
29. Dausset J, Cann H, Cohen D, Lathrop M, Lalouel JM, White R. 1990. Centre d'etude du polymorphisme humain (CEPH): Collaborative genetic mapping of the human genome. Genomics 6:575-577.
30. David DJ, Hemmy DC, Cooter RD. 1990. Craniofacial deformities: atlas of three dimensional reconstruction from computed tomography. New York: Springer-Verlag.
31. de Beer GR. 1937. The development of the vertebrate skull. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Devor EJ. 1987. Transmission of human craniofacial dimensions. J Craniofac Gen Devel Biol 7:95-106.
33. Donnelly SM, Konigsberg LW. 1998. Interpretation of population structure when group structure is unknown. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 26:106.
34. Dow MM, Cheverud JM. 1985. Comparison of distance matrices in studies of population structure and genetic microdifferentiation: quadratic assignment. Am J Phys Anthropol 68:367-373.
35. Dryden IL, Mardia KV. 1998. Statistical shape analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
36. Ellegren H. 2004. Microsatellites: simple sequences with complex evolution. Nat Rev Genet 5:435-445.
37. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinformatics Online 1:47-50.
38. Franciscus RG, Long JC. 1991. Variation in human nasal height and breadth. Am J Phys Anthropol 85:419-427.
39. Friedlaender JS. 1975. Patterns of human variation: the demography, genetics, and phenetics of Bougainville Islanders. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Frost SR, Marcus LF, Bookstein FL, Reddy DP, Delson E. 2003. Cranial allometry, phylogeography, and systematics of large-bodied papionins (Primates: Cercopithecinae) inferred from geometric morphometric analysis of landmark data. Anat Rec A 275:1048-1072.
41. Goldstein DB, Linares AR, Cavalli-Sibrza LL, Feldman MW. 1995. An evaluation of genetic distances for use with microsatellite loci. Genetics 139:463-471.
42. González-José R, Van der Molen S, Gonzales-Perez E, Hernandez M. 2004. Patterns of phenotypic covariation and correlation in modern humans as viewed from morphological integration. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:69-77.
43. Goodall CR. 1991. Procrustes methods and the statistical analysis of shape (with discussion). J Royal Stat Soc B 53:285-340.
44. Gower JC. 1975. Generalised Procrustes analysis. Psychometrika 40:33-50.
45. Hall BK. 1978. Developmental and cellular skeletal biology. New York: Academic Press.
46. Harvati K. 2001. The Neanderthal problem: 3-D geometric morphometric models of cranial shape variation within and among species, PhD dissertation. New York: City University of New York.
47. Harvati K, Frost SR, McNulty KP. 2004. Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:1147-1152.
48. Harvati K, Weaver TD. 2006a. Reliability of cranial morphology in reconstructing Neandertal phylogeny. In: Harrison T, Harvati K, editors. Neandertals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. p 239-254.
49. Harvati K, Weaver TD. 2006b. Human cranial anatomy and the differential preservation of population history and climate signatures. The Anat Rec A 288:1225-1233.
50. Houghton P. 1996. The people of The Great Ocean: aspects of human biology in the early Pacific. New York: Cambridge University Press.
51. Howells WW. 1973. Cranial variation in man. Cambridge: Papers of the Peabody Museum 67.
52. Howells WW. 1989. Skull shapes and the map: craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo. Cambridge: Papers of the Peabody Museum 79.
53. Hrdlička A. 1940a. Lower jaw. The gonial angle, I. The bigonial breadth, II. Am J Phys Anthropol 27:281-308.
54. Hrdlička A. 1940b. Lower jaw further studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 27:383-467.
55. Humphrey LT, Dean MC, Stringer CB. 1999. Morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. J Anat 195:491-513.
56. Hylander WL. 1977. The adaptive significance of Eskimo craniofacial morphology. In: Dahlberg AA, Graber T, editors. Orofacial growth and development. Mouton: The Hague. p 129-169.
57. Jacobsen A. 1993. Somitomeres: mesodermal segments of the head and trunk. In: Hanken J, Hall BE, editors. The Skull, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 42-111.
58. Kendall DG. 1984. Shape manifolds, Procrustean metrics and complex projective spaces. Bull London Math Soc 16:81-121.
59. Kimura M. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217: 624-626.
60. Kimura M. 1989. The neutral theory of molecular evolution and the world view of the neutralists. Genome 31:24-31.
61. Kulge AG. 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Bovidae, Serpentes). Syst Zool 38:7-25.
62. Lande R. 1976. Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution. Evolution 30:314-334.
63. Lees FC, Crawford MH. 1976. Anthropometric variation in Tlaxcaltecan populations. In: Crawford MH, editor. The Tlaxcaltecans: prehistory, demography, morphology and genetics. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press. p 61-80.
64. Lieberman DE, Krovitz GE, Yates FW, Devlin M, St Claire M. 2004. Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. J Hum Evol 46:655-677.
65. Lieberman DE, Pearson OM, Polk JD, Denies B, Crompton AW. 2003. Optimization of bone, growth and remodeling in response to loading in tapered mammalian limbs. J Exp Biol 206:3125-3138.
66. Lieberman DE, Ross CF, Ravosa MJ. 2000. The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function, and integration. Yearhk Phys Anthropol 43:117-169.
67. Lieberman DE, Wood BA, Pilbeam DR. 1996. Homoplasy and early Homo: an analysis of the evolutionary relationships of H. habilis sensu stricto and H. rudolfensis J Hum Evol 30:97-120.
68. Lockwood CA, Kimbel WH, Lynch JM. 2004. Morphometrics and hominoid phylogeny: support for a chimpanzee-human clade and differentiation among great ape species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:4356-4360.
69. Lynch M, Hill WG. 1986. Phenotypic evolution by neutral mutation. Evolution 40:915-935.
70. MacPhee RDE, Cartmill M. 1986. Basicranial structures and primate systematics, In: Swindler DR, Erwin J, editors. Comparative primate biology, vol. 1, systematics, evolution, and anatomy. New York: Liss. p 219-275.
71. Mantel N. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res 27:209-220.
72. Martinez I, Arsuaga JL. 1997. The temporal bones from Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). A phylogenetic approach. J Hum Evol 33:283-318.
73. Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey N. 1998. Skeletal tissue mechanics. New York: Springer.
74. McHenry HM. 1994. Tempo and mode of human evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6780-6786.
75. McHenry HM. 1996. Homoplasy, clades and hominid phylogeny. In: Meikle WE, Howell FC, Jablonski NG, editors. Contemporary issues in human evolution, San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. p 77-92.
76. Mitre M. 1972. Etude histologique quantitative du remaniement dans l'os alveolaire human adulte. Schweiz Mschr Zahnheilk 82:1209-1222.
77. Morton NE, Yee S, Harris DE, Lew R. 1971. Bioassay of kinship. Theoret Pop Biol 2:507-524.
78. Nei M. 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am Natur 106:283-292.
79. Nicholson E, Harvati K. 2006. Quantitative analysis of human mandibular shape using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 131:368-393.
80. O'Higgins P, Jones N. 2006. Tools for statistical shape analysis. York: Hull York Medical School.
81. Ohta T. 1996. The current significance and standing of neutral and nearly neutral theories. BioEssays 18:673-677.
82. Ohta T, Kimura K. 1973. Model of mutation appropriate to estimate number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a finite population. Genet Res 22:201-204.
83. Olson TR. 1981. Basicrania and evolution of the Pliocene hominids. In: Stringer CB, editor. Aspects of human evolution. London: Taylor and Francis. p 99-128.
84. Powell J, Neves WA. 1999. Craniofacial morphology of the first Americans: Pattern and process in the peopling of the new world. Yearbk Phys Anthropol 42:153-188.
85. Ramachandran S, Deshpande O, Roseman CC, Rosenberg NA, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL. 2005. Support from the relationships of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founding effect originating in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15942-15947.
86. Relethford JH. 1994. Craniometrie variation among modern human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 95:53-62.
87. Relethford JH. 1995. Genetics and modern human origins. Evol Anthropol 4:53-63.
88. Relethford JH. 2001. Global analysis of regional differences in craniometric diversity and population substructure. Hum Biol 73:629-636.
89. Relethford JH. 2002. Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometries and skin color. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:393-398.
90. Relethford JH. 2004. Boas and beyond: migration and craniometric variation. Am J Hum Biol 16:379-388.
91. Relethford JH, Blangero J. 1990. Detection of differential gene flow from patterns of quantitative variation. Hum Biol 62:5-25.
92. Relethford JH, Harpending HC. 1994. Craniometric variation, genetic theory, and modern human origins. Am J Phys Anthropol 95:249-270.
93. Rohlf F. 1990. Rotational fit (Procrustes) methods. In: Rohlf FJ, Bookstein FL, editors. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. p 227-236.
94. Rohlf FJ, Slice D. 1990. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Syst Zool 39:40-59.
95. Roseman CC. 2004. Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12825-12829.
96. Roseman CC, Weaver TD. 2004. Multivariate apportionment of global human craniometric diversity. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:257-263.
97. Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, Feldman MW. 2005. Clines, clusters, and the effect of study design on the inference of human population structure. PLoS Genetics 1:660-671.
98. Ross CF, Patel BA, Slice DE, Strait DS, Dechow PC, Richmond BG, Spencer MA. 2005. Modeling masticatory muscle force in finite element analysis: sensitivity analysis using Principal Coordinates Analysis. The Anat Rec A 283:288-299.
99. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. 1984. Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: An alternative to allometric limb bone scaling. J Theor Biol 107:321-327.
100. Sherry ST, Batzer MA. 1997. Modeling human evolution- to tree or not to tree. Genome Res 7:947-949.
101. Shriver MD, Jin L, Chakraborty R, Boerwinkle E. 1993. VNTR allele frequency-distributions under the stepwise mutation model: a computer simulation approach. Genetics 134:983-993.
102. Skelton R, McHenry M. 1992. Evolutionary relationships among early hominids. J Hum Evol 23:309-349.
103. Skelton R, McHenry M, Drawhorn GM. 1986. Phylogenetic analysis of early hominids. Curr Anthropol 27:329-340.
104. Slatkin M. 1995. A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139:457-462.
105. Smith HF. 2008. The phylogenetic signal of the 3D morphology of endochondral vs. intramembranous regions of the skull. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 46:196-197.
106. Smith HF, Terhune CE, Lockwood CA. 2007. Genetic, geographic, and environmental correlates of human temporal bone variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:312-322.
107. Smouse PE, Long JC, Sokal RT. 1986. Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Syst Zool 35: 627-632.
108. Southworth FC. 2005. Linguistic archaeology of South Asia. London: Routledge-Curzon.
109. Spitze K. 1993. Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. Genetics 135:367-374.
110. Stoneking M, Fontius JJ, Clifford SL, Soodyall H, Arcot SA, Saha N, Jenkins T, Tahir MA, Deininger PL, Batzer MA. 1997. Alu insertion polymorphisms and human evolution: evidence for a larger population size in Africa. Genome Res 7:1061-1071.
111. Strait DS. 1994. Functional morphology of the cranial base in living anthropoids and fossil hominids using matrix correlations. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 18:189-190.
112. Strait DS. 2001. Integration, phylogeny, and the hominid cranial base. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:273-297.
113. Strait DS, Grine FE. 2004. Inferring hominoid and early hominid phylogeny using craniodental characters: the role of fossil taxa. J Hum Evol 47:399-452.
114. Strait DS, Grine FE, Moniz MA. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 32:17-82.
115. Strait DS, Wang Q, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Spencer MA, Patel BA. 2005. Modeling elastic properties in finite element analysis: How much precision is needed to produce an accurate model? Anat Rec A 283:275-287.
116. Szalay FS. 1981. Functional analysis and the practice of the phylogenetic method as reflected by some mammalian studies. Am Zool 21:37-45.
117. Szalay FS. 1982. A new appraisal of marsupial phylogeny and classification. In: Archer M, editor. Carnivorous marsupials. South Wales: Royal Zoological Society. p 621-640.
118. Tautz D. 1993. Notes on the defunction and nomenclature of tandemly repetitive DNA sequences. In: Pena SDJ, Chakraborty R, Epplen JT, Jeffreys AJ, editors. DNA fingerprinting: state of the science. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. p 21-28.
119. Ten Cate AR, Mills C. 1972. The development of the periodontium: the origin of alveolar bone. Anat Rec 173:69-71.
120. Thorogood P. 1993. Differentiation and morphogenesis. In: Hanken J, Hall BK, editors. The skull, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp 112-152.
121. Trask RL. 2000. The dictionary of historical and comparative languages. Edinburgh: Taylor & Francis.
122. Turelli M. Gillespie JH, Lande R. 1988. Rate tests for selection on quantitative characters during macroevolution and microevolution. Evolution 42:1085-1089.
123. Turner A, Wood BA. 1993. Comparative palaeontological context for the evolution of the early hominid masticatory system. J Hum Evol 24:301-318.
124. Valdes AM, Slatkin M, Freimer NB. 1993. Allele frequencies at microsatellite loci: the stepwise mutation model revisited. Genetics 133:737-749.
125. Wahlund S. 1928. Zusammensetzung von populationen und korrelation-serscheinungen von standpunkt der verebungslehre aus betrachet. Hereditas 11:65-106.
126. Watkins WS, Ricker CE, Bamshad MJ, Carroll ML, Nguyen SV, Batzer MA. Harpending HC, Rogers AR, Jorde LB. 2004. Patterns of ancestral human diversity: an analysis of Alu-insertion and restriction site polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genetics 68:738-752.
127. Watkins WS, Rogers AR, Ostler CT, Wooding S, Bamshad MJ, Brassington AME, Carroll ML, Nguyen SV, Walker JA, Prasad BVR, Reddy PG, Das PK, Batzer MA, Jorde LB. 2003. Genetic variation among world populations: inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms. Genome Res 13:1607-1618.
128. Weaver TD, Roseman CC, Stringer C. 2008. Close correspondence between quantitative- and molecular-genetic divergence times for Neandertals and modern humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:4645-4649.
129. Weber JL, May PE. 1989. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Hum Genet 44:388-396.
130. Weidenreich F. 1941. The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull. Trans Am Phil Soc NS 31:321-442.
131. Whitlock MC. 1999. Neutral additive genetic variance in a metapopulation. Genet Res 74:215-221.
132. Williams-Blangero S, Blangero J. 1989. Anthropometric variation and the genetic structure of the Jirels of Nepal. Hum Biol 6l:1-12.
133. Wood BA. 1988. Are the 'robust' australopithecines a monophyletic group? In: Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the "Robust" Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 269-284.
134. Wood B, Lieberman DE. 2001. Craniodental variation in Paranthropus boisei: a developmental and functional perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:13-25.
135. Wright S. 1943. Isolation by distance. Genetics 28:114-138.
136. Wright S. 1969. The theory of gene frequencies: evolution and the genetics of populations, vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.