The role of strategies in motor learning

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1251, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-12

  Taylor, Jordan A ^a   Ivry, Richard B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Motor adaptation; Motor learning; Motor skills

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CEREBELLUM; HUMAN; LEARNING; LEARNING CURVE; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR LEARNING; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL FEEDBACK; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION;

EID: 84859295771     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06430.x     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Hoffer, R. 2009. Something in the Air: American Passion and Defiance in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. Free Press. New York .
2. Fitts, P.M. & M.I. Posner 1967. Human Performance. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. Belmont, CA.
3. Crossman, E.R.F.W. 1959. A theory of the acquisition of speed-skill. Ergonomics 2: 143-166.
4. Seibel, R. 1963. Discrimination reaction time for a 1, 023 alternative task. J. Exp. Psychol. 66: 215-226.
5. Logan, G. 1988. Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychol. Rev. 95: 492-527.
6. Cunningham, H.A. 1989. Aiming error under transformed spatial mappings suggests a structure for visual-motor maps. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 15: 493-506.
7. Imamizu, H., Y. Uno & M. Kawato 1995. Internal representations of the motor apparatus: implications from generalization in visuomotor learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 21: 1174-1198.
8. Pine, Z.M., J.W. Krakauer, J. Gordon & C. Ghez 1996. Learning of scaling factors and reference axes for reaching movements. Neuroreport 7: 2357-2361.
9. Krakauer, J.W., Z.M. Pine, M.F. Ghilardi & C. Ghez 2000. Learning of visuomotor transformations for vectorial planning of reaching trajectories. J. Neurosci. 20: 8916-8924.
10. Kagerer, F.A., J.L. Contreras-Vidal & G.E. Stelmach 1997. Adaptation to gradual as compared with sudden visuo-motor distortions. Exp. Brain Res. 115: 557-561.
11. Hwang, E.J., M.A. Smith & R. Shadmehr 2006. Dissociable effects of the implicit and explicit memory systems on learning control of reaching. Exp. Brain Res. 173: 425-437. doi:
12. Saijo, N. & H. Gomi 2010. Multiple motor learning strategies in visuomotor rotation. PloS One 5: e9399. doi:
13. Fernandez-Ruiz, J., W. Wong, I.T. Armstrong & J.R. Flanagan 2011. Relation between reaction time and reach errors during visuomotor adaptation. Behav. Brain Res. 219: 8-14. doi:
14. Benson, B.L., J.A. Anguera & R.D. Seidler 2011. A spatial explicit strategy reduces error but interferes with sensorimotor adaptation. J. Neurophysiol. 105: 2843-2851. doi:
15. Martin, T.A., J.G. Keating, H.P. Goodkin, et al 1996. Throwing while looking through prisms. II. Specificity and storage of multiple gaze-throw calibrations. Brain 119(Pt 4): 1199-1211.
16. Anguera, J.A., P.A. Reuter-Lorenz, D.T. Willingham & R.D. Seidler 2010. Contributions of spatial working memory to visuomotor learning. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22: 1917-1930. doi:
17. Keisler, A. & R. Shadmehr 2010. A shared resource between declarative memory and motor memory. J. Neurosci. 30: 14817-14823. doi:
18. Eversheim, U. & O. Bock 2001. Evidence for processing stages in skill acquisition: a dual-task study. Learn. Mem. 8: 183-189. doi:
19. Taylor, J.A. & K.A. Thoroughman 2008. Motor adaptation scaled by the difficulty of a secondary cognitive task. PloS One 3: e2485. doi:
20. Taylor, J.A. & K.A. Thoroughman 2007. Divided attention impairs human motor adaptation but not feedback control. J. Neurophysiol. 98: 317-326. doi:
21. Galea, J.M., S.A. Sami, N.B. Albert & R.C. Miall 2010. Secondary tasks impair adaptation to step- and gradual-visual displacements. Exp. Brain Res. 202: 473-484. doi:
22. Malone, L.A. & A.J. Bastian 2010. Thinking about walking: effects of conscious correction versus distraction on locomotor adaptation. J. Neurophysiol. 103: 1954-1962. doi:
23. Mazzoni, P. & J.W. Krakauer 2006. An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation. J. Neurosci. 26: 3642-3645. doi:
24. Taylor, J.A. & R.B. Ivry 2011. Flexible cognitive strategies during motor learning. PLoS Comput. Biol. 7: e1001096. doi:
25. Thoroughman, K.A. & R. Shadmehr 2000. Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Nature 407: 742-747. doi:
26. Cheng, S. & P.N. Sabes 2006. Modeling sensorimotor learning with linear dynamical systems. Neural Comput. 18: 760-793. doi:
27. Zarahn, E., G.D. Weston, J. Liang, et al 2008. Explaining savings for visuomotor adaptation: linear time-invariant state-space models are not sufficient. J. Neurophysiol. 100: 2537-2548. doi: .
28. Izawa, J. & R. Shadmehr 2011. Learning from sensory and reward prediction errors during motor adaptation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 7: e1002012. doi:
29. Shabbott, B.A. & R.L. Sainburg 2010. Learning a visuomotor rotation: simultaneous visual and proprioceptive information is crucial for visuomotor remapping. Exp. Brain Res. 203: 75-87. doi:
30. Hinder, M.R., J.R. Tresilian, S. Riek & R.G. Carson 2008. The contribution of visual feedback to visuomotor adaptation: how much and when? Brain Res. 1197: 123-134. doi:
31. Hinder, M. R., D. G. Woolley, J.R. Tresilian, et al 2008. The efficacy of colour cues in facilitating adaptation to opposing visuomotor rotations. Exp. Brain Res. 191: 143-155. doi:
32. Huang, V.S., A. Haith, P. Mazzoni & J.W. Krakauer 2011. Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models. Neuron 70: 787-801. doi: .
33. Verstynen, T. & P.N. Sabes 2011. How each movement changes the next: an experimental and theoretical study of fast adaptive priors in reaching. J. Neurosci. 31: 10050-10059. doi:
34. Diedrichsen, J., O. White, D. Newman & N. Lally 2010. Use-dependent and error-based learning of motor behaviors. J. Neurosci. 30: 5159-5166. doi:
35. Smith, M.A. & R. Shadmehr 2005. Intact ability to learn internal models of arm dynamics in Huntington's disease but not cerebellar degeneration. J. Neurophysiol. 93: 2809-2821. doi:
36. Rabe, K. et al 2009. Adaptation to visuomotor rotation and force field perturbation is correlated to different brain areas in patients with cerebellar degeneration. J. Neurophysiol. 101: 1961-1971. doi:
37. Criscimagna-Hemminger, S.E., A.J. Bastian & R. Shadmehr 2010. Size of error affects cerebellar contributions to motor learning. J. Neurophysiol. 103: 2275-2284. doi:
38. Lang, C.E. & A.J. Bastian 2002. Cerebellar damage impairs automaticity of a recently practiced movement. J. Neurophysiol. 87: 1336-1347.
39. Taylor, J.A., N.M. Klemfuss & R.B. Ivry 2010. An explicit strategy prevails when the cerebellum fails to compute movement errors. Cerebellum 9: 580-586. doi:
40. Martin, T.A., J.G. Keating, H.P. Goodkin, et al 1996. Throwing while looking through prisms. I. Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation. Brain 119(Pt 4): 1183-1198.
41. Ito, M. 2008. Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9: 304-313. doi:
42. Strick, P.L., R.P. Dum & J.A. Fiez 2009. Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 32: 413-434. doi:
43. Pascual-Leone, A., E.M. Wassermann, J. Grafman & M. Hallett 1996. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in implicit procedural learning. Exp. Brain Res. 107: 479-485.
44. Slachevsky, A. et al 2001. Preserved adjustment but impaired awareness in a sensory-motor conflict following prefrontal lesions. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13: 332-340.
45. Slachevsky, A. et al 2003. The prefrontal cortex and conscious monitoring of action: an experimental study. Neuropsychologia 41: 655-665.
46. Ivry, R.B., J. Schlerf, J. Xu, et al 2008. Strategic and recalibration processes during visuomotor rotation in cerebellar ataxia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. Washington, DC.
47. Fernandez-Ruiz, J., C. Hall, P. Vergara & R. Diiaz 2000. Prism adaptation in normal aging: slower adaptation rate and larger aftereffect. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 9: 223-226.
48. Heuer, H. & M. Hegele 2008. Adaptation to visuomotor rotations in younger and older adults. Psychol. Aging 23: 190-202. doi:
49. Kounios, J. & M. Beeman 2009. The Aha! Moment: the cognitive neuroscience of insight. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 18: 210-216.
50. Bowden, E.M. & M. Jung-Beeman 2003. Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 10: 730-737.
51. Smith, R.W. & J. Kounios 1996. Sudden insight: all-or-none processing revealed by speed-accuracy decomposition. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 22: 1443-1462.