The in vitro toxicology of Swedish snus

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 304-313

  Coggins, Christopher R E ^a   Ballantyne, Mark ^b   Curvall, Margareta ^c   Rutqvist, Lars Erik ^c  

^a Carson Watts Consulting   (United States)

^b Department of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology   (United Kingdom)

^c Swedish Match   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cytotoxicity; DMSO extraction; Genotoxicity; Positive controls; Smokeless tobacco; Swedish snus; Water extraction

Indexed keywords

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE; NICOTINE;

AMES TEST; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CYTOTOXICITY TEST; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; IN VITRO STUDY; LYMPHOMA; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; MUTAGENICITY; NONHUMAN; REVERTANT; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SWEDISH SNUS; TOBACCO; TOXICITY TESTING; TOXICOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CARCINOGENS; HUMANS; MICE; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; NICOTINE; SWEDEN; TOBACCO, SMOKELESS;

NICOTIANA TABACUM; SALMONELLA;

EID: 84859224686     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: 15476898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.666660     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Ames BN, Durston WE, Yamasaki E, Lee FD. (1973). Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:2281-2285.
2. Ames BN, Mccann J, Yamasaki E. (1975). Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalianmicrosome mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 31:347-364.
3. Andreoli C, Gigante D, Nunziata A. (2003). A review of in vitro methods to assess the biological activity of tobacco smoke with the aim of reducing the toxicity of smoke. Toxicol In Vitro 17:587-594. (Pubitemid 37355969)
4. Babich H, Borenfreund E. (1990). Cytotoxic effects of food additives and pharmaceuticals on cells in culture as determined with the neutral red assay. J Pharm Sci 79:592-594. (Pubitemid 20222723)
5. Borenfreund E, Puerner JA. (1985). Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption. Toxicol Lett 24:119-124. (Pubitemid 15103513)
6. Borgerding M, Bodnar J, Swauger J. (2009). The chemical composition of smokeless tobacco: a survey of products sold in the United States in 2006 and 2007. Winston-Salem: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
7. Cariello F, Piegorsch WW. (1996). The Ames test: the two-fold rule revisited. Mutat Res 369:23-31. (Pubitemid 26242794)
8. Clive D, Bolcsfoldi G, Clements J, Cole J, Homna M, Majeska J, Moore M, Müller L, Myhr B, Oberly T. (1995). Consensus agreement regarding protocol issues discussed during the mouse lymphoma workshop: Portland, Oregon, May 7, 1994. Environ Mol Mutagen 25: 165-168.
9. Clive D, Flamm WG, Machesko MR, Bernheim NJ. (1972). A mutational assay system using the thymidine kinase locus in mouse lymphoma cells. Mutat Res 16:77-87.
10. Colilla SA. (2010). An epidemiologic review of smokeless tobacco health effects and harm reduction potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 56:197-211.
11. DeMarini DM. (2004). Genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke condensate: a review. Mutat Res 567:447-474.
12. DeMarini DM, Gudi R, Szkudlinska A, Rao M, Recio L, Kehl M, Kirby PE, Polzin G, Richter PA. (2008). Genotoxicity of 10 cigarette smoke condensates in four test systems: comparisons between assays and condensates. Mutat Res 650:15-29.
13. Fagerstrom K, Rutqvist LE, Hughes JR. (2012). Snus as a smoking cessation aid: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res 14:306-312.
14. Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Coggins CR. (2010). Toxicological considerations on the use of propylene glycol as a humectant in cigarettes. Toxicology 269:54-66.
15. IARC. (2004). Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1191-1413.
16. IARC. (2007). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 89. Smokeless Tobacco and some tobaccospecific N-Nitrosamines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
17. Idris AM, Ibrahim SO, Vasstrand EN, Johannessen AC, Lillehaug JR, Magnusson B, Wallström M, Hirsch JM, Nilsen R. (1998). The Swedish snus and the Sudanese toombak: are they different? Oral Oncol 34:558-566. (Pubitemid 28546874)
18. Jansson T, Romert L, Magnusson J, Jenssen D. (1991). Genotoxicity testing of extracts of a Swedish moist oral snuff. Mutat Res 261:101-115.
19. Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, Rice JR, Shields PG. (2009). Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:3263-3304.
20. Joksic G, Spasojevic-Tišma V, Antic R, Nilsson R, Rutqvist LE. (2011). Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Swedish snus for smoking reduction and cessation. Harm Reduct J 8:25.
21. King AV, Jones PA. (2003). In-house assessment of a modified in vitro cytotoxicity assay for higher throughput estimation of acute toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 17:717-722. (Pubitemid 37352684)
22. Kirkland D, Aardema M, Henderson L, Müller L. (2005). Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity. Mutat Res 584:1-256. (Pubitemid 40922793)
23. Kirkland D, Reeve L, Gatehouse D, Vanparys P. (2011). A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 721:27-73.
24. Lee PN. (2011). Summary of the epidemiological evidence relating snus to health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 59:197-214.
25. Lee PN, Hamling J. (2009). Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America. BMC Med 7:36.
26. Lorge E, Thybaud V, Aardema MJ, Oliver J, Wakata A, Lorenzon G, Marzin D. (2006). SFTG international collaborative study on in vitro micronucleus test I. General conditions and overall conclusions of the study. Mutat Res 607:13-36. (Pubitemid 44026678)
27. Lund KE, Scheffels J, McNeill A. (2011). The association between use of snus and quit rates for smoking: results from seven Norwegian cross-sectional studies. Addiction 106:162-167.
28. McCann J, Choi E, Yamasaki E, Ames BN. (1975). Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:5135-5139.
29. Moore MM, Honma M, Clements J, Bolcsfoldi G, Burlinson B, Cifone M, Clarke J, Delongchamp R, Durward R, Fellows M, GollapudiB, Hou S, Jenkinson P, Lloyd M, Majeska J, Myhr B, O'Donovan M, Omori T, Riach C, San R, Stankowski LF Jr, Thakur AK, Van Goethem F, Wakuri S, Yoshimura I. (2006). Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase gene mutation assay: follow-up meeting of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing-Aberdeen, Scotland, 2003-Assay acceptance criteria, positive controls, and data evaluation. Environ Mol Mutagen 47:1-5. (Pubitemid 43238018)
30. Nemes Z, Dietz R, Lüth JB, Gomba S, Hackenthal E, Gross F. (1979). The pharmacological relevance of vital staining with neutral red. Experientia 35:1475-1476.
31. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. (2006). Smokeless Tobacco Research Products. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University.
32. OECD. (1997a). No. 471. Bacterial reverse mutation test. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
33. OECD. (1997b). No. 474. Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
34. OECD. (1997c). No. 476. In Vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test. OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
35. OECD. (2007). Draft proposal for a new Guideline 487: In Vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test (MNvit). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Paris, France.
36. Okuwa K, Tanaka M, Fukano Y, Nara H, Nishijima Y, Nishino T. (2010). In vitro micronucleus assay for cigarette smoke using a whole smoke exposure system: a comparison of smoking regimens. Exp Toxicol Pathol 62:433-440.
37. Osterdahl BG, Jansson C, Paccou A. (2004). Decreased levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in moist snuff on the Swedish market. J Agric Food Chem 52:5085-5088.
38. Patskan GJ, Podraza KF, Meurrens K, Coggins CR, Friedrichs B, Gerstenberg B, Gomm W, Schnell P, Stabbert R, Veltel D, Weber S, Terpstra P. (2008). Toxicological comparisons of three styles of a commercial U.S. cigarette (Marlboro with the 1R4F reference cigarette). Inhal Toxicol 20:695-721. (Pubitemid 351882934)
39. Pfuhler S, Albertini S, Fautz R, Herbold B, Madle S, Utesch D, Poth A; Gesellschaft fuerUmwelt-Mutationsforschung. (2007). Genetic toxicity assessment: employing the best science for human safety evaluation part IV: Recommendation of a working group of the Gesellschaft fuer Umwelt-Mutationsforschung (GUM) for a simple and straightforward approach to genotoxicity testing. Toxicol Sci 97:237-240. (Pubitemid 47073841)
40. Rickert WS, Wright WG, Trivedi AH, Momin RA, Lauterbach JH. (2007). A comparative study of the mutagenicity of various types of tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 48:320-330. (Pubitemid 47058226)
41. Rutqvist LE, Curvall M, Hassler T, Ringberger T, Wahlberg I. (2011). Swedish snus and the GothiaTek® standard. Harm Reduct J 8:11.
42. Schramke H, Meisgen TJ, Tewes FJ, Gomm W, Roemer . (2006). The mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase assay for the assessment and comparison of the mutagenic activity of cigarette mainstream smoke particulate phase. Toxicology 227:193-210. (Pubitemid 44402862)
43. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. (2008). Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Products. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General, Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission.
44. Stanfill SB, Connolly GN, Zhang L, Jia LT, Henningfield JE, Richter P, Lawler TS, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Ashley DL, Watson CH. (2011). Global surveillance of oral tobacco products: total nicotine, unionised nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Tob Control 20:e2.
45. Tambwekar KR, Kakariya RB, Garg S. (2003). A validated high performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of nicotine in pure form and from formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 32:441-450. (Pubitemid 38021834)
46. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2004). The Health Consequences of Smoking. A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
47. Werley MS, Freelin SA, Wrenn SE, Gerstenberg B, Roemer E, Schramke H, Van Miert E, Vanscheeuwijck P, Weber S, Coggins CR. (2008). Smoke chemistry, in vitro and in vivo oxicology evaluations of the electrically heated cigarette smoking system series K. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:122-139.
48. World Health Organization (2008). WHO study group on tobacco product regulation: report on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: third report of a WHO study group. WHO technical report series no. 955. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.