Folate in pregnancy and lactation

Folate in Health and Disease, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 111-131

  Tamura, Tsunenobu ^a   Picciano, Mary Frances ^b   McGuire, Michelle Kay ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859161919     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. Wills L. Treatment of “pernicious anaemia of pregnancy” and “tropical anaemia” with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent. BMJ 1931; 1:1059-64.
2. Chanarin I. The Megaloblastic Anemias. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1979.
3. Tamura T, Picciano MF. Folate and human reproduction. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:993-1016.
4. Food Standards: Amendment of Standards of Identity for Enriched Grain Products to Require Addition of Folic Acid. Final Rule. 21 CFR Parts 136, 137, and 139. Fed Reg1996: 8781-89.
5. Bruinse HW, van der Berg H, Haspels AA. Maternal serum folacin levels during and after normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1985; 20:153-58.
6. Qvist I, Abdulla M, Jagerstad M, Svensson S. Iron, zinc and folate status during pregnancy and two months after delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1986; 65:15-22.
7. Takimoto H, Mito N, Umegaki K, Ishiwaki A, Kusama K, Abe S, Yamawaki M, Fukuoka H, Ohta C, Yoshiike N. Relationship between dietary folate intakes, maternal plasma total homocysteine and B-vitamins during pregnancy and fetal growth in Japan. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:300-06.
8. Wallace JMW, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Duffy EM, Robson PJ, Ward M, McNulty H, et al. Homocysteine concentration, related B vitamins, and betaine in pregnant women recruited to the Seychelles Child Development Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:391-97.
9. Chanarin I, MacGibbon BM, O’Sullivan WJ, Mollin DL. Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy. The pathogenesis of megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy. Lancet 1959; 274:634-39.
10. Landon MJ, Hytten FE. Plasma folate levels following an oral load of folic acid during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 79:577-83.
11. McPartlin J, Weir DG, Halligan A, Darling M, Scott JM. Accelerated folate breakdown in pregnancy. Lancet 1993; 341:148-49.
12. Caudill MA, Gregory JF, Hutson AD, Bailey LB. Folate catabolism in pregnant and nonpregnant women with controlled folate intakes. J Nutr 1998; 128:204-08.
13. Gregory JF 3rd, Caudill MA, Opalko FJ, Bailey LB. Kinetics of folate turnover in pregnant women (second trimester) and nonpregnant controls during folic acid supplementation: Stable-isotopic labeling of plasma folate, urinary folate and folate catabolites shows subtle effects of pregnancy on turnover of folate pools. J Nutr 2001; 131:1928-37.
14. Landon MJ, Hytten FE. The excretion of folate in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 78:769-75.
15. Landon MJ, Eyre DH, Hytten FE. Transfer of folate to the fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol1975; 82:12-19.
16. Baker H, Frank O, Deangelis B, Feingold S, Kaminetzky HA. Role of placenta in maternal-fetal vitamin transfer in humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141:792-96.
17. Stark KD, Pawlosky RJ, Sokol RJ, Hannigan JH, Salem N Jr. Maternal smoking is associated with decreased 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in cord plasma. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:796-802.
18. Jauniaux E, Johns J, Gulbis B, Spasic-Boskovic O, Burton GJ. Transfer of folic acid inside the first-trimester gestational sac and the effect of maternal smoking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197:58.e1-.e6.
19. Henderson GI, Perez T, Schenker S, Mackins J, Antony AC. Maternal-to-fetal transfer of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the perfused human placental cotyledon: Evidence for a concentrative role by placental folate receptors in fetal folate delivery. J Lab Clin Med1995; 126:184-203.
20. Bisseling TM, Steegers EAP, van den Heuvel JJM, Siero HLM, van de Water FM, Walker AJ, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Smits P, Russel FGM. Placental folate transport and binding are not impaired in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Placenta 2004; 25:588-93.
21. Jarabak J, Bachur NR. A soluble dihydrofolate reductase from human placenta: Purification and properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 142:417-25.
22. Landon MJ. Placental [gamma]-glutamyl carboxypeptidase. Int J Biochem 1972; 3:387-88.
23. Utley CS, Marcell PD, Allen RH, Antony AC, Kolhouse JF. Isolation and characterization of methionine synthetase from human placenta. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 13656-65.
24. Daly SF, Molloy AM, Mills JL, Lee YJ, Conley M, Kirke PN, Weir DG, Scott JM. The influence of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes on enzyme activity in placental tissue. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106:1214-18.
25. Lewis RM, Godfrey KM, Jackson AA, Cameron IT, Hanson MA. Low serine hydroxy-methyltransferase activity in the human placenta has important implications for fetal glycine supply. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1594-98.
26. Iyengar L, Apte SV. Nutrient stores in human foetal livers. Br J Nutr 1972; 27:313-17.
27. Gaull GE, Von Berg W, Raiha NC, Sturman JA. Development of methyltransferase activities of human fetal tissues. Pediatr Res 1973; 7:527-33.
28. Kalnitsky A, Rosenblatt D, Zlotkin S. Differences in liver folate enzyme patterns in premature and full term infants. Pediatr Res 1982; 16:628-31.
29. Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED, Hwa TS, Tan P. Abruptio placentae and defective folate metabolism in Singapore women. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1969; 76:1003-07.
30. Pritchard JA, Cunningham FG, Pritchard SA, Mason RA. On reducing the frequency of severe abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165:1345-51.
31. Green R, Jacobsen DW. Clinical implications of hyperhomocysteinemia. In: Bailey LB, ed., Folate in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995:75-122.
32. Steegers-Theunissen RP, Van Iersel CA, Peer PG, Nelen WL, Steegers EA. Hyperhomocysteinemia, pregnancy complications, and the timing of investigation. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:336-43.
33. Nurk E, Tell GS, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Vollset SE. Associations between maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Med 2004; 117:26-31.
34. Parle-McDermott A, Mills JL, Kirke PN, Cox C, Signore CC, Kirke S, Molloy AM, et al. MTHFD1 R653Q polymorphism is a maternal genetic risk factor for severe abruptio placentae. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 132:365-68.
35. Whalley PJ, Scott DE, Pritchard JA. Maternal folate deficiency and pregnancy wastage. 3. Pregnancy-induced hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 1970; 36:29-31.
36. Powers RW, Majors AK, Kerchner LJ, Conrad KP. Renal handling of homocysteine during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2004; 11:45-50.
37. Mignini LE, Latthe PM, Villar J, Kilby MD, Carroli G, Khan KS. Mapping the theories of preeclampsia: The role of homocysteine. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:411-25.
38. Cotter AM, Molloy AM, Scott JM, Daly SF. Elevated plasma homocysteine in early pregnancy: A risk factor for the development of nonsevere preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:391-94.
39. Laivuori H, Kaaja R, Turpeinen U, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O. Plasma homocysteine levels elevated and inversely related to insulin sensitivity in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol1999; 93:489-93.
40. Hogg BB, Tamura T, Johnston KE, DuBard MB, Goldenberg RL. Second-trimester plasma homocysteine levels and pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:805-09.
41. Herrmann W, Isber S, Obeid R, Herrmann M, Jouma M. Concentrations of homocysteine, related metabolites and asymmetric dimethylarginine in preeclamptic women with poor nutritional status. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:1139-46.
42. Wen SW, Chen X-K, Rodger M, White RR, Yang Q, Smith GN, Sigal RJ, Perkins SL, Walker MC. Folic acid supplementation in early second trimester and the risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:45.e1-.e7.
43. Ray JG, Mamdani MM. Association between folic acid food fortification and hypertension or preeclampsia in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1776-77.
44. Grandone E, Margaglione M, Colaizzo D, Cappucci G, Paladini D, Martinelli P, Montanaro S, Pavone G, Di Minno G. Factor V Leiden, C T MTHFR polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to preeclampsia. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77:1052-54.
45. Also-Rallo E, Lopez-Quesada E, Urreizti R, Vilaseca MA, Lailla JM, Balcells S, Grinberg D. Polymorphisms of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism in preeclampsia and in uncomplicated pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 120:45-52.
46. Hernandez-Diaz S, Wu XF, Hayes C, Werler MM, Ashok TD, Badovinac R, Kelsey KT, Mitchell AA. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the risk of gestational hypertension. Epidemiology 2005; 16:628-34.
47. Kosmas IP, Tatsioni A, Ioannidis JP. Association of C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene with hypertension in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: A meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1655-62.
48. Vefring H, Lie RT, Ødegârd R, Mansoor MA, Nilsen ST. Maternal and fetal variants of genetic thrombophilias and the risk of preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2004; 15: 317-22.
49. George L, Mills JL, Johansson AL, Nordmark A, Olander B, Granath F, Cnattingius S. Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion. JAMA 2002; 288:1867-73.
50. Chanarin I, Rothman D, Ward A, Perry J. Folate status and requirement in pregnancy. BMJ 1968; 2:390-94.
51. Ronnenberg AG, Venners SA, Xu X, Chen C, Wang L, Guang W, Huang A, Wang X. Preconception B-vitamin and homocysteine status, conception, and early pregnancy loss. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166:304-12.
52. Wouters MG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Trijbels FJ, Thomas CM, Borm GF, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Eskes TK. Hyperhomocysteinemia: A risk factor in women with unexplained recurrent early pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 1993; 60:820-25.
53. Ronnenberg AG, Goldman MB, Chen D, Aitken IW, Willett WC, Selhub J, Xu X. Preconception folate and vitamin B(6) status and clinical spontaneous abortion in Chinese women. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:107-13.
54. Czeizel AE, Dudas I, Metneki J. Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Final report. Arch Gynecol Obstet1994; 255:131-39.
55. Gindler J, Li Z, Berry RJ, Zheng J-C, Correa A, Sun X-M, Wong L-Y, et al. Folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage. Lancet 2001; 358:796-800.
56. Isotalo PA, Wells GA, Donnelly JG. Neonatal and fetal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms: An examination of C677T and A1298C mutations. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:986-90.
57. Zetterberg H, Zafiropoulos A, Spandidos DA, Rymo L, Blennow K. Gene-gene interaction between fetal MTHFR 677C>T and transcobalamin 776C>G polymorphisms in human spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 2003; 18:1948-50.
58. Volcik KA, Blanton SH, Northrup H. Examinations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C mutations—and in utero viability. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:1150-53.
59. Parle-McDermott A, Pangilinan F, Mills JL, Signore CC, Molloy AM, Cotter A, Conley M, et al. A polymorphism in the MTHFD1 gene increases a mother’s risk of having an unexplained second trimester pregnancy loss. Mol Hum Reprod 2005; 11:477-80.
60. Giles C. An account of 335 cases of megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy and the puerperium. J Clin Pathol 1966; 19:1-11.
61. Varadi S, Abbott D, Elwis A. Correlation of peripheral white cell and bone marrow changes with folate levels in pregnancy and their clinical significance. J Clin Pathol1966; 19:33-36.
62. Vollset SE, Refsum H, Irgens LM, Emblem BM, Tverdal A, Gjessing HK, Monsen ALB, Ueland PM. Plasma total homocysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:962-68.
63. Nurk E, Tell GS, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Vollset SE. Factor V Leiden, pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. QJM 2006; 99:289-98.
64. Baker H, Thind IS, Frank O, DeAngelis B, Caterini H, Louria DB. Vitamin levels in low-birth-weight newborn infants and their mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 129:521-24.
65. Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Freeberg LE, Cliver SP, Cutter GR, Hoffman HJ. Maternal serum folate and zinc concentrations and their relationships to pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56:365-70.
66. Chanarin I, Rothman D, Perry J, Stratfull D. Normal dietary folate, iron, and protein intake, with particular reference to pregnancy. BMJ 1968; 2:394-97.
67. Lowenstein L, Cantlie G, Ramos O, Brunton L. The incidence and prevention of folate deficiency in a pregnant clinic population. Can Med Assoc J 1966; 95:797-806.
68. Chanarin I, Rothman D. Further observations on the relation between iron and folate status in pregnancy. BMJ 1971; 2:81-84.
69. Lindblad B, Zaman S, Malik A, Martin H, Ekström AM, Amu S, Holmgren A, Norman M. Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in South Asian women with growth-retarded fetuses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84:1055-61.
70. Burke G, Robinson K, Refsum H, Stuart B, Drumm J, Graham I. Intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal death, and maternal homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:69-70.
71. Murphy MM, Scott JM, Arija V, Molloy AM, Fernandez-Ballart JD. Maternal homocysteine before conception and throughout pregnancy predicts fetal homocysteine and birth weight. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1406-12.
72. Ronnenberg AG, Goldman MB, Chen D, Aitken IW, Willett WC, Selhub J, Xu X. Preconception homocysteine and B vitamin status and birth outcomes in Chinese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1385-91.
73. Kupferminc MJ, Eldor A, Steinman N, Many A, Bar-Am A, Jaffa A, Fait G, Lessing JB. Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:9-13.
74. Relton CL, Pearce MS, Burn J, Parker L. An investigation of folate-related genetic factors in the determination of birthweight. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005; 19:360-67.
75. Engel SM, Olshan AF, Siega-Riz AM, Savitz DA, Chanock SJ. Polymorphisms in folate metabolizing genes and risk for spontaneous preterm and small-for-gestational age birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:1231.e1-.e11.
76. Gebhardt GS, Scholtz CL, Hillermann R, Odendaal HJ. Combined heterozygosity for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations C677T and A1298C is associated with abruptio placentae but not with intrauterine growth restriction. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 97:174-77.
77. Glanville T, Yates Z, Ovadia L, Walker JJ, Lucock M, Simpson NA. Fetal folate C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism and low birth weight. J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 26:11-14.
78. Baumslag N, Edelstein T, Metz J. Reduction of incidence of prematurity by folic acid supplementation in pregnancy. BMJ 1970; 1:16-17.
79. Iyengar L. Folic acid requirements of Indian pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol1971; 111:13-16.
80. Fletcher J, Gurr A, Fellingham FR, Prankerd TA, Brant HA, Menzies DN. The value of folic acid supplements in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 78:781-85.
81. Agarwal KN, Agarwal DK, Mishra KP. Impact of anaemia prophylaxis in pregnancy on maternal haemoglobin, serum ferritin &birth weight. Indian J Med Res 1991; 94:277-80.
82. Rolschau J, Kristoffersen K, Ulrich M, Grinsted P, Schaumburg E, Foged N. The influence of folic acid supplement on the outcome of pregnancies in the county of Funen in Denmark: Part I. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 87:105-10.
83. Giles PF, Harcourt AG, Whiteside MG. The effect of prescribing folic acid during pregnancy on birth-weight and duration of pregnancy. A double-blind trial. Med J Aust 1971; 2:17-21.
84. Shaw GM, Carmichael SL, Nelson V, Selvin S, Schaffer DM. Occurrence of low birth-weight and preterm delivery among California infants before and after compulsory food fortification with folic acid. Public Health Rep 2004; 119:170-73.
85. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Schall JI, Khoo CS, Fischer RL. Dietary and serum folate: Their influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63:520-25.
86. Valdez LL, Quintero A, Garcia E, Olivares N, Celis A, Rivas F. Thrombophilic polymorphisms in preterm delivery. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2004; 33:51-56.
87. Johnson WG, Scholl TO, Spychala JR, Buyske S, Stenroos ES, Chen X. Common dihydrofolate reductase 19-base pair deletion allele: A novel risk factor for preterm delivery. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:664-68.
88. Bukowski R, Malone FD, Porter F, Nybery DA, Comstock C, Hankins G, Eddleman K, et al. Preconceptional folate prevents preterm delivery. Abstract. Am J Obstet Gynecol2007; 197:S3.
89. Gross RL, Newberne PM, Reid JVO. Adverse effects on infant development associated with maternal folic acid deficiency. Nutr Rep Int 1974; 10:241-48.
90. Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Chapman VR, Johnston KE, Ramey SL, Nelson KG. Folate status of mothers during pregnancy and mental and psychomotor development of their children at five years of age. Pediatrics 2005; 116:703-08.
91. Wehby G, Murray J. The effects of prenatal use of folic acid and other dietary supplements on early child development. Matern Child Health J 2008; 12:180-87.
92. Werler MM, Louik C, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Prepregnant weight in relation to risk of neural tube defects. JAMA 1996; 275:1089-92.
93. Shaw GM, Velie EM, Schaffer D. Risk of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies among obese women. JAMA 1996; 275:1093-96.
94. Rasmussen SA, Chu SY, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J. Maternal obesity and risk of neural tube defects: A metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:611-19.
95. Ray JG, Wyatt PR, Vermeulen MJ, Meier C, Cole DEC. Greater maternal weight and the ongoing risk of neural tube defects after folic acid flour fortification. Obstet Gynecol2005;105:261-65.
96. Goldenberg RL, Tamura T. Prepregnancy weight and pregnancy outcome. JAMA 1996; 275:1127-28.
97. Mojtabai R. Body mass index and serum folate in childbearing age women. Eur J Epidemiol 2004; 19:1029-36.
98. Czeizel AE, Metneki J, Dudas I. Higher rate of multiple births after periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1687-88.
99. Ericson A, Kallen B, Aberg A. Use of multivitamins and folic acid in early pregnancy and multiple births in Sweden. Twin Res 2001; 4:63-66.
100. Kâllén B. Use of folic acid supplementation and risk for dizygotic twinning. Early Hum Dev 2004; 80:143-51.
101. Czeizel AE, Vargha P. Periconceptional folic acid/multivitamin supplementation and twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191:790-94.
102. Werler MM, Cragan JD, Wasserman CR, Shaw GM, Erickson JD, Mitchell AA. Multivitamin supplementation and multiple births. Am J Med Genet 1997; 71:93-96.
103. Shaw GM, Carmichael SL, Nelson V, Selvin S, Schaffer DM. Food fortification with folic acid and twinning among California infants. Am J Med Genet 2003; 119A:137-40.
104. Waller DK, Tita ATN, Annegers JF. Rates of twinning before and after fortification of foods in the US with folic acid, Texas, 1996 to 1998. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17:378-83.
105. Kucik J, Correa A. Trends in twinning rates in Metropolitan Atlanta before and after folic acid fortification. JReprodMed 2004; 49:707-12.
106. Lawrence JM, Watkins ML, Chiu V, Erickson JD, Petitti DB. Food fortification with folic acid and rate of multiple births, 1994-2000. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol 2004; 70:948-52.
107. Signore C, Mills JL, Cox C, Trumble AC. Effects of folic acid fortification on twin gestation rates. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:757-62.
108. Li Z, Gindler J, Wang H, Berry RJ, Li S, Correa A, Zheng JC, Erickson JD, Wang Y. Folic acid supplements during early pregnancy and likelihood of multiple births: A population-based cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361:380-84.
109. Vollset SE, Gjessing HK, Tandberg A, Ronning T, Irgens LM, Baste V, Nilsen RM, Daltveit AK. Folate supplementation and twin pregnancies. Epidemiology 2005; 16:201-05.
110. Haggarty P, McCallum H, McBain H, Andrews K, Duthie S, McNeill G, Templeton A, Haites N, Campbell D, Bhattacharya S. Effect of B vitamins and genetics on success of in-vitro fertilisation: Prospective cohort study. Lancet 2006; 367:1513-19.
111. Berry RJ, Kihlberg R, Devine O. Impact of misclassification of in vitro fertilisation in studies of folic acid and twinning: Modelling using population based Swedish vital records. BMJ 2005; 330:815-17.
112. Picciano MF. Nutrient composition of human milk. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001; 48:53-67.
113. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O’Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 2005; 115:496-506.
114. Lim HS, Mackey AD, Tamura T, Wong SC, Picciano MF. Measurable human milk folate is increased by treatment with alpha-amylase and protease in addition to folate conjugase. Food Chem 1998; 63:401-07.
115. Mackey AD, Picciano MF. Maternal folate status during extended lactation and the effect of supplemental folic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:285-92.
116. Villalpando S, Latulippe ME, Rosas G, Irurita MJ, Picciano MF, O’Connor DL. Milk folate but not milk iron concentrations may be inadequate for some infants in a rural farming community in San Mateo, Capulhuac, Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:782-89.
117. Khambalia A, Latulippe ME, Campos C, Merlos C, Villalpando S, Picciano MF, O’Connor DL. Milk folate secretion is not impaired during iron deficiency in humans. J Nutr 2006; 136:2617-24.
118. Han Y-H, Yon M, Han H-S, Kim K-Y, Tamura T, Hyun TH. Folate contents in human milk, and casein-based and soy-based formulas and folate status in Korean infants. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1769-74.
119. O’Connor DL, Tamura T, Picciano MF. Pteroylpolyglutamates in human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:930-34.
120. Selhub J. Determination of tissue folate composition by affinity chromatography followed by high-pressure ion pair liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1989; 182:84-93.
121. Brown CM, Smith AM, Picciano MF. Forms of human milk folacin and variation patterns. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5:278-82.
122. Selhub J, Arnold R, Smith AM, Picciano MF. Milk folate binding protein (FBP): A secretory protein for folate? Nutr Res 1984; 4:181-87.
123. Smith AM, Picciano MF, Deering RH. Folate intake and blood concentrations of term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:590-98.
124. Tamura T, Yoshimura Y, Arakawa T. Human milk folate and folate status in lactating mothers and their infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:193-97.
125. Smith AM, Picciano MF, Deering RH. Folate supplementation during lactation: Maternal folate status, human milk folate content, and their relationship to infant folate status. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983; 2:622-28.
126. Picciano MF, West SG, Ruch AL, Kris-Etherton PM, Zhao G, Johnston KE, Maddox DH, Fishell VK, Dirienzo DB, Tamura T. Effect of cow milk on food folate bioavailability in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1565-69.
127. Keizer SE, Gibson RS, O’Connor DL. Postpartum folic acid supplementation of adolescents: Impact on maternal folate and zinc status and milk composition. Am J Clin Nutr1995; 62:377-84.
128. Andersson A, Hultberg B, Brattstrom L, Isaksson A. Decreased serum homocysteine in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992; 30:377-79.
129. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Moller UK, Henriksen TB, Nexo E, Moller J. Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: A 9-month postpartum follow-up study. Eur J Clin Nutr2005; 60:120-28.
130. Metz J, Zalusky R, Herbert V. Folic acid binding by serum and milk. Am J Clin Nutr1968; 21:289-97.
131. Willoughby ML, Jewell FG. Folate status throughout pregnancy and in postpartum period. BMJ 1968; 4:356-60.
132. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Living with the past: Evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science 2004; 305:1733-36.
133. Wolff GL, Kodell RL, Moore SR, Cooney CA. Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice. FASEB J 1998; 12:949-57.
134. Wolff GL. Influence of maternal phenotype on metabolic differentiation of agouti locus mutants in the mouse. Genetics 1978; 88:529-39.
135. Joshi S, Rao S, Golwilkar A, Patwardhan M, Bhonde R. Fish oil supplementation of rats during pregnancy reduces adult disease risks in their offspring. J Nutr 2003; 133:3170-74.
136. Lillycrop KA, Phillips ES, Jackson AA, Hanson MA, Burdge GC. Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring. J Nutr 2005; 135:1382-86.
137. Yajnik CS, Deshpande SS, Jackson AA, Refsum H, Rao S, Fisher DJ, Bhat DS, et al.Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in the offspring: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51:29-38.