Guideline for the management of acute sore throat: ESCMID Sore Throat Guideline Group C. Pelucchi et al. Guideline for management of acute sore throat

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 18, Issue SUPPL.1, 2012, Pages 1-28

  Pelucchi, C ^a   Grigoryan, L ^b,c   Galeone, C ^a,d   Esposito, S ^d   Huovinen, P ^e,f   Little, P ^g   Verheij, T ^b  

^a MARIO NEGRI INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^f NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFACLOR; CEFCAPENE PIVOXIL; CEPHALOSPORIN; CHINESE DRUG; CORTICOSTEROID; DICLOFENAC; DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM; FLURBIPROFEN; GLUCONATE ZINC; IBUPROFEN; PARACETAMOL; PENICILLIN V; PEPPER EXTRACT; PLACEBO;

ACUPUNCTURE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CHLAMYDIAL PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; DRUG SAFETY; EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INFECTION; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL SOCIETY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROFLORA; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NONHUMAN; PHYSICIAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SORE THROAT; STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROAT CULTURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

STREPTOCOCCUS SP. 'GROUP A';

EID: 84858767975     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03766.x     Document Type: Article

References (386)

1. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 1138-1180.
2. Tanz RR, Shulman ST. Chronic pharyngeal carriage of group A streptococci. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26: 175-176.
3. Hoffmann S. The throat carrier rate of group A and other β hemolytic streptococci among patients in general practice. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B 1985; 93: 347-351.
4. Stromberg A, Schwan A, Cars O. Throat carrier rates of β-hemolytic streptococci among healthy adults and children. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 411-417.
5. Begovac J, Bobinac E, Benic B et al. Asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage of β-haemolytic streptococci and streptococcal pharyngitis among patients at an urban hospital in Croatia. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 405-410.
6. Ozturk CE, Yavuz T, Kaya D, Yucel M. The rate of asymptomatic throat carriage of group A streptococcus in school children and associated ASO titers in Duzce, Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004; 57: 271-272.
7. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and Kawasaki disease Committee of the Council on cardiovascular disease in the young, the Interdisciplinary Council on functional genomics and translational biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on quality of care and outcomes research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2009; 119: 1541-1551.
8. Talmon Y, Gilbey P, Fridman N, Wishniak A, Roguin N. Acute myopericarditis complicating acute tonsillitis: beware the young male patient with tonsillitis complaining of chest pain. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008; 117: 295-297.
9. Galioto NJ. Peritonsillar abscess. Am Fam Physician 2008; 77: 199-202.
10. Abdel-Haq NM, Harahsheh A, Asmar BL. Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the emerging role of group A β hemolytic streptococcus. South Med J 2006; 99: 927-931.
11. Martin JM, Green M. Group A streptococcus. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2006; 17: 140-148.
12. Almroth G, Lindell A, Aselius H et al. Acute glomerulonephritis associated with Streptococcus pyogenes with concomitant spread of Streptococcus constellatus in four rural families. Ups J Med Sci 2005; 110: 217-231.
13. Gerber MA. Diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52: 729-747.
14. Hanna BC, McMullan R, Gallagher G, Hedderwick S. The epidemiology of peritonsillar abscess disease in Northern Ireland. J Infect 2006; 52: 247-253.
15. Steer AC, Danchin MH, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal infections in children. J Paediatr Child Health 2007; 43: 203-213.
16. Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J, Charlesworth A, Speight J, Miller K. Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Int J Clin Pract 2000; 54: 490-496.
17. Dunn N, Lane D, Everitt H, Little P. Use of antibiotics for sore throat and incidence of quinsy. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57: 45-49.
18. Fretzayas A, Moustaki M, Kitsiou S, Nychtari G, Nicolaidou P. The clinical pattern of group C streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15: 228-232.
19. Lindbaek M, Hoiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Clinical symptoms and signs in sore throat patients with large colony variant β-haemolytic streptococci groups C or G versus group A. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 615-619.
20. Zwart S, Ruijs GJ, Sachs AP, van Leeuwen WJ, Gubbels JW, de Melker RA. Beta-haemolytic streptococci isolated from acute sore-throat patients: cause or coincidence? A case-control study in general practice. Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 377-384.
21. Dagnelie CF, Touw-Otten FW, Kuyvenhoven MM, Rozenberg-Arska M, de Melker RA. Bacterial flora in patients presenting with sore throat in Dutch general practice. Fam Pract 1993; 10: 371-377.
22. Turner JC, Fox A, Fox K et al. Role of group C β-hemolytic streptococci in pharyngitis: epidemiologic study of clinical features associated with isolation of group C streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 808-811.
23. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Martin NJ et al. Community-wide outbreak of group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 598-603.
24. Meier FA, Centor RM, Graham L Jr, Dalton HP. Clinical and microbiological evidence for endemic pharyngitis among adults due to group C streptococci. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 825-829.
25. Corson AP, Garagusi VF, Chretien JH. Group C β-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis and scarlet fever. South Med J 1989; 82: 1119-1121.
26. Shah M, Centor RM, Jennings M. Severe acute pharyngitis caused by group C streptococcus. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22: 272-274.
27. Turner JC, Hayden FG, Lobo MC, Ramirez CE, Murren D. Epidemiologic evidence for Lancefield group C β-hemolytic streptococci as a cause of exudative pharyngitis in college students. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1-4.
28. Dudley JP, Sercarz J. Pharyngeal and tonsil infections caused by non-group A streptococcus. Am J Otolaryngol 1991; 12: 292-296.
29. Turner JC, Hayden GF, Kiselica D, Lohr J, Fishburne CF, Murren D. Association of group C β-hemolytic streptococci with endemic pharyngitis among college students. JAMA 1990; 264: 2644-2647.
30. Morgan MC, Rice LI. Recurrent group C streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in an adolescent. J Adolesc Health Care. 1989; 10: 421-422.
31. Fulginiti VA, Ey JL, Ryan KJ. Recurrent group C streptococcal tonsillitis in an adolescent male requiring tonsillectomy. Clin Pediatr (Philad) 1980; 19: 829-830.
32. Jansen TL, Janssen M, de Jong AJ. Reactive arthritis associated with group C and group G β-hemolytic streptococci. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1126-1130.
33. Young L, Deighton CM, Chuck AJ, Galloway A. Reactive arthritis and group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51: 1268.
34. Natoli S, Fimiani C, Faglieri N et al. Toxic shock syndrome due to group C streptococci. A case report. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 985-989.
35. Gettler JF, El-Sadr W. Group C streptococcal subdural empyema in a healthy man: possible complication of pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 726-727.
36. Efstratiou A. Pyogenic streptococci of Lancefield groups C and G as pathogens in man. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser 1997; 26: 72S-79S.
37. Gerber MA, Shulman ST. Rapid diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 571-580.
38. Haidan A, Talay SR, Rohde M, Sriprakash KS, Currie BJ, Chhatwal GS. Pharyngeal carriage of group C and group G streptococci and acute rheumatic fever in an aboriginal population. Lancet 2000; 356: 1167-1169.
39. McDonald M, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat? Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 240-245.
40. Esposito S, Bosis S, Begliatti E et al. Acute tonsillopharyngitis associated with atypical bacterial infection in children: natural history and impact of macrolide therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 206-209.
41. Esposito S, Blasi F, Bosis S et al. Aetiology of acute pharyngitis: the role of atypical bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 645-651.
42. Levy M, Shear NH. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Report of eight cases and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr (Philad) 1991; 30: 42-49.
43. Klar A, Gross-Kieselstein E, Hurvitz H, Branski D. Bilateral Bell's palsy due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Isr J Med Sci 1985; 21: 692-694.
44. Volter C, Helms J, Weissbrich B, Rieckmann P, Abele-Horn M. Frequent detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Bell's palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 261: 400-404.
45. Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, Brody CE, Link K. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making 1981; 1: 239-246.
46. McIsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, Low DE. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. Can Med Assoc J 1998; 158: 75-83.
47. McIsaac WJ, Kellner JD, Aufricht P, Vanjaka A, Low DE. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA 2004; 291: 1587-1595.
48. Kocoglu E, Karabay O, Yilmaz F, Ekerbicer H. The impact of incubating the throat culture for 72h on the diagnosis of group A β-hemolytic streptococci. Auris Nasus Larynx 2006; 33: 311-313.
49. Shulman ST. Acute streptococcal pharyngitis in pediatric medicine: current issues in diagnosis and management. Paediatr Drugs 2003; 5 (Suppl 1): 13-23.
50. Gieseker KE, MacKenzie T, Roe MH, Todd JK. Comparison of two rapid Streptococcus pyogenes diagnostic tests with a rigorous culture standard. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 922.
51. Lindbaek M, Hoiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Which is the best method to trace group A streptococci in sore throat patients: culture or GAS antigen test? Scand J Prim Health Care 2004; 22: 233-238.
52. Forward KR, Haldane D, Webster D, Mills C, Brine C, Aylward D. A comparison between the strep A rapid test device and conventional culture for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2006; 17: 221.
53. Chapin KC, Blake P, Wilson CD. Performance characteristics and utilization of rapid antigen test. DNA probe, and culture for detection of group A streptococci in an acute care clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4207-4210.
54. Humair JP, Revaz SA, Bovier P, Stalder H. Management of acute pharyngitis in adults: reliability of rapid streptococcal tests and clinical findings. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 640-644.
55. Tanz RR, Gerber MA, Kabat W, Rippe J, Seshadri R, Shulman ST. Performance of a rapid antigen-detection test and throat culture in community pediatric offices: implications for management of pharyngitis. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 437.
56. Nerbrand C, Jasir A, Schalen C. Are current rapid detection tests for group A streptococci sensitive enough? Evaluation of 2 commercial kits. Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34: 797-799.
57. Camurdan AD, Camurdan OM, Ok I, Sahin F, Ilhan MN, Beyazova U. Diagnostic value of rapid antigen detection test for streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72: 1203-1206.
58. Johansson L, Mansson NO. Rapid test, throat culture and clinical assessment in the diagnosis of tonsillitis. Fam Pract 2003; 20: 108-111.
59. Bisno AL, Peter GS, Kaplan EL. Diagnosis of strep throat in adults: are clinical criteria really good enough? Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 126-129.
60. Fox JW, Cohen DM, Marcon MJ, Cotton WH, Bonsu BK. Performance of rapid streptococcal antigen testing varies by personnel. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 3918-3922.
61. Fox JW, Marcon MJ, Bonsu BK. Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis by detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in posterior pharyngeal versus oral cavity specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2593-2594.
62. van der Veen EL, Sanders EAM, Videler WJM, van Staaij BK, van Benthem PPG, Schilder AGM. Optimal site for throat culture: tonsillar surface versus posterior pharyngeal wall. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 263: 750-753.
63. Dagnelie CF, Bartelink ML, van der Graaf Y, Goessens W, de Melker RA. Towards a better diagnosis of throat infections (with group A β-haemolytic streptococcus) in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1998; 48: 959-962.
64. Maltezou HC, Tsagris V, Antoniadou A et al. Evaluation of a rapid antigen detection test in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children and its impact on antibiotic prescription. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 1407-1412.
65. Van Limbergen J, Kalima P, Taheri S, Beattie TF. Streptococcus A in paediatric accident and emergency: are rapid streptococcal tests and clinical examination of any help? Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 32-34.
66. Edmonson MB, Farwell KR. Relationship between the clinical likelihood of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and the sensitivity of a rapid antigen-detection test in a pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 280-285.
67. Hall MC, Kieke B, Gonzales R, Belongia EA. Spectrum bias of a rapid antigen detection test for group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 182-186.
68. Armengol CE, Schlager TA, Hendley JO. Sensitivity of a rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococci in a private pediatric office setting: answering the Red Book's request for validation. Am Acad Pediatrics 2004; 113: 924-926.
69. Cohen R, Levy C, Ovetchkine P et al. Evaluation of streptococcal clinical scores, rapid antigen detection tests and cultures for childhood pharyngitis. Eur J Pediatr 2004; 163: 281-282.
70. Choby BA. Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2009; 79: 383.
71. Atlas SJ, McDermott SM, Mannone C, Barry MJ. Brief report: the role of point of care testing for patients with acute pharyngitis. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20: 759-761.
72. Holm A, Pedersen SS, Nexoe J et al. Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein for predicting pneumonia in adults with lower respiratory tract infection in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57: 555-560.
73. van der Meer V, Neven AK, Van Den Broek PJ, Assendelft WJ. Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: systematic review. BMJ 2005; 331: 26-31.
74. Matthys J, De Meyere M, van Driel ML, De Sutter A. Differences among international pharyngitis guidelines: not just academic. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5: 436-443.
75. Hahn RG, Knox LM, Forman TA. Evaluation of poststreptococcal illness. Am Fam Physician 2005; 71: 1949-1954.
76. Worrall G, Hutchinson J, Sherman G, Griffiths J. Diagnosing streptococcal sore throat in adults: randomized controlled trial of in-office aids. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53: 666.
77. Linder JA, Chan JC, Bates DW. Evaluation and treatment of pharyngitis in primary care practice: the difference between guidelines is largely academic. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1374-1379.
78. McIsaac WJ, Goel V, To T, Permaul JA, Low DE. Effect on antibiotic prescribing of repeated clinical prompts to use a sore throat score: lessons from a failed community intervention study. J Fam Pract 2002; 51: 339-344.
79. Rosenberg P, McIsaac W, MacIntosh D, Kroll M. Diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis in the emergency department: is a sore throat score approach better than rapid streptococcal antigen testing. CJEM 2002; 4: 178-184.
80. Thomas M, Del MC, Glasziou P. How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? Br J Gen Pract 2000; 50: 817-820.
81. Benrimoj SI, Langford JH, Christian J, Charlesworth A, Steans A. Efficacy and tolerability of the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75mg in the treatment of sore throat a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Drug Investig 2001; 21: 183-193.
82. Burnett I, Schachtel B, Sanner K, Bey M, Grattan T, Littlejohn S. Onset of analgesia of a paracetamol tablet containing sodium bicarbonate: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adult patients with acute sore throat. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 1273-1278.
83. Eccles R, Loose I, Jawad M, Nyman L. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Pain Med 2003; 4: 118-124.
84. Gehanno P, Dreiser RL, Ionescu E, Gold M, Liu JM. Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat. Clin Drug Investig 2003; 23: 263-271.
85. Schachtel BP, Homan HD, Gibb IA, Christian J. Demonstration of dose response of flurbiprofen lozenges with the sore throat pain model. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 71: 375-380.
86. Boureau F, Pelen F, Verriere F et al. Evaluation of ibuprofen vs paracetamol analgesic activity using a sore throat pain model. Clin Drug Investig 1999; 17: 1-8.
87. Timmer A, Gunther J, Rucker G, Motschall E, Antes G, Kern WV. Pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (3): CD006323.
88. Shi Y, Gu R, Liu C, Ni J, Wu T. Chinese medicinal herbs for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (3): CD004877.
89. Brinckmann J, Sigwart H, van Houten TL. Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (throat coat) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9: 285-298.
90. Gunsberger M. Acupuncture in the treatment of sore throat symptomatology. Am J Chin Med (GardCity NY) 1973; 1: 337-340.
91. Hubbert M, Sievers H, Lehnfeld R, Kehrl W. Efficacy and tolerability of a spray with Salvia officinalis in the treatment of acute pharyngitis-a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with adaptive design and interim analysis. Eur J Med Res 2006; 11: 20-26.
92. Rau E. Treatment of acute tonsillitis with a fixed-combination herbal preparation. Adv Ther 2000; 17: 197-203.
93. Wiesenauer M. Comparison of solid and liquid forms of homeopathic remedies for tonsillitis. Adv Ther 1998; 15: 362-371.
94. Moore N, Charlesworth A, van GE et al. Risk factors for adverse events in analgesic drug users: results from the pain study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12: 601-610.
95. Moore N, Le Parc JM, van GE, Wall R, Schneid H, Cairns R. Tolerability of ibuprofen, aspirin and paracetamol for the treatment of cold and flu symptoms and sore throat pain. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 732-734.
96. Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 521-526.
97. Hayward G, Thompson M, Heneghan C, Perera R, Del MC, Glasziou P. Corticosteroids for pain relief in sore throat: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009; 339: b2976.
98. Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 81-88.
99. Macknin ML, Piedmonte M, Calendine C, Janosky J, Wald E. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 279: 1962-1967.
100. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks A. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (4): CD000023.
101. Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults: background. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 711-719.
102. Spurling GK, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Foxlee R. Delayed antibiotics for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (3): CD004417.
103. Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, Milner R, Pusic MV, Al Othman MA. Short versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1): CD004872.
104. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporins versus penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1526-1534.
105. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 866-882.
106. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Metaanalysis of short course antibiotic treatment for group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 909-917.
107. Ioannidis JP, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Chew P, Lau J. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the comparative efficacy and safety of azithromycin against other antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48: 677-689.
108. Esposito S, Marchisio P, Bosis S, Droghetti R, Mattina R, Principi N. Comparative efficacy and safety of 5-day cefaclor and 10-day amoxycillin treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20: 28-33.
109. Sakata H. Comparative study of 5-day cefcapene-pivoxil and 10-day amoxicillin or cefcapene-pivoxil for treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Infect Chemother 2008; 14: 208-212.
110. Pichichero ME, Casey JR, Block SL et al. Pharmacodynamic analysis and clinical trial of amoxicillin sprinkle administered once daily for 7days compared to penicillin V potassium administered four times daily for 10days in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 2512-2520.
111. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Chanatry J, Wright LL, De MK, Kaplan EL. Five vs ten days of penicillin v therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 224-227.
112. Schwartz RH, Wientzen RL Jr, Pedreira F, Feroli EJ, Mella GW, Guandolo VL. Penicillin v for group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. A randomized trial of seven vs ten days' therapy. JAMA 1981; 246: 1790-1795.
113. Zwart S, Sachs AP, Ruijs GJ, Gubbels JW, Hoes AW, de Melker RA. Penicillin for acute sore throat: randomised double blind trial of seven days versus three days treatment or placebo in adults. BMJ 2000; 320: 150-154.
114. Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Warner G, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL. Reattendance and complications in a randomised trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat: the medicalising effect of prescribing antibiotics. BMJ 1997; 315: 350-352.
115. Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, (2): CD001364. doi:
116. Zwart S, Rovers MM, de Melker RA, Hoes AW. Penicillin for acute sore throat in children: randomised, double blind trial. Br Med J 2003; 327: 1324.
117. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Del Rosario MC, Horn DL. Susceptibility of group A β-hemolytic streptococci to thirteen antibiotics: examination of 301 strains isolated in the United States between 1994 and 1997. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 1069-1072.
118. Shulman ST, Gerber MA. So what's wrong with penicillin for strep throat? Pediatrics 2004; 113: 1816-1819.
119. Bisno AL. Are cephalosporins superior to penicillin for treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis? Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1535-1537.
120. Choby BA. Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2009; 79: 383-390.
121. Tanz RR, Gerber MA, Kabat W, Rippe J, Seshadri R, Shulman ST. Performance of a rapid antigen-detection test and throat culture in community pediatric offices: implications for management of pharyngitis. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 437-444.
122. Dawson ED, Taylor AW, Smagala JA, Rowlen KL. Molecular Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Mol Biotechnol 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
123. Sunnergren O, Swanberg J, Mölstad S. Incidence, microbiology and clinical history of peritonsillar abscesses. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40: 752-755.
124. Funahashi K, Nakane K, Yasuda N et al. T serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of group A streptococcus isolates from pediatric pharyngotonsillitis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008; 61: 454-456.
125. Lee JH, Uhl JR, Cockerill FR 3rd, Weaver AL, Orvidas LJ. Real-time PCR vs standard culture detection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci at various anatomic sites in tonsillectomy patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 1177-11781.
126. Maltezou HC, Tsagris V, Antoniadou A et al. Evaluation of a rapid antigen detection test in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children and its impact on antibiotic prescription. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 1407-1412.
127. Camurdan AD, Camurdan OM, Ok I, Sahin F, Ilhan MN, Beyazova U. Diagnostic value of rapid antigen detection test for streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72: 1203-1206.
128. Forward KR, Haldane D, Webster D, Mills C, Brine C, Aylward D. A comparison between the Strep A Rapid Test Device and conventional culture for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2006; 17: 221-223.
129. Al-Najjar FY, Uduman SA. Clinical utility of a new rapid test for the detection of group A Streptococcus and discriminate use of antibiotics for bacterial pharyngitis in an outpatient setting. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 308-311.
130. Danchin MH, Rogers S, Kelpie L et al. Burden of acute sore throat and group A streptococcal pharyngitis in school-aged children and their families in Australia. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 950-957.
131. Fontes MJ, Bottrel FB, Fonseca MT, Lasmar LB, Diamante R, Camargos PA. Early diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: assessment by latex particle agglutination test. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2007; 83: 465-470.
132. Matthys J, De Meyere M, van Driel ML, De Sutter A. Differences among international pharyngitis guidelines: not just academic. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5: 436-443. Review.
133. Worrall G, Hutchinson J, Sherman G, Griffiths J. Diagnosing streptococcal sore throat in adults: randomized controlled trial of in-office aids. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53: 667-671. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician 2007; 53: 1006.
134. Wright M, Williams G, Ludeman L. Comparison of two rapid tests for detecting group A streptococcal pharyngitis in the pediatric population at wright-patterson air force base. Mil Med 2007; 172: 644-646.
135. Rosenberg P, McIsaac W, Macintosh D, Kroll M. Diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis in the emergency department: Is a sore throat score approach better than rapid streptococcal antigen testing?. CJEM 2002; 4: 178-184.
136. Mirza A, Wludyka P, Chiu TT, Rathore MH. Throat culture is necessary after negative rapid antigen detection tests. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2007; 46: 241-246.
137. Abu-Sabaah AH, Ghazi HO. Better diagnosis and treatment of throat infections caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Br J Biomed Sci 2006; 63: 155-158.
138. Smeesters PR, Campos D Jr, Van Melderen L, de Aguiar E, Vanderpas J, Vergison A. Pharyngitis in low-resources settings: a pragmatic clinical approach to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Pediatrics 2006; 118: e1607-e1611.
139. Matthys J, De Meyere M. Acute pharyngitis: no reliability of rapid streptococcal tests and clinical findings. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2285; author reply 2285-2286. Erratum in: Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 289.
140. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 18: CD000023. Review.
141. Treebupachatsakul P, Tiengrim S, Thamlikitkul V. Upper respiratory tract infection in Thai adults: prevalence and prediction of bacterial causes, and effectiveness of using clinical practice guidelines. J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89: 1178-1186.
142. Leung AK, Newman R, Kumar A, Davies HD. Rapid antigen detection testing in diagnosing group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2006; 6: 761-766. Review.
143. Fox JW, Cohen DM, Marcon MJ, Cotton WH, Bonsu BK. Performance of rapid streptococcal antigen testing varies by personnel. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 3918-3922.
144. Araujo Filho BC, Imamura R, Sennes LU, Sakae FA. Role of rapid antigen detection test for the diagnosis of group-A beta-hemolytic streptococcus in patients with pharyngotonsillitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 72: 12-15.
145. Fox JW, Marcon MJ, Bonsu BK. Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis by detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in posterior pharyngeal versus oral cavity specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2593-2594.
146. Park SY, Gerber MA, Tanz RR et al. Clinicians' management of children and adolescents with acute pharyngitis. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1871-1878.
147. van der Veen EL, Sanders EA, Videler WJ, van Staaij BK, van Benthem PP, Schilder AG. Optimal site for throat culture: tonsillar surface versus posterior pharyngeal wall. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 263: 750-753.
148. Humair JP, Revaz SA, Bovier P, Stalder H. Management of acute pharyngitis in adults: reliability of rapid streptococcal tests and clinical findings. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 640-644.
149. Singh S, Dolan JG, Centor RM. Optimal management of adults with pharyngitis - a multi-criteria decision analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2006; 6: 14.
150. Van Howe RS, Kusnier LP 2nd. Diagnosis and management of pharyngitis in a pediatric population based on cost-effectiveness and projected health outcomes. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 609-619.
151. Araujo Filho BC, Imamura R, Sennes LU, Sakae FA. Role of rapid antigen detection test for the diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus in patients with pharyngotonsillitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 71: 168-171.
152. Kocoglu E, Karabay O, Yilmaz F, Ekerbicer H. The impact of incubating the throat culture for 72 h on the diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Auris Nasus Larynx 2006; 33: 311-313.
153. Van Limbergen J, Kalima P, Taheri S, Beattie TF. Streptococcus A in paediatric accident and emergency: are rapid streptococcal tests and clinical examination of any help? Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 32-34.
154. Atlas SJ, McDermott SM, Mannone C, Barry MJ. The role of point of care testing for patients with acute pharyngitis. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20: 759-761.
155. Ezike EN, Rongkavilit C, Fairfax MR, Thomas RL, Asmar BI. Effect of using 2 throat swabs vs 1 throat swab on detection of group A streptococcus by a rapid antigen detection test. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159: 486-490.
156. Lindbaek M, Høiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Which is the best method to trace group A streptococci in sore throat patients: culture or GAS antigen test? Scand J Prim Health Care 2004; 22: 233-238.
157. Karabay O, Ekerbicer H, Yilmaz F. Efficacy of throat gargling for detection of group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58: 39-40.
158. Edmonson MB, Farwell KR. Relationship between the clinical likelihood of group a streptococcal pharyngitis and the sensitivity of a rapid antigen-detection test in a pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 280-285.
159. Gerber MA, Shulman ST. Rapid diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 571-580. Table of contents. Review.
160. Hall MC, Kieke B, Gonzales R, Belongia EA. Spectrum bias of a rapid antigen detection test for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 182-186.
161. Esposito S, Blasi F, Bosis S et al. Aetiology of acute pharyngitis: the role of atypical bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53 (Pt 7): 645-651.
162. Corneli HM. Rapid detection and diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2004; 6: 181-186.
163. Engström S, Mölstad S, Lindström K, Nilsson G, Borgquist L. Excessive use of rapid tests in respiratory tract infections in Swedish primary health care. Scand J Infect Dis 2004; 36: 213-218.
164. McIsaac WJ, Kellner JD, Aufricht P, Vanjaka A, Low DE. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA 2004; 291: 1587-1595. Erratum in: JAMA 2005;294:2700.
165. Armengol CE, Schlager TA, Hendley JO. Sensitivity of a rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococci in a private pediatric office setting: answering the Red Book's request for validation. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 924-926.
166. Cohen R, Levy C, Ovetchkine P et al. Evaluation of streptococcal clinical scores, rapid antigen detection tests and cultures for childhood pharyngitis. Eur J Pediatr 2004; 163: 281-282.
167. Sahin F, Ulukol B, Aysev D, Suskan E. The validity of diagnostic criteria for streptococcal pharyngitis in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines. J Trop Pediatr 2003; 49: 377-379.
168. Zaoutis T, Attia M, Gross R, Klein J. The role of group C and group G streptococci in acute pharyngitis in children. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 37-40.
169. Shulman ST. Acute streptococcal pharyngitis in pediatric medicine: current issues in diagnosis and management. Paediatr Drugs 2003; 5 (Suppl 1): 13-23. Review.
170. Santos O, Weckx LL, Pignatari AC, Pignatari SS. Detection of Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus employing three different detection methods: culture, rapid antigen detecting test, and molecular assay. Braz J Infect Dis 2003; 7: 297-300.
171. Neuner JM, Hamel MB, Phillips RS, Bona K, Aronson MD. Diagnosis and management of adults with pharyngitis. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 113-122.
172. Gieseker KE, Roe MH, MacKenzie T, Todd JK. Evaluating the American Academy of Pediatrics diagnostic standard for Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis: backup culture versus repeat rapid antigen testing. Pediatrics 2003; 111 (6 Pt 1): e666-e670.
173. Johansson L, Månsson NO. Rapid test, throat culture and clinical assessment in the diagnosis of tonsillitis. Fam Pract 2003; 20: 108-111.
174. Nerbrand C, Jasir A, Schalén C. Are current rapid detection tests for Group A Streptococci sensitive enough? Evaluation of 2 commercial kits Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34: 797-799.
175. Dale JC, Novak R, Higgens P, Wahl E. Testing for group a streptococci. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126: 1467-1470.
176. Chapin KC, Blake P, Wilson CD. Performance characteristics and utilization of rapid antigen test, DNA probe, and culture for detection of group a streptococci in an acute care clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4207-4210.
177. Gieseker KE, Mackenzie T, Roe MH, Todd JK. Comparison of two rapid Streptococcus pyogenes diagnostic tests with a rigorous culture standard. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 922-927.
178. Sheeler RD, Houston MS, Radke S, Dale JC, Adamson SC. Accuracy of rapid strep testing in patients who have had recent streptococcal pharyngitis. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002; 15: 261-265.
179. Gunnarsson RK, Lanke J. The predictive value of microbiologic diagnostic tests if asymptomatic carriers are present. Stat Med 2002; 21: 1773-1785.
180. Bisno AL, Peter GS, Kaplan EL. Diagnosis of strep throat in adults: are clinical criteria really good enough?. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 126-129. Review.
181. Keahey L, Bulloch B, Jacobson R, Tenenbein M, Kabani A. Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid antigen test for GABHS performed by nurses in a pediatric ED. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 128-130.
182. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2009; 119: 1541-1551.
183. Hansen MT, Sanchez VT, Eyster K, Hansen KA. Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngeal colonization resulting in recurrent, prepubertal vulvovaginitis. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2007; 20: 315-317.
184. McDonald M, Brown A, Edwards T et al. Apparent contrasting rates of pharyngitis and pyoderma in regions where rheumatic heart disease is highly prevalent. Heart Lung Circ 2007; 16: 254-259.
185. Brahmadathan KN, Gladstone P. Microbiological diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis: lacunae and their implications. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006; 24: 92-96. Review.
186. Wald ER, Fischer DR. Diagnosing and treating strep throat. Fam Pract Manag 2004;11:20; author reply 20.
187. Kurien M, Sheelan S, Jeyaseelan L, Bramhadathan, Thomas K. Fine needle aspiration in chronic tonsillitis: reliable and valid diagnostic test. J Laryngol Otol 2003; 117: 973-975.
188. Stenfors LE, Bye HM, Räisänen S. Noticeable differences in bacterial defence on tonsillar surfaces between bacteria-induced and virus-induced acute tonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003; 67: 1075-1082.
189. McIsaac WJ, Goel V, To T, Permaul JA, Low DE. Effect on antibiotic prescribing of repeated clinical prompts to use a sore throat score: lessons from a failed community intervention study. Year: 2002 - from Cochrane Database.
190. Goldfarb J. What is the best way to diagnose streptococcal pharyngitis? (Brief record) Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Year: 2002 - from Cochrane Database.
191. Linder JA, Chan JC, Bates DW. Evaluation and Treatment of Pharyngitis in Primary Care Practice. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1374-1379.
192. Ebell MH. Making decisions at the point of care: sore throat. Fam Pract Manag 2004;11:20; author reply 20.
193. Turner CE, Kurupati P, Jones MD, Edwards RJ, Sriskandan S. Emerging role of the interleukin-8 cleaving enzyme SpyCEP in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 15: 200.
194. Choby BA. Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2009; 79: 383-390.
195. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2009; 24: 119.
196. Suzumoto M, Hotomi M, Billal DS, Fujihara K, Harabuchi Y, Yamanaka N. A scoring system for management of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis in adults. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36: 314-320.
197. Cox ED, Saluja S. Criteria-based diagnosis and antibiotic overuse for upper respiratory infections. Ambul Pediatr 2008; 8: 250-254.
198. Rogness C. Can't stop dancing: could it be St. Vitus' dance?. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2008; 20: 353-358.
199. Camurdan AD, Camurdan OM, Ok I, Sahin F, Ilhan MN, Beyazova U. Diagnostic value of rapid antigen detection test for streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72: 1203-1206.
200. Talmon Y, Gilbey P, Fridman N, Wishniak A, Roguin N. Acute myopericarditis complicating acute tonsillitis: beware the young male patient with tonsillitis complaining of chest pain. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008; 117: 295-297.
201. Galioto NJ. Peritonsillar abscess. Am Fam Physician 2008; 77: 199-202.Review.
202. Worrall GJ. Acute sore throat. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53: 1961-1962.
203. Matthys J, De Meyere M, van Driel ML, De Sutter A. Differences among international pharyngitis guidelines: not just academic. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5: 436-443.Review.
204. Worrall G, Hutchinson J, Sherman G, Griffiths J. Diagnosing streptococcal sore throat in adults: randomized controlled trial of in-office aids. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53: 667-671, 666. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician 2007;53:1006.
205. Steer AC, Danchin MH, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal infections in children. J Paediatr Child Health 2007; 43: 203-213.
206. Centor RM, Allison JJ, Cohen SJ. Pharyngitis management: defining the controversy. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22: 127-130. Review.
207. Brook I, Dohar JE. Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. J Fam Pract 2006; 55: S1-S11; quiz S12. Review.
208. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 18: CD000023.
209. Haydardedeoǧlu FE, Tutkak H, Köse K, Düzgün N. Genetic susceptibility to rheumatic heart disease and streptococcal pharyngitis: association with HLA-DR alleles. Tissue Antigens 2006; 68: 293-296.
210. Abdel-Haq NM, Harahsheh A, Asmar BL. Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the emerging role of group A beta hemolytic streptococcus. South Med J 2006; 99: 927-931.
211. Reid SD, Chaussee MS, Doern CD et al. Inactivation of the group A Streptococcus regulator srv results in chromosome wide reduction of transcript levels, and changes in extracellular levels of Sic and SpeB. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006; 48: 283-292.
212. Martin JM, Green M. Group A streptococcus. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2006; 17: 140-148.
213. Kaplan EL, Bisno AL. Antecedent streptococcal infection in acute rheumatic fever. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 15: 43.
214. Brook I, Gober AE. Increased recovery of Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in association with group A beta-haemolytic streptococci in healthy children and those with pharyngo-tonsillitis. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55 (Pt 8): 989-992.
215. Singh S, Dolan JG, Centor RM. Optimal management of adults with pharyngitis - a multi-criteria decision analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2006; 6: 14.
216. Van Howe RS, Kusnier LP 2nd. Diagnosis and management of pharyngitis in a pediatric population based on cost-effectiveness and projected health outcomes. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 609-619.
217. Jaggi P, Shulman ST. Group A streptococcal infections. Pediatr Rev 2006; 27: 99-105.
218. Abali O, Nazik H, Gurkan K et al. Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infections and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a Turkish pediatric population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 60: 103-105.
219. Almroth G, Lindell A, Aselius H et al. Acute glomerulonephritis associated with Streptococcus pyogenes with concomitant spread of streptococcus constellatus in four rural families. Ups J Med Sci 2005; 110: 217-231.
220. Shulman ST, Stollerman G, Beall B, Dale JB, Tanz RR. Temporal changes in streptococcal M protein types and the near-disappearance of acute rheumatic fever in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 441-447.
221. Tewodros W, Kronvall G. M protein gene (emm type) analysis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from Ethiopia reveals unique patterns. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 4369-4376.
222. Tewfik TL, Al Garni M. Tonsillopharyngitis: clinical highlights. J Otolaryngol 2005; 34 (Suppl 1): S45-S49. Review.
223. Hahn RG, Knox LM, Forman TA. Evaluation of poststreptococcal illness. Am Fam Physician 2005; 71: 1949-1954. Review.
224. Gerber MA. Diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52: 729-747, vi. Review.
225. Areschoug T, Carlsson F, Stålhammar-Carlemalm M, Lindahl G. Host-pathogen interactions in Streptococcus pyogenes infections, with special reference to puerperal fever and a comment on vaccine development. Vaccine 2004; 22 (Suppl 1): S9-S14. Review.
226. Perrin EM, Murphy ML, Casey JR et al. Does group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection increase risk for behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 848-856.
227. Crum NF, Hale BR, Judd SE, Lim ML, Wallace MR. A case series of group A Streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis in military trainees. Mil Med 2004; 169: 373-375.
228. McIsaac WJ, Kellner JD, Aufricht P, Vanjaka A, Low DE. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA 2004; 291: 1587-1595. Erratum in: JAMA 2005; 294: 2700.
229. Reid SD, Montgomery AG, Voyich JM et al. Characterization of an extracellular virulence factor made by group A Streptococcus with homology to the Listeria monocytogenes internalin family of proteins. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 7043-7052.
230. Shulman ST. Acute streptococcal pharyngitis in pediatric medicine: current issues in diagnosis and management. Paediatr Drugs 2003; 5 (Suppl 1): 13-23. Review.
231. Neuner JM, Hamel MB, Phillips RS, Bona K, Aronson MD. Diagnosis and management of adults with pharyngitis. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 113-122.
232. Schroeder BM. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67: 880.
233. Kotb M, Norrby-Teglund A, McGeer A et al. An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1398-1404.
234. Yalçinkaya F, Ince E, Uçar T et al. Antistreptococcal response is exaggerated in children with familial Mediterranean fever. Clin Rheumatol 2002; 21: 378-381.
235. Ovetchkine P, Levy C, de la Rocque F, Boucherat M, Bingen E, Cohen R. Variables influencing bacteriological outcome in patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis treated with penicillin V. Eur J Pediatr 2002; 161: 365-367.
236. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM Jr, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 113-125.
237. Lennon D, Kerdemelidis M, Arroll B. Meta-analysis of trials of streptococcal throat treatment programs to prevent rheumatic fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: e259-e264.
238. Hanna B, McMullan R, Gallagher G, Hedderwick S. The epidemiology of peritonsillar abscess disease in Northern Ireland. J Infect 2006; 52: 247-253.
239. Dunn N, Lane D, Everitt H, Little P. Use of antibiotics for sore throat and incidence of quinsy. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57: 45-49.
240. Sendi P, Graber P, Lepère F, Schiller P, Zimmerli W. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by severe mucocutaneous lesions. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 268.
241. Brook I, Dohar JE. Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. J Fam Pract 2006; 55: S1-S11; quiz S12. Review.
242. Esposito S, Bosis S, Begliatti E et al. Acute tonsillopharyngitis associated with atypical bacterial infection in children: natural history and impact of macrolide therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 15: 43.
243. Braun GS, Wagner KS, Huttner BD, Schmid H. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: usual suspect and unsecured diagnosis in the acute setting. J Emerg Med 2006; 30: 371-375.
244. Esposito S, Blasi F, Bosis S et al. Aetiology of acute pharyngitis: the role of atypical bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53 (Pt 7): 645-651.
245. Foy HM. Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possible carrier state in different populations of patients. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl 1): S37-S46. Review.
246. Levy M, Shear NH. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Report of eight cases and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1991; 30: 42-49. Review.
247. Klar A, Gross-Kieselstein E, Hurvitz H, Branski D. Bilateral Bell's palsy due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Isr J Med Sci 1985; 21: 692-694.
248. Völter C, Helms J, Weissbrich B, Rieckmann P, Abele-Horn M. Frequent detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Bell's palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 261: 400-404.
249. Fretzayas A, Moustaki M, Kitsiou S, Nychtari G, Nicolaidou P. The clinical pattern of group C streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15: 228-232.
250. Steer AC, Jenney AW, Kado J et al. Prospective surveillance of streptococcal sore throat in a tropical country. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 477-482.
251. McDonald M, Towers RJ, Andrews RM, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in tropical communities, Northern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 1694-1700.
252. Amess JA, O'Neill W, Giollariabhaigh CN, Dytrych JK. A six-month audit of the isolation of Fusobacterium necrophorum from patients with sore throat in a district general hospital. Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 63-65.
253. Fujino M, Yamakami K, Oda T, Omasu F, Murai T, Yoshizawa N. Sequence and expression of NAPlr is conserved among group A streptococci isolated from patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and non-APSGN. J Nephrol 2007; 20: 364-369.
254. Dinkla K, Nitsche-Schmitz DP, Barroso V et al. Identification of a streptococcal octapeptide motif involved in acute rheumatic fever. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 18686-18693.
255. Shah M, Centor RM, Jennings M. Severe acute pharyngitis caused by group C streptococcus. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22: 272-274.
256. McDonald MI, Towers RJ, Andrews RM, Benger N, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Low rates of streptococcal pharyngitis and high rates of pyoderma in Australian aboriginal communities where acute rheumatic fever is hyperendemic. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 683-689.
257. Almroth G, Lindell A, Aselius H et al. Acute glomerulonephritis associated with Streptococcus pyogenes with concomitant spread of streptococcus constellatus in four rural families. Ups J Med Sci 2005; 110: 217-231.
258. Lindbaek M, Høiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Clinical symptoms and signs in sore throat patients with large colony variant beta-haemolytic streptococci groups C or G versus group A. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 615-619.
259. Batty A, Wren MW. Prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and other upper respiratory tract pathogens isolated from throat swabs. Br J Biomed Sci 2005; 62: 66-70.
260. Ahmed J, Zaman MM, Keramat Ali SM. Identification of serogroups of beta hemolytic streptococci in children with tonsillo-pharyngitis. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2003; 29: 113-117.
261. McDonald M, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat? Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4 (4): 240-245. Review.
262. Zaoutis T, Attia M, Gross R, Klein J. The role of group C and group G streptococci in acute pharyngitis in children. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 37-40.
263. Bassili A, Barakat S, Sawaf GE, Zaher S, Zaki A, Din Saleh EE. Identification of clinical criteria for group A-beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children living in a rheumatic fever endemic area. J Trop Pediatr 2002; 48: 285-293.
264. Haidan A, Talay SR, Rohde M, Sriprakash KS, Currie BJ, Chhatwal GS. Pharyngeal carriage of group C and group G streptococci and acute rheumatic fever in an Aboriginal population. Lancet 2000; 356: 1167-1169.
265. Dierksen KP, Tagg JR. Haemolysin-deficient variants of Streptococcus pyogenes and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis may be overlooked as aetiological agents of pharyngitis. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 811-816.
266. Zwart S, Ruijs GJ, Sachs AP, van Leeuwen WJ, Gubbels JW, de Melker RA. Beta-haemolytic streptococci isolated from acute sore-throat patients: cause or coincidence? A case-control study in general practice Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 377-384.
267. Geyer A, Roth A, Vettermann S et al. M protein of a Streptococcus dysgalactiae human wound isolate shows multiple binding to different plasma proteins and shares epitopes with keratin and human cartilage. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999; 26: 11-24.
268. Lewis RF, Balfour AE. Group C streptococci isolated from throat swabs: a laboratory and clinical study. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 264-266.
269. Jansen TL, Janssen M, de Jong AJ. Reactive arthritis associated with group C and group G beta-hemolytic streptococci. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1126-1130.
270. Chowdhury MN, Kambal AM, al-Eissa YA, Khaliq MR, al-Ayed IH, al-Sanie AM. Non-group A streptococci: are they pathogens in the throat? J R Soc Health 1997; 117: 160-163.
271. Eltringham IJ, Hutchinson NA. A case of pharyngitis caused by penicillin resistant group C streptococcus. J Infect 1997; 34: 88-89.
272. Turner JC, Hayden FG, Lobo MC, Ramirez CE, Murren D. Epidemiologic evidence for Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic streptococci as a cause of exudative pharyngitis in college students. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1-4.
273. Edmond KM, Grimwood K, Carlin JB, Chondros P, Hogg GG, Barnett PL. Streptococcal pharyngitis in a paediatric emergency department. Med J Aust 1996; 21: 165.
274. Natoli S, Fimiani C, Faglieri N et al. Toxic shock syndrome due to group C streptococci. A case report. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 985-989.
275. Faruq QO, Rashid AK, Ahmed J et al. Prevalence of streptococcal sorethroat in the school children of Dhaka. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1995; 21: 87-94.
276. Carmeli Y, Schapiro JM, Neeman D, Yinnon AM, Alkan M. Streptococcal group C bacteremia. Survey in Israel and analytic review. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1170-1176. Review.
277. Dagnelie CF, Touw-Otten FW, Kuyvenhoven MM, Rozenberg-Arska M, de Melker RA. Bacterial flora in patients presenting with sore throat in Dutch general practice. Fam Pract 1993; 10: 371-377.
278. Begovac J, Bobinac E, Benic B et al. Asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage of beta-haemolytic streptococci and streptococcal pharyngitis among patients at an urban hospital in Croatia. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 405-410. Review.
279. Gettler JF, El-Sadr W. Group C streptococcal subdural empyema in a healthy man: possible complication of pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 726-727.
280. Turner JC, Fox A, Fox K et al. Role of group C beta-hemolytic streptococci in pharyngitis: epidemiologic study of clinical features associated with isolation of group C streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 808-811.
281. Fox K, Turner J, Fox A. Role of beta-hemolytic group C streptococci in pharyngitis: incidence and biochemical characteristics of Streptococcus equisimilis and Streptococcus anginosus in patients and healthy controls. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 804-807.
282. Tewodros W, Kronvall G. Distribution of presumptive pathogenicity factors among beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from Ethiopia. APMIS 1993; 101: 295-305.
283. Feldman WE. Pharyngitis in children. Postgrad Med 1993; 93 (3): 141-145. Review.
284. Meland E, Digranes A, Skjaerven R. Assessment of clinical features predicting streptococcal pharyngitis. Scand J Infect Dis 1993; 25: 177-183.
285. Young L, Deighton CM, Chuck AJ, Galloway A. Reactive arthritis and group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51: 1268.
286. Hayden GF, Turner JC, Kiselica D, Dunn M, Hendley JO. Latex agglutination testing directly from throat swabs for rapid detection of beta-hemolytic streptococci from Lancefield serogroup C. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 716-718.
287. Cimolai N, Morrison BJ, MacCulloch L, Smith DF, Hlady J. Beta-haemolytic non-group A streptococci and pharyngitis: a case-control study. Eur J Pediatr 1991; 150: 776-779.
288. Dudley JP, Sercarz J. Pharyngeal and tonsil infections caused by non-group A Streptococcus. Am J Otolaryngol 1991; 12: 292-296.
289. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Martin NJ et al. Community-wide outbreak of group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 598-603.
290. Waters VV, Cook L. Group C beta-hemolytic streptococci in college students with pharyngitis. JAMA 1991; 265: 1526.
291. Turner JC, Hayden GF, Kiselica D, Lohr J, Fishburne CF, Murren D. Association of group C beta-hemolytic streptococci with endemic pharyngitis among college students. JAMA 1990; 264: 2644-2647.
292. Huovinen P. Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of pharyngitis. Compr Ther 1990; 16: 59-65. Review.
293. Meier FA, Centor RM, Graham L Jr, Dalton HP. Clinical and microbiological evidence for endemic pharyngitis among adults due to group C streptococci. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 825-829.
294. Cimolai N, MacCulloch L, Damm S. The epidemiology of beta-haemolytic non-group A streptococci isolated from the throats of children over a one-year period. Epidemiol Infect 1990; 104: 119-126.
295. Principi N, Marchisio P, Calanchi A et al. Streptococcal pharyngitis in Italian children: epidemiology and treatment with miocamycin. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1990; 16: 639-647.
296. Morgan MC, Rice LI. Recurrent group C streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in an adolescent. J Adolesc Health Care 1989; 10: 421-422.
297. Corson AP, Garagusi VF, Chretien JH. Group C beta-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis and scarlet fever. South Med J 1989; 82: 1119-1121.
298. Rudensky B, Isacsohn M. Beta-hemolytic group C streptococci and pharyngitis. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: 668.
299. Hayden GF, Murphy TF, Hendley JO. Non-group A streptococci in the pharynx. Pathogens or innocent bystanders? Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 794-797.
300. Salata RA, Lerner PI, Shlaes DM, Gopalakrishna KV, Wolinsky E. Infections due to Lancefield group C streptococci. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989; 68: 225-239. Review.
301. Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T et al. Pharyngitis in adults: the presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 612-616.
302. Petts DN, Lane A, Kennedy P, Hadfield SG, McIllmurray MB. Direct detection of groups A, C and G streptococci in clinical specimens by a trivalent colour test. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 34-39.
303. Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Prellner K, Christensen P. Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with acute tonsillitis. Acta Otolaryngol 1987; 104: 351-359.
304. Schwartz RH, Shulman ST. Group C and group G streptococci. In-office isolation from children and adolescents with pharyngitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1986; 25: 496-502.
305. Rolston KV. Group G streptococcal infections. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 857-858.
306. Hoffmann S. The throat carrier rate of group A and other beta hemolytic streptococci among patients in general practice. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B 1985; 93: 347-351.
307. Brook I. Distribution of beta haemolytic streptococci in pharyngitis specimens obtained from children. Microbios 1983; 36: 169-172.
308. Hope-Simpson RE. Streptococcus pyogenes in the throat: a study in a small population, 1962-1975. J Hyg (Lond) 1981; 87: 109-129.
309. Brook I, Yocum P, Friedman EM. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in tonsils of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90 (Pt 1): 261-263.
310. Fulginiti VA, Ey JL, Ryan KJ. Recurrent group C streptococcal tonsillitis in an adolescent male requiring tonsillectomy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1980; 19: 829-830.
311. Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA et al. Short versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD004872.
312. Bachert C, Chuchalin AG, Eisebitt R et al. Aspirin compared with acetaminophen in the treatment of fever and other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adults: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-dose, 6-hour dose-ranging study. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 993-1003.
313. Benrimoj SI, Langford JH, Christian J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg in the treatment of sore throat a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical Drug Investigation 2001; 21: 183-193.
314. Bereznoy VV, Riley DS, Wassmer G, Heger M. Efficacy of extract of Pelargonium sidoides in children with acute non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus tonsillopharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2003; 9: 68-79.
315. Bertin L, Pons G, d'Athis P et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen (paracetamol) and placebo for treatment of symptoms of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children. J Pediatr 1991; 119: 811-814.
316. Bisno AL. Are cephalosporins superior to penicillin for treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis? Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1535-1537.
317. Blagden M, Christian J, Miller K, Charlesworth A. Multidose flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges in the treatment of sore throat: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in UK general practice centres. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 95-100.
318. Boureau F, Pelen F, Verriere F et al. Evaluation of ibuprofen vs paracetamol analgesic activity using a sore throat pain model. Clinical Drug Investigation 1999; 17: 1-8.
319. Brinckmann J, Sigwart H, van Houten TL. Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (Throat Coat) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9: 285-298.
320. Burnett I, Schachtel B, Sanner K et al. Onset of analgesia of a paracetamol tablet containing sodium bicarbonate: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adult patients with acute sore throat. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 1273-1278.
321. Caceres DD, Hancke JL, Burgos RA et al. Use of visual analogue scale measurements (VAS) to asses the effectiveness of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 in reducing the symptoms of common cold. A randomized double blind-placebo study. Phytomedicine 1999; 6: 217-223.
322. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporins versus penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1526-1534.
323. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 866-882.
324. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Metaanalysis of short course antibiotic treatment for group a streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 909-917.
325. Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults: background. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 711-719.
326. Damiani H. Treatment of symptoms of rhinopharyngitis in children with a new anti-inflammatory agent. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1986; 6: 481-484.
327. Dirjomuljono M, Kristyono I, Tjandrawinata RR, Nofiarny D. Symptomatic treatment of acute tonsillo-pharyngitis patients with a combination of Nigella sativa and Phyllanthus niruri extract. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 46: 295-306.
328. Eccles R, Loose I, Jawad M, Nyman L. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Pain Med 2003; 4: 118-124.
329. Esposito S, Marchisio P, Bosis S et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of 5-day cefaclor and 10-day amoxycillin treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20: 28-33.
330. Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Matthaiou DK et al. Effectiveness and safety of short-course vs long-course antibiotic therapy for group a beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83: 880-889.
331. Fischer J, Pschorn U, Vix JM et al. Efficacy and tolerability of ambroxol hydrochloride lozenges in sore throat. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials regarding the local anaesthetic properties. Arzneimittelforschung 2002; 52: 256-263.
332. Gehanno P, Dreiser RL, Ionescu E et al. Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat. Clin Drug Investig 2003; 23: 263-271.
333. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Chanatry J et al. Five vs ten days of penicillin V therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 224-227.
334. Gunsberger M. Acupuncture in the treatment of sore throat symptomatology. Am J Chin Med (Gard City NY) 1973; 1: 337-340.
335. Gwaltney JM Jr. Combined antiviral and antimediator treatment of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 776-782.
336. Gwaltney JM Jr, Winther B, Patrie JT, Hendley JO. Combined antiviral-antimediator treatment for the common cold. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 147-154.
337. Haverkorn MJ, Valkenburg HA, Goslings WR. Streptococcal pharyngitis in the general population. I. A controlled study of streptococcal pharyngitis and its complications in the Netherlands. J Infect Dis 1971; 124: 339-347.
338. Hayward G, Thompson M, Heneghan C et al. Corticosteroids for pain relief in sore throat: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009; 339: b2976.
339. Herz MJ. Antibiotics and the adult sore throat - an unnecessary ceremony. Fam Pract 1988; 5: 196-199.
340. Hubbert M, Sievers H, Lehnfeld R, Kehrl W. Efficacy and tolerability of a spray with Salvia officinalis in the treatment of acute pharyngitis - a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with adaptive design and interim analysis. Eur J Med Res 2006; 11: 20-26.
341. Ioannidis JP, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Chew P, Lau J. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the comparative efficacy and safety of azithromycin against other antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48: 677-689.
342. Kagan G, Huddlestone L, Wolstencroft P. Two lozenges containing benzocaine assessed in the relief of sore throat. J Int Med Res 1982; 10: 443-446.
343. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Del Rosario MC, Horn DL. Susceptibility of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to thirteen antibiotics: examination of 301 strains isolated in the United States between 1994 and 1997. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 1069-1072.
344. Lan AJ, Colford JM, Colford JM Jr. The impact of dosing frequency on the efficacy of 10-day penicillin or amoxicillin therapy for streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2000; 105: E19.
345. Little P. Sore throat in primary care. BMJ 2009; 339: b2476.
346. Macknin ML, Piedmonte M, Calendine C et al. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 279: 1962-1967.
347. Manach Y, Ditisheim A. Double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial of the efficacy and tolerance of morniflumate suppositories in the treatment of tonsillitis in children. J Int Med Res 1990; 18: 30-36.
348. Matthys J, De MM, van Driel ML, De SA. Differences among international pharyngitis guidelines: not just academic. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5: 436-443.
349. Mizoguchi H, Wilson A, Jerdack GR et al. Efficacy of a single evening dose of syrup containing paracetamol, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and ephedrine sulfate in subjects with multiple common cold symptoms. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 45: 230-236.
350. Moore N, Charlesworth A, van GE et al. Risk factors for adverse events in analgesic drug users: results from the PAIN study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12: 601-610.
351. Moore N, Le Parc JM, van GE et al. Tolerability of ibuprofen, aspirin and paracetamol for the treatment of cold and flu symptoms and sore throat pain. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 732-734.
352. Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 81-88.
353. Nouri ME. Nimesulide for treatment of acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Clin Ther 1984; 6: 142-150.
354. Olympia RP, Khine H, Avner JR. Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159: 278-282.
355. Ozaki T, Nishimura N, Suzuki M et al. Five-day oral cefditoren pivoxil versus 10-day oral amoxicillin for pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. J Infect Chemother 2008; 14: 213-218.
356. Passali D, Volonte M, Passali GC et al. Efficacy and safety of ketoprofen lysine salt mouthwash versus benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash in acute pharyngeal inflammation: a randomized, single-blind study. Clin Ther 2001; 23: 1508-1518.
357. Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 521-526.
358. Petersen I, Johnson AM, Islam A et al. Protective effect of antibiotics against serious complications of common respiratory tract infections: retrospective cohort study with the UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2007; 335: 982.
359. Pichichero ME, Casey JR, Block SL et al. Pharmacodynamic analysis and clinical trial of amoxicillin sprinkle administered once daily for 7 days compared to penicillin V potassium administered four times daily for 10 days in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 2512-2520.
360. Rashkind W. Evaluation of a standard lozenge in sore throat treatment. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1970; 49: 221-224.
361. Rau E. Treatment of acute tonsillitis with a fixed-combination herbal preparation. Adv Ther 2000; 17: 197-203.
362. Sakata H. Comparative study of 5-day cefcapene-pivoxil and 10-day amoxicillin or cefcapene-pivoxil for treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Infect Chemother 2008; 14: 208-212.
363. Sauvage JP, Ditisheim A, Bessede JP, David N. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial of the efficacy and tolerance of niflumic acid ('Nifluril') capsules in the treatment of tonsillitis in adults. Curr Med Res Opin 1990; 11: 631-637.
364. Schachtel BP, Cleves GS, Konerman JP et al. A placebo-controlled model to assay the onset of action of nonprescription-strength analgesic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55: 464-470.
365. Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Lane AC et al. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. A double-blind study comparing aspirin with caffeine to aspirin and placebo in patients with sore throat. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 733-737.
366. Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Thoden WR et al. Sore throat pain in the evaluation of mild analgesics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 704-711.
367. Schachtel BP, Homan HD, Gibb IA, Christian J. Demonstration of dose response of flurbiprofen lozenges with the sore throat pain model. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 71: 375-380.
368. Schachtel BP, Thoden WR. A placebo-controlled model for assaying systemic analgesics in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 593-601.
369. Schutz A, Gund HJ, Pschorn U et al. Local anaesthetic properties of ambroxol hydrochloride lozenges in view of sore throat. Clinical proof of concept. Arzneimittelforschung 2002; 52: 194-199.
370. Schwartz RH, Wientzen RL Jr, Pedreira F et al. Penicillin V for group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. A randomized trial of seven vs ten days' therapy. JAMA 1981; 246: 1790-1795.
371. Shi Y, Gu R, Liu C et al. Chinese medicinal herbs for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD004877.
372. Shulman ST, Gerber MA. So what's wrong with penicillin for strep throat? Pediatrics 2004; 113: 1816-1819.
373. Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del MC. Antibiotics for sore throat. Spinks Anneliese, Glasziou Paul P, Del Mar Chris Antibiotics for sore throat Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews 2006, Issue 4, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd Chichester, UK. DOI: 2006.
374. Spurling GK, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Foxlee R. Delayed antibiotics for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD004417.
375. Stromberg A, Schwan A, Cars O. Five versus ten days treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial with phenoxymethylpenicillin and cefadroxil. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 37-46.
376. Tasar A, Yanturali S, Topacoglu H et al. Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone for acute exudative pharyngitis. J Emerg Med 2008; 35: 363-367.
377. Thamlikitkul V, Dechatiwongse T, Theerapong S et al. Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata, Nees for pharyngotonsillitis in adults. J Med Assoc Thai 1991; 74: 437-442.
378. Thomas M, Del MC, Glasziou P. How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? Br J Gen Pract 2000; 50: 817-820.
379. Timmer A, Gunther J, Rucker G et al. Pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008.
380. Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J et al. Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Int J Clin Pract 2000; 54: 490-496.
381. Weckx LL, Ruiz JE, Duperly J et al. Efficacy of celecoxib in treating symptoms of viral pharyngitis: a double-blind, randomized study of celecoxib versus diclofenac. J Int Med Res 2002; 30: 185-194.
382. Wethington JF. Double-blind study of benzydamine hydrochloride, a new treatment for sore throat. Clin Ther 1985; 7: 641-646.
383. Whiteside MW. A controlled study of benzydamine oral rinse ("Difflam") in general practice. Curr Med Res Opin 1982; 8: 188-190.
384. Wiesenauer M. Comparison of solid and liquid forms of homeopathic remedies for tonsillitis. Adv Ther 1998; 15: 362-371.
385. Wonnemann M, Helm I, Stauss-Grabo M et al. Lidocaine 8 mg sore throat lozenges in the treatment of acute pharyngitis. A new therapeutic option investigated in comparison to placebo treatment. Arzneimittelforschung 2007; 57: 689-697.
386. Zwart S, Sachs AP, Ruijs GJ et al. Penicillin for acute sore throat: randomised double blind trial of seven days versus three days treatment or placebo in adults. BMJ 2000; 320: 150-154.