Low rates of streptococcal pharyngitis and high rates of pyoderma in Australian aboriginal communities where acute rheumatic fever is hyperendemic

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 683-689

  McDonald, Malcolm I ^a   Towers, Rebecca J ^a   Andrews, Ross M ^b   Benger, Norma ^a   Currie, Bart J ^a   Carapetis, Jonathan R ^b  

^a MENZIES SCHOOL OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABORIGINE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CHILD; ENDEMIC DISEASE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFECTION RATE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHARYNGITIS; POPULATION DENSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYODERMA; RHEUMATIC FEVER; SORE THROAT; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP C; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP G; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AUSTRALIA; CARRIER STATE; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROWDING; ENDEMIC DISEASES; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; OCEANIC ANCESTRY GROUP; PHARYNGITIS; PHARYNX; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PYODERMA; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RISK FACTORS; SEASONS; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS;

EID: 33748314498     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/506938     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Kelly A. Top End rheumatic heart disease program: a report to the Commonwealth, February-November 2002. NT Dis Control Bull 2003; 10:9-11.
2. Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:685-94.
3. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ, Kaplan EL. Epidemiology and prevention of group A streptococcal infections: acute respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and their sequelae at the close of the twentieth century. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:205-10.
4. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Clinical epidemiology of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in tropical Australia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 418:233-6.
5. Hartas J, Goodfellow A, Currie B, Sriprakash K. Characterisation of group A streptococcal isolates from tropical Australia with high prevalence of rheumatic fever: probing for signature sequences to identify members of the family of serotype 5. Microb Pathog 1995; 18:345-54.
6. Bessen DE, Carapetis JR, Beall B, et al. Contrasting molecular epidemiology of group A streptococci causing tropical and nontropical infections of the skin and throat. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:1109-16.
7. Steer AC, Carapetis JR, Nolan TM, Shann F. Systematic review of rheumatic heart disease prevalence in children in developing countries: the role of environmental factors. J Paediatr Child Health 2002; 38:229-34.
8. Brahmadathan KN, Rajkumari BR, Jose JM, Abraham V, Joseph A. Molecular epidemiology of group A streptococcal infections in South Indian children. In: Proceedings of the XVI Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci an Streptococcal Diseases (Palm Cove, Queensland, Australia). 2005.
9. Potter E, Svartman M, Mohammed I, Cox R, Poon-King T, Earle D. Tropical acute rheumatic fever and associated streptococcal infections compared with concurrent acute glomerulonephritis. J Pediatr 1978; 92:325-33.
10. McDonald M, Currie B, Carapetis J. Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat? Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:235-40.
11. Stollerman GH. Rheumatic fever in the 21st century. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:806-14.
12. Bisno AL, Brito MO, Collins CM. Molecular basis of group A streptococcal virulence. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3:191-200.
13. Williams GS. Group C and G streptococci infections: emerging challenges. Clin Lab Sci 2003; 16:209-13.
14. Kalia A, Bessen DE. Presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and C genes in human isolates of group G streptococci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 219:291-5.
15. Davies MR, Tran TN, McMillan DJ, Gardiner DL, Currie BJ, Sriprakash KS. Inter-species genetic movement may blur the epidemiology of streptococcal diseases in endemic regions. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:1128-38.
16. McDonald M, Towers R, Fagan P, et al. Recovering streptococci from the throat in remote tropical communities: a practical alternative to direct plating. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:547-51.
17. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available at: http://www.cochrane .org/reviews/en/ab000023.html. Accessed 17 April 2006.
18. Danchin MH, Rogers S, Selvaraj G, et al. The burden of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in Melbourne families. Indian J Med Res 2004; 119(Suppl):144-7.
19. Rotta J, Duben J, Jedlicka F, Havlickova H, Tumova B, Bruckova M. Prospective study of pharyngitis: clinical diagnosis and microbiological profile. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1989; 271:532-42.
20. Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Group A streptococci among school-aged children: clinical characteristics and the carrier state. Pediatrics 2004; 114:1212-9.
21. Hoffmann S. Incidence and management of sore throat in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1986; 4(Suppl):143-50.
22. Nandi S, Kumar R, Ray P, Vohra H, Ganguly NK. Group A streptococcal sore throat in a periurban population of northern India: a one-year prospective study. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:528-33.
23. Nicolle LE, Postl B, Urias B, Law B, Ling N. Group A streptococcal pharyngeal carriage, pharyngitis, and impetigo in two northern Canadian native communities. Clin Invest Med 1990; 13:99-106.
24. Lennon D. Rheumatic fever, a preventable disease? The New Zealand experience. In: Streptococci and streptococcal diseases: entering the new millennium. Proceedings of the XIV Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Disease (Auckland, New Zealand). 2000.
25. Kumar R, Chakraborti A, Vohra H, et al. Epidemiology of group A streptococci in a North Indian community. In: Proceedings of the XVI Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases (Palm Cove, Queensland, Australia). 2005.
26. Van Buynder P, Gaggin J, Martin D, Pugsley D, Mathews J. Streptococcal infection and renal disease markers in Australian Aboriginal children. Med J Aust 1992; 156:537-40.
27. Quinn R, Lowry P, Vander Zwaag R. Significance of hemolytic streptococci for Nashville school children: clinical and serologic observations. South Med J 1978; 71:242-6.
28. Anthony B, Kaplan E, Wannamaker L, Chapman S. The dynamics of Streptococcal infections in a defined population of children: serotypes associated with skin and respiratory infections. Am J Epidemiol 1976; 104:652-66.
29. Rajkumar S, Krishnamurthy R. Isolation of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci in the tonsillopharynx of school children in Madras City and correlation with their clinical features. Japan J Infect Dis 2001; 54:137-9.
30. Bassili A, Barakat S, Sawaf GE, Zaher S, Zaki A, Din Saleh EE. Identification of clinical criteria for group A-beta hemolytic Streptococcal pharyngitis in children living in a rheumatic fever endemic area. J Trop Pediatr 2002; 48:285-93.
31. Navaneeth BV, Ray N, Chawda S, Selvarani P, Bhaskar M, Suganthi N. Prevalence of beta hemolytic streptococci carrier rate among schoolchildren in Salem. Indian J Pediatr 2001; 68:985-6.
32. Quinn R. Carrier rates for hemolytic streptococci in school children: a six-year study. Am J Epidemiol 1965; 82:1-13.
33. Carapetis JR. Ending the heartache: the epidemiology and control of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the Top End of the Northern Territory [dissertation]. Sydney, Australia: University of Sydney, 1998.
34. Munoz E, Powers J, Nienhuys T, Mathews J. Social and environmental factors in 10 Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory: relationship to hospital admissions of children. Med J Aust 1992; 156:529-33.
35. Wannamaker L. The epidemiology of streptococcal infections. In: McCarty M, ed. Streptococcal infections. New York: Columbia University Press, 1954:157-75.
36. Gordis L, Lilienfeld A, Rodriguez R. Studies in the epidemiology and preventability of rheumatic fever II: socio-economic factors and the incidence of acute attacks. J Chron Dis 1969; 21:655-66.
37. Gibbs S. Skin disease and socioeconomic conditions in rural Africa: Tanzania. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35:633-9.
38. Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Skin infections and infestations in Aboriginal communities in northern Australia. Australas J Dermatol 2000; 41:139-43.
39. Bailie RS, Stevens M, McDonald E, et al. Skin infection, housing and social circumstances in children living in remote indigenous communities: testing and methodological approaches. BMC Public Health 2005; 5:128.
40. Carapetis J, Connors C, Yarmirr D, Krause V, Currie B. Success of a scabies control program in an Australian Aboriginal community. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:494-9.
41. Geyer A, Schmidt KH. Genetic organisation of the M protein region in human isolates of group C and G streptococci: two types of multigene regulator-like (mgrC) regions. Mol Gen Genet 2000; 262:965-76.