메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 2129-2145

Will there be a significant change to El Niño in the twenty-first century?

Author keywords

ENSO; General circulation models; Model evaluation performance; Tropical variabilty

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGES; ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS; BOREAL WINTERS; COMMUNITY CLIMATE SYSTEM MODEL; CONTROL SIMULATION; CONVECTIVE CELL; COUPLED MODEL INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; ENSO; EXTRATROPICAL; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; MODEL EVALUATION/PERFORMANCE; OCEAN DYNAMICS; PRE-INDUSTRIAL; SIGNIFICANCE TEST; TIME-SCALES; TROPICAL THERMOCLINE; TROPICAL VARIABILTY; WIND STRESS CURL;

EID: 84858611575     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00252.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (134)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 0037104707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans
    • Alexander, M. A., I. Bladé, M. Newman, J. R. Lanzante, N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, 2002: The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Climate, 15, 2205-2231.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 2205-2231
    • Alexander, M.A.1    Bladé, I.2    Newman, M.3    Lanzante, J.R.4    Lau, N.-C.5    Scott, J.D.6
  • 2
    • 0024831079 scopus 로고
    • Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere ocean model: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity
    • Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, 1989: Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere ocean model: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 1687-1712
    • Battisti, D.S.1    Hirst, A.C.2
  • 3
    • 0031450961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematics of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: An Eulerian and Lagrangian approach from GCM results
    • Blanke, B., and S. Raynaud, 1997: Kinematics of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: An Eulerian and Lagrangian approach from GCM results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1038-1053.
    • (1997) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.27 , pp. 1038-1053
    • Blanke, B.1    Raynaud, S.2
  • 4
    • 17544371434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timescales and dynamics of the formation of a thermocline
    • Boccaletti, G., 2005: Timescales and dynamics of the formation of a thermocline. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 39, 21-40.
    • (2005) Dyn. Atmos. Oceans , vol.39 , pp. 21-40
    • Boccaletti, G.1
  • 6
    • 28944450038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine boundary layer clouds at the heat of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models
    • doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023851
    • Bony, S., and J.-L. Dufresne, 2005: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heat of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023851.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Bony, S.1    Dufresne, J.-L.2
  • 7
    • 0018467051 scopus 로고
    • Forced baroclinic ocean motion. III: An enclosed oceanx
    • Cane, M. A., and E. Sarachik, 1979: Forced baroclinic ocean motion. III: An enclosed ocean. J. Mar. Res., 37, 355-398.
    • (1979) J. Mar. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 355-398
    • Cane, M.A.1    Sarachik, E.2
  • 9
    • 33748780662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal structure of tropical Pacific interannual variability in 20th century coupled simulations
    • Capotondi, A., A. Wittenberg, and S. Masina, 2006: Spatial and temporal structure of tropical Pacific interannual variability in 20th century coupled simulations. Ocean Modell., 15, 274-298.
    • (2006) Ocean Modell. , vol.15 , pp. 274-298
    • Capotondi, A.1    Wittenberg, A.2    Masina, S.3
  • 10
    • 0033190383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO and hydrologic extremes in the western United States
    • Cayan, D. R., K. T. Redmond, and L. G. Riddle, 2010: ENSO and hydrologic extremes in the western United States. J. Climate, 12, 2881-2893.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 2881-2893
    • Cayan, D.R.1    Redmond, K.T.2    Riddle, L.G.3
  • 12
    • 52049089271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Sub-Rep. 2.1A of Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1, Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research
    • Clarke, L., J. Edmonds, H. Jacoby, H. Pitcher, J. Reilly, and R. Richels, 2007: Scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations. U. S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Sub-Rep. 2.1A of Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1, Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, 154 pp.
    • (2007) Scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations , pp. 154
    • Clarke, L.1    Edmonds, J.2    Jacoby, H.3    Pitcher, H.4    Reilly, J.5    Richels, R.6
  • 13
    • 77954851195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño
    • doi:10.1038/NGEO868
    • Collins, M., and Coauthors, 2010: The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño. Nat. Geosci., 3, 391-397, doi:10.1038/NGEO868.
    • (2010) Nat. Geosci. , vol.3 , pp. 391-397
    • Collins, M.1
  • 14
    • 0032172979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global variations in droughts and wet spells, 1900-1995
    • Dai, A., K. E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl, 1998: Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3367-3370.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3367-3370
    • Dai, A.1    Trenberth, K.E.2    Karl, T.R.3
  • 15
    • 34250636389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of vertical variations of thickness diffusivity in an ocean general circulation model
    • Danabasoglu, G., and J. Marshall, 2007: Effects of vertical variations of thickness diffusivity in an ocean general circulation model. Ocean Modell., 18, 122-141.
    • (2007) Ocean Modell. , vol.18 , pp. 122-141
    • Danabasoglu, G.1    Marshall, J.2
  • 16
    • 33645306312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3
    • Deser, C., A. Capotondi, R. Saravanan, and A. Phillips, 2006: Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19, 2451-2481.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 2451-2481
    • Deser, C.1    Capotondi, A.2    Saravanan, R.3    Phillips, A.4
  • 17
    • 84858607677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO and Pacific decadal variability in Community Climate System Model version 4
    • press
    • Deser, C., and Coauthors, 2012: ENSO and Pacific decadal variability in Community Climate System Model version 4. J. Climate, in press.
    • (2012) J. Climate
    • Deser, C.1
  • 19
    • 0035710253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change
    • Diaz, H. F., M. P. Hoerling, and J. K. Eischeid, 2001: ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1845-1862.
    • (2001) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.21 , pp. 1845-1862
    • Diaz, H.F.1    Hoerling, M.P.2    Eischeid, J.K.3
  • 20
    • 0035878102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stability analysis of tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions: Bridging measurements and theory for El Niño
    • Fedorov, A. V., and S. G. Philander, 2001: A stability analysis of tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions: Bridging measurements and theory for El Niño. J. Climate, 14, 3086-3101.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 3086-3101
    • Fedorov, A.V.1    Philander, S.G.2
  • 21
    • 79960267471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. III: Implementation and impact in global ocean climate simulations
    • Fox-Kemper, B., and Coauthors, 2011: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. III: Implementation and impact in global ocean climate simulations. Ocean Modell., 39, 61-78.
    • (2011) Ocean Modell. , vol.39 , pp. 61-78
    • Fox-Kemper, B.1
  • 22
    • 51649126833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multigas mitigation analysis on stabilization scenarios using AIM global model
    • Fujino, J., R. Nair, M. Kainuma, T. Masui, and M. Matsuoka, 2006: Multigas mitigation analysis on stabilization scenarios using AIM global model. Energy J., 3, 343-354.
    • (2006) Energy J. , vol.3 , pp. 343-354
    • Fujino, J.1    Nair, R.2    Kainuma, M.3    Masui, T.4    Matsuoka, M.5
  • 23
    • 68749118481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TheHadley and Walker circulation changes in global warming conditions described by idealized atmospheric simulations
    • Gastineau, G., L. Li, and H. Le Trent, 2009: TheHadley and Walker circulation changes in global warming conditions described by idealized atmospheric simulations. J. Climate, 22, 3993-4013.
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 3993-4013
    • Gastineau, G.1    Li, L.2    Le Trent, H.3
  • 24
    • 34447249976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of westerly wind bursts by sea surface temperature: A semi-stochastic feedback for ENSO
    • Gebbie, G., I. Eisenman, A. Wittenberg, and E. Tziperman, 2007: Modulation of westerly wind bursts by sea surface temperature: A semi-stochastic feedback for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3281-3295.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 3281-3295
    • Gebbie, G.1    Eisenman, I.2    Wittenberg, A.3    Tziperman, E.4
  • 25
    • 79958294849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Community Climate System Model version 4
    • Gent, P. R., and Coauthors, 2011: The Community Climate System Model version 4. J. Climate, 24, 4973-4991.
    • (2011) J. Climate , vol.24 , pp. 4973-4991
    • Gent, P.R.1
  • 26
    • 0031037673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and the extratropics
    • Gu, D., and S. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and the extratropics. Science, 275, 805-807.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 805-807
    • Gu, D.1    Philander, S.2
  • 27
    • 32444442755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño-mean state-seasonal cycle interactions in a multi-model ensemble
    • Guilyardi, E., 2006: El Niño-mean state-seasonal cycle interactions in a multi-model ensemble. Climate Dyn., 26, 329-348.
    • (2006) Climate Dyn. , vol.26 , pp. 329-348
    • Guilyardi, E.1
  • 29
    • 33750617761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming
    • Held, I., and B. Soden, 2006: Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J. Climate, 19, 5686-5699.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 5686-5699
    • Held, I.1    Soden, B.2
  • 30
    • 0031200809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory of interdecadal climate variability of the North Pacific Ocean-atmosphere system
    • Jin, F.-F., 1997: A theory of interdecadal climate variability of the North Pacific Ocean-atmosphere system. J. Climate, 10, 1821-1835.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 1821-1835
    • Jin, F.-F.1
  • 31
    • 0038336466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong El Niño events and nonlinear dynamical heating
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016356
    • Jin, F.-F., W.-I. An, A. Timmermann, and J. Zhao, 2003: Strong El Niño events and nonlinear dynamical heating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1120, doi:10.1029/2002GL016356.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 1120
    • Jin, F.-F.1    An, W.-I.2    Timmermann, A.3    Zhao, J.4
  • 32
    • 34548636470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A coupled-stability index for ENSO
    • doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027221
    • Jin, F.-F., S. T. Kim, and L. Bejarano, 2006: A coupled-stability index for ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L33708, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027221.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.33
    • Jin, F.-F.1    Kim, S.T.2    Bejarano, L.3
  • 33
    • 63349089731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of latitudinal variations in vertical diffusivity on climate simulations
    • doi:10.1029/2008JC005030
    • Jochum, M., 2009: Impact of latitudinal variations in vertical diffusivity on climate simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C01010, doi:10.1029/2008JC005030.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Jochum, M.1
  • 35
    • 67649227133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the Indonesian seaway in a coupled climate model and their relevance to Pliocene climate and El Niño
    • doi:10.1029/2008PA001678
    • Jin, F.-F., B. Fox-Kemper, P. Molnar, and C. Shields, 2009: Differences in the Indonesian seaway in a coupled climate model and their relevance to Pliocene climate and El Niño. Paleoceanography, 24, PA1212, doi:10.1029/2008PA001678.
    • (2009) Paleoceanography , vol.24
    • Jin, F.-F.1    Fox-Kemper, B.2    Molnar, P.3    Shields, C.4
  • 36
    • 77954366023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of the feedback between phytoplankton and ENSO in the Community Climate System Model
    • Jin, F.-F., S. Yeager, K. Lindsay, K. Moore, and R. Murtugudde, 2010: Quantification of the feedback between phytoplankton and ENSO in the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate, 23, 2916-2925.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 2916-2925
    • Jin, F.-F.1    Yeager, S.2    Lindsay, K.3    Moore, K.4    Murtugudde, R.5
  • 37
    • 64049109968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting eastern Pacific and central Pacific types of ENSO
    • Kao, H.-Y., and J.-Y. Yu, 2009: Contrasting eastern Pacific and central Pacific types of ENSO. J. Climate, 22, 615-632.
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 615-632
    • Kao, H.-Y.1    Yu, J.-Y.2
  • 38
    • 32644466666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review
    • doi:10.1016/ j. pocean.2006.03.009
    • Kessler, W. S., 2006: The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Prog. Oceanogr., 69, 181-217, doi:10.1016/ j. pocean.2006.03.009.
    • (2006) Prog. Oceanogr. , vol.69 , pp. 181-217
    • Kessler, W.S.1
  • 39
    • 33745096202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attribution and impacts of upper-ocean biases in CCSM3
    • Large, W. G., and G. Danabasoglu, 2006: Attribution and impacts of upper-ocean biases in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19, 2325-2346.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 2325-2346
    • Large, W.G.1    Danabasoglu, G.2
  • 40
    • 77954856929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models
    • doi:10.1007/ s00382-009-0562-3
    • Lengaigne, M., and G. Vecchi, 2009: Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 35, 299-313, doi:10.1007/ s00382-009-0562-3.
    • (2009) Climate Dyn. , vol.35 , pp. 299-313
    • Lengaigne, M.1    Vecchi, G.2
  • 41
    • 2442585001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vertically Lagrangian finite-volume dynamical core for global models
    • Lin, S.-J., 2004: A vertically Lagrangian finite-volume dynamical core for global models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2293-2307.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 2293-2307
    • Lin, S.-J.1
  • 42
    • 0000581731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes
    • Lin, S.-J., and R. B. Rood, 1996: Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2046-2070.
    • (1996) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.124 , pp. 2046-2070
    • Lin, S.-J.1    Rood, R.B.2
  • 43
    • 0000282505 scopus 로고
    • How different wind stress patterns affect the tropical-subtropical circulations of the upper ocean
    • Liu, Z., and S. Philander, 1995: How different wind stress patterns affect the tropical-subtropical circulations of the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 449-462.
    • (1995) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.25 , pp. 449-462
    • Liu, Z.1    Philander, S.2
  • 44
    • 30144437350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking tropical ocean response to global warming: The enhanced equatorial warming
    • Liu, Z., S. Vavrus, F. He, N. Wen, and Y. Zhong, 2005: Rethinking tropical ocean response to global warming: The enhanced equatorial warming. J. Climate, 18, 4684-4700.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 4684-4700
    • Liu, Z.1    Vavrus, S.2    He, F.3    Wen, N.4    Zhong, Y.5
  • 45
    • 51649128063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia
    • Mann, M. E., Z. Zhang, M. K. Hughes, R. S. Bradley, S. K. Miller, S. Rutherford, and F. Ni, 2008: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 13 253-13 257.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 13253-13257
    • Mann, M.E.1    Zhang, Z.2    Hughes, M.K.3    Bradley, R.S.4    Miller, S.K.5    Rutherford, S.6    Ni, F.7
  • 46
    • 70849102291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly
    • Mann, M. E., and Coauthors, 2009: Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly. Science, 326, 1256-1260.
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 1256-1260
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 47
    • 0001874416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic anomalies associated with ENSO
    • Mason, S. J., and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.
    • (2001) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 619-638
    • Mason, S.J.1    Goddard, L.2
  • 48
    • 0033570696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal variations in the strength ofENSOteleconnections with precipitation in the western United States
    • McCabe, G. J., and M. D. Dettinger, 1999: Decadal variations in the strength ofENSOteleconnections with precipitation in the western United States. Int. J. Climatol., 19, 8847-8850.
    • (1999) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.19 , pp. 8847-8850
    • McCabe, G.J.1    Dettinger, M.D.2
  • 49
    • 0033548168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis and evolution of the 1997/98 El Niño
    • McPhaden, M. J., 1999: Genesis and evolution of the 1997/98 El Niño. Science, 283, 950-954.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 950-954
    • McPhaden, M.J.1
  • 50
    • 0037034026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean
    • McPhaden, M. J., and D. Zhang, 2002: Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature, 415, 603-608.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 603-608
    • McPhaden, M.J.1    Zhang, D.2
  • 51
    • 35148840958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-model changes in El Niño teleconnections over North America in a future warmer climate
    • doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0268-3
    • Meehl, G. A., and H. Teng, 2007: Multi-model changes in El Niño teleconnections over North America in a future warmer climate. Climate Dyn., 29, 779-790, doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0268-3.
    • (2007) Climate Dyn. , vol.29 , pp. 779-790
    • Meehl, G.A.1    Teng, H.2
  • 52
    • 33645306256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future changes of El Niño in two global coupled climate models
    • doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0098-0
    • Meehl, G. A., H. Teng, and G. Branstator, 2006: Future changes of El Niño in two global coupled climate models. Climate Dyn., 26, 549-566, doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0098-0.
    • (2006) Climate Dyn. , vol.26 , pp. 549-566
    • Meehl, G.A.1    Teng, H.2    Branstator, G.3
  • 53
    • 37349019708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current and future U. S. weather extremes and El Niño
    • doi:10.1029/2007GL031027
    • Meehl, G. A., C. Tebaldi, H. Teng, and T. C. Peterson, 2007: Current and future U. S. weather extremes and El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20704, doi:10.1029/2007GL031027.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Meehl, G.A.1    Tebaldi, C.2    Teng, H.3    Peterson, T.C.4
  • 54
    • 33646380970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 doubling in a multimodel ensemble
    • 2 doubling in a multimodel ensemble. J. Climate, 19, 4009-4027.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 4009-4027
    • Merryfield, W.J.1
  • 55
    • 0036626417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño's tropical climate and teleconnections as a blueprint for pre-Ice Age climates
    • doi:10.1029/2001PA000663
    • Molnar, P., and M. A. Cane, 2002: El Niño's tropical climate and teleconnections as a blueprint for pre-Ice Age climates. Paleoceanography, 17, doi:10.1029/2001PA000663.
    • (2002) Paleoceanography
    • Molnar, P.1    Cane, M.A.2
  • 56
    • 50649094864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Pliocene (pre-Ice Age) El Niño-like global climate: Which El Niño?
    • doi:10.1130/GES00103.1
    • Molnar, P., and M. A. Cane, 2007: Early Pliocene (pre-Ice Age) El Niño-like global climate: Which El Niño? Geosphere, 3, 337-365, doi:10.1130/GES00103.1.
    • (2007) Geosphere , vol.3 , pp. 337-365
    • Molnar, P.1    Cane, M.A.2
  • 58
    • 76749096338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment
    • Moss, R., and Coauthors, 2010: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747-756.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.463 , pp. 747-756
    • Moss, R.1
  • 60
    • 0026465356 scopus 로고
    • Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models
    • Neelin, J. D., and Coauthors, 1992: Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 73-104.
    • (1992) Climate Dyn. , vol.7 , pp. 73-104
    • Neelin, J.D.1
  • 61
    • 78649304304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymmetry in the duration of El Niño and La Niña
    • Okumura, Y., and C. Deser, 2010: Asymmetry in the duration of El Niño and La Niña. J. Climate, 23, 5826-5843.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 5826-5843
    • Okumura, Y.1    Deser, C.2
  • 62
    • 33746418902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming
    • doi:10.1029/2006GL026196
    • Philip, S., and G. van Oldenborgh, 2006: Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11704, doi:10.1029/2006GL026196.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.33
    • Philip, S.1    van Oldenborgh, G.2
  • 63
    • 77952881852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric properties of ENSO: Models versus observations
    • Philip, S., and G. van Oldenborgh, 2010: Atmospheric properties of ENSO: Models versus observations. Climate Dyn., 34, 1073-1091.
    • (2010) Climate Dyn. , vol.34 , pp. 1073-1091
    • Philip, S.1    van Oldenborgh, G.2
  • 64
    • 0032848620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia
    • Power, S., T. Casey, C. Folland, A. Colman, and V. Mehta, 1999: Interdecadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia. Climate Dyn., 15, 319-324.
    • (1999) Climate Dyn. , vol.15 , pp. 319-324
    • Power, S.1    Casey, T.2    Folland, C.3    Colman, A.4    Mehta, V.5
  • 65
    • 33750263753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The predictability of interdecadal changes in ENSO activity and ENSO teleconnections
    • Power, S., M. Haylock, R. Colman, and X. Wang, 2006: The predictability of interdecadal changes in ENSO activity and ENSO teleconnections. J. Climate, 19, 4755-4771.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 4755-4771
    • Power, S.1    Haylock, M.2    Colman, R.3    Wang, X.4
  • 66
    • 70349778649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water supply risk on the Colorado River: Can management mitigate? Water Resour
    • doi:10.1029/2008WR007652
    • Rajagopalan, B., K. Nowak, J. Prairie, M. Hoerling, B. Harding, J. Barsugli, A. Ray, and B. Udall, 2009: Water supply risk on the Colorado River: Can management mitigate? Water Resour. Res., 45, W08201, doi:10.1029/2008WR007652.
    • (2009) Res. , vol.45
    • Rajagopalan, B.1    Nowak, K.2    Prairie, J.3    Hoerling, M.4    Harding, B.5    Barsugli, J.6    Ray, A.7    Udall, B.8
  • 67
    • 34547836234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scenarios of longterm socio-economic and environmental development under climate stabilization
    • Riahi, K., A. Grubler, and N. Nakicenovic, 2007: Scenarios of longterm socio-economic and environmental development under climate stabilization. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 74, 887-935.
    • (2007) Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change , vol.74 , pp. 887-935
    • Riahi, K.1    Grubler, A.2    Nakicenovic, N.3
  • 68
    • 44449134118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of convective momentum transport on the atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model
    • Richter, J. H., and P. J. Rasch, 2008: Effects of convective momentum transport on the atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 21, 1487-1499.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 1487-1499
    • Richter, J.H.1    Rasch, P.J.2
  • 69
    • 37349029347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The turn of the century North American drought: Global context, dynamics, and past analogs
    • Seager, R., 2007: The turn of the century North American drought: Global context, dynamics, and past analogs. J. Climate, 20, 5527-5552.
    • (2007) J. Climate , vol.20 , pp. 5527-5552
    • Seager, R.1
  • 71
    • 0024250629 scopus 로고
    • Adelayed action oscillator for ENSO
    • Suarez, M. J., and P. S. Schopf, 1988: Adelayed action oscillator for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 3283-3287
    • Suarez, M.J.1    Schopf, P.S.2
  • 73
    • 0041619708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible effect of an increase in the warm-pool SST on the magnitude of El Niño warming
    • Sun, D.-Z., 2003: A possible effect of an increase in the warm-pool SST on the magnitude of El Niño warming. J. Climate, 16, 185-205.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 185-205
    • Sun, D.-Z.1
  • 74
    • 0035866103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A linear stochastic dynamical model of ENSO. Part II: Analysis
    • Thompson, C. J., and D. S. Battisti, 2001: A linear stochastic dynamical model of ENSO. Part II: Analysis. J. Climate, 14, 445-466.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 445-466
    • Thompson, C.J.1    Battisti, D.S.2
  • 75
    • 0033594511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming
    • Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Esch, M. Latif, and E. Roeckner, 1999: Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 398, 694-697.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 694-697
    • Timmermann, A.1    Oberhuber, J.2    Bacher, A.3    Esch, M.4    Latif, M.5    Roeckner, E.6
  • 76
    • 1542680533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A practical guide to wavelet analysis
    • Torrence, C., and G. Compo, 1998: A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 61-78.
    • (1998) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 61-78
    • Torrence, C.1    Compo, G.2
  • 77
    • 0028580006 scopus 로고
    • Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific
    • Trenberth, K., and J. W. Hurrell, 1994: Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dyn., 9, 303-319.
    • (1994) Climate Dyn. , vol.9
    • Trenberth, K.1    Hurrell, J.W.2
  • 79
    • 53649086637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved parameterization for simulating Arctic cloud amount in the CCSM3 climate model
    • Vavrus, S., and D. Waliser, 2008: An improved parameterization for simulating Arctic cloud amount in the CCSM3 climate model. J. Climate, 21, 5673-5687.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 5673-5687
    • Vavrus, S.1    Waliser, D.2
  • 80
    • 33846877118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation
    • Vecchi, G., and B. Soden, 2007: Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation. J. Climate, 20, 4316-4340.
    • (2007) J. Climate , vol.20 , pp. 4316-4340
    • Vecchi, G.1    Soden, B.2
  • 81
    • 79951908748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño and our future climate: Where do we stand? Wiley Interdiscip
    • Vecchi, G., and A. Wittenberg, 2010: El Niño and our future climate: Where do we stand? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 1, 260-270.
    • (2010) Rev.: Climate Change , vol.1 , pp. 260-270
    • Vecchi, G.1    Wittenberg, A.2
  • 82
    • 0035475832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why the properties of El Niño changed during the late 1970s
    • Wang, B., and S.-I. An, 2001: Why the properties of El Niño changed during the late 1970s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3709-3712.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 3709-3712
    • Wang, B.1    An, S.-I.2
  • 83
    • 24944490732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding ENSO physics-A review
    • Geophys. Monogr., Amer. Geophys. Union
    • Wang, C., and J. Picaut, 2004: Understanding ENSO physics-A review. Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 405, Amer. Geophys. Union, 21-48.
    • (2004) Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction , vol.405 , pp. 21-48
    • Wang, C.1    Picaut, J.2
  • 84
    • 0031126522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Awestern Pacific oscillator paradigm for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation
    • Weisberg, R. H., and C. H. Wang, 1997: Awestern Pacific oscillator paradigm for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 779-782.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 779-782
    • Weisberg, R.H.1    Wang, C.H.2
  • 85
    • 68749100686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations? Geophys
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL038710
    • Wittenberg, A. T., 2009: Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations? Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12702, doi:10.1029/2009GL038710.
    • (2009) Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Wittenberg, A.T.1
  • 86
    • 77952152923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall
    • Xie, S.-P., C. Deser, G. Vecchi, J. Ma, H. Teng, and A. Wittenberg, 2010: Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall. J. Climate, 23, 966-986.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 966-986
    • Xie, S.-P.1    Deser, C.2    Vecchi, G.3    Ma, J.4    Teng, H.5    Wittenberg, A.6
  • 89
    • 67651235920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking the Pacific Meridional Mode to ENSO: Coupled model analysis
    • Zhang, L., P. Chang, and L. Ji, 2009: Linking the Pacific Meridional Mode to ENSO: Coupled model analysis. J. Climate, 22, 3488-3505.
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 3488-3505
    • Zhang, L.1    Chang, P.2    Ji, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.