Women in orthopaedics - Way behind the number curve

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 94, Issue 5, 2012, Pages

  Lewis, Valerae Olive ^a   Scherl, Susan A ^b   O'Connor, Mary I ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b Children's Hospital Omaha   (United States)

^c MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEMALE; GENDER BIAS; HUMAN; JOB SATISFACTION; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; OPERATING ROOM; ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDENCY EDUCATION; REVIEW; SPECIALIZATION; UNIVERSITY;

EID: 84858592907     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: 15351386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01408     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. AAMC. Diversity in medical education: facts and figures. AAMC Data Warehouse; 2008.
2. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic practice and medical income in the U.S. 2008. AAOS Department of Research and Scientific Affairs. June 2009.
3. Saalwachter AR, Freischlag JA, Sawyer RG, Sanfey HA. The training needs and priorities of male and female surgeons and their trainees. J AmColl Surg. 2005;201: 199-205. (Pubitemid 40994952)
4. Neumayer L, Freischlag J, Levinson W. Demographics of today's woman surgeon. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1994;79:28-33.
5. Neumayer L, Kaiser S, Anderson K, Barney L, Curet M, Jacobs D, Lynch T, Gazak C. Perceptions of women medical students and their influence on career choice. Am J Surg. 2002;183:146-50. (Pubitemid 34246426)
6. AAMC. What you don't know: the science of unconscious bias and what to do about it in the search and recruitment process. E-Learning Seminar. 1995- 2010.
7. Morahan PS, Voytko ML, Abbuhl S, Means LJ, Wara DW, Thorson J, Cotsonas CE. Ensuring the success of women faculty at AMCs: lessons learned from the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. Acad Med. 2001;76:19-31. (Pubitemid 32066596)
8. Projections of the population by selected age groups and sex for the United States. 2010 to 2050. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/projectionsagesex. html. Accessed 2011 Dec 23.
9. Department of Research and Scientific Affairs. 1998-2009 resident diversity survey report.May 14, 2010. Rosemont, Illinois: American Academy ofOrthopaedic Surgeons. www3.aaos.org/about/diversity/pdfs/resident-trend.pdf. Accessed 2011 Dec 23.
10. Blakemore LC, Hall JM, Biermann JS. Women in surgical residency training programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:2477-80. (Pubitemid 37499663)
11. Cohen JJ. What can we do about disparities? AAMC Reporter; 2005.
12. Table 39: Residency applicants of U.S. medical schools by specialty and sex, 2010. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/download/151890/data/table39usscherasspecialtybysex2010bb. pdf. Accessed 2011 Dec 23.
13. Hariri S, York SC, O'Connor MI, Parsley BS, McCarthy JC. Career plans of current orthopaedic residents with a focus on sex-based and generational differences. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:e16.
14. Templeton K, Wood VJ, Haynes R. Women and minorities in orthopaedic residency programs. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15 Suppl 1:S37-41.
15. Freedman KB, Bernstein J. The adequacy of medical school education in musculoskeletal medicine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:1421-7. (Pubitemid 28503256)
16. Freedman KB, Bernstein J. Educational deficiencies in musculoskeletal medicine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:604-8.
17. Bernstein J, DiCaprio MR, Mehta S. The relationship between required medical school instruction in musculoskeletal medicine and application rates to orthopaedic surgery residency programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:2335-8. (Pubitemid 39349974)
18. Baxter N, Cohen R, McLeod R. The impact of gender on the choice of surgery as a career. Am J Surg. 1996;172:373-6. (Pubitemid 26346954)
19. Mayer KL, Perez RV, Ho HS. Factors affecting choice of surgical residency training program. J Surg Res. 2001;98:71-5. (Pubitemid 32548070)
20. Dorsey ER, Jarjoura D, Rutecki GW. The influence of controllable lifestyle and sex on the specialty choices of graduating U.S. medical students, 1996-2003. Acad Med. 2005;80:791-6. (Pubitemid 41232907)
21. McCord JH, McDonald R, Leverson G, Mahvi DM, Rikkers LF, Chen HC, Weber SM. Motivation to pursue surgical subspecialty training: is there a gender difference? J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:698-703. (Pubitemid 47615493)
22. Dorsey ER, Jarjoura D, Rutecki GW. Influence of controllable lifestyle on recent trends in specialty choice by US medical students. JAMA. 2003;290:1173-8. (Pubitemid 37430422)
23. Porucznik M. Where are the women orthopaedists? AAOS Now. 2008;2.
24. Yedidia MJ, Bickel J. Why aren't there more women leaders in academic medicine? The views of clinical department chairs. Acad Med. 2001;76:453-65. (Pubitemid 32417330)
25. De Angelis CD. Women in academic medicine: new insights, same sad news. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:426-7. (Pubitemid 30084544)
26. Reckelhoff JF. How to choose a mentor. Physiologist. 2008;51:152-4.
27. McCord JH, McDonald R, Sippel RS, Leverson G, Mahvi DM, Weber SM. Surgical career choices: the vital impact of mentoring. J Surg Res. 2009;155:136-41.
28. Pellegrini VD Jr. Mentoring during residency education: a unique challenge for the surgeon? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;449:143-8.
29. Scherl SA, Lively N, Simon MA. Initial review of Electronic Residency Application Service charts by orthopaedic residency faculty members. Does applicant gender matter? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:65-70. (Pubitemid 32116109)
30. Zhuge Y, Kaufman J, Simeone DM, Chen H, Velazquez OC. Is there still a glass ceiling for women in academic surgery? Ann Surg. 2011;253:637-43.
31. Tesch BJ, Wood HM, Helwig AL, Nattinger AB. Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine. Glass ceiling or sticky floor? JAMA. 1995;273:1022-5.
32. Jagsi R, Guancial EA, Worobey CC, Henault LE, Chang Y, Starr R, Tarbell NJ, Hylek EM. The "gender gap" in authorship of academic medical literature - a 35-year perspective. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:281-7. (Pubitemid 44079342)
33. Bickel J. Women in academic medicine. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000;55: 10-2, 19.
34. Wright AL, Schwindt LA, Bassford TL, Reyna VF, Shisslak CM, St Germain PA, Reed KL. Gender differences in academic advancement: patterns, causes, and potential solutions in one US College of Medicine. Acad Med. 2003;78:500-8. (Pubitemid 36576268)
35. Eagly AH, Johannesen-Schmidt MC, van Engen ML. Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:569-91. (Pubitemid 37189323)
36. Tosi LL, Mankin HJ. Ensuring the success of women in academic orthopaedics. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;356:254-63. (Pubitemid 29019496)
37. National Institutes of Health Revitalization Amendment. US Congress. 103-43. Washington, D.C; 1993.
38. Franconi F, Brunelleschi S, Steardo L, Cuomo V. Gender differences in drug responses. Pharmacol Res. 2007;55:81-95. (Pubitemid 46186037)
39. Oertelt-Prigione S, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Gender aspects in cardiovascular pharmacology. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2009;2:258-66.
40. Nguyen ND, Ahlborg HG, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Residual lifetime risk of fractures in women and men. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:781-8. (Pubitemid 351339737)
41. Binkley N. A perspective on male osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2009;23:755-68.
42. Orwig DL, Chan J, Magaziner J. Hip fracture and its consequences: differences between men and women. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006;37:611-22. (Pubitemid 44820262)
43. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, Applegate WB, Barrett-Connor E, Musliner TA, Palermo L, Prineas R, Rubin SM, Scott JC, Vogt T, Wallace R, Yates AJ, LaCroix AZ. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077-82.
44. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Glüer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282:637-45. (Pubitemid 29384151)
45. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Lakatos P, Leung PC, Man Z, Mautalen C, Mesenbrink P, Hu H, Caminis J, Tong K, Rosario-Jansen T, Krasnow J, Hue TF, Sellmeyer D, Eriksen EF, Cummings SR; HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809-22. (Pubitemid 46698462)
46. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, Delmas P, Zoog HB, AustinM, Wang A, Kutilek S, Adami S, Zanchetta J, Libanati C, Siddhanti S, Christiansen C; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756-65.
47. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Risedronate sodium therapy for prevention of hip fracture in men 65 years or older after stroke. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1743-8. (Pubitemid 41138962)
48. Ringe JD, Faber H, Farahmand P, Dorst A. Efficacy of risedronate in men with primary and secondary osteoporosis: results of a 1-year study. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26:427-31.
49. Fiske ST, Taylor SE. Social cognition. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1991.
50. Vedantam S. The hidden brain: how our unconscious minds elect presidents, control markets, wage wars, and save our lives. New York: Speifel and Grau; 2010.
51. de Becker G. The gift of fear. New York City: Dell Publishers; 1997.
52. Heilman ME, Okimoto TG. Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit. J Appl Psychol. 2007;92:81-92.
53. Trix F, Psenka C. Exploring the color of glass: letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse Soc. 2003;14:191-220.
54. Steinpreis R, Anders K, Ritzke D. The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: a national empirical study. Sex Roles. 1999;41:509-28.
55. Scherl SA, Lively N, Simon MA. Initial review of Electronic Residency Application Service charts by orthopaedic residency faculty members. Does applicant gender matter? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:65-70. (Pubitemid 32116109)
56. Bombardieri, M. (2005, January 17). Summers' remarks on women draw fire. The Boston Globe, Metro/Region section: p A.1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ boston/access/779996851.html?FMT=ABS&date=Jan+17%2C+2005. Accessed 2011 Dec 23.
57. Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering, Committee on Science Engineering and Public Policy. Beyond bias and barriers: fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2007.
58. Wai J, Cacchio M, Putallaz M, Makel MC. Sex differences in the right tail of cognitive abilities: a 30 year examination. Intelligence. 2010;38:412-23.
59. Hill C, Corbett C, St. Rose A. Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Washington D.C.: AAUW; 2010. p 8-11.
60. Borkhoff CM, Hawker GA, Kreder HJ, Glazier RH, Mahomed NN, Wright JG. The effect of patients' sex on physicians' recommendations for total knee arthroplasty. CMAJ. 2008;178:681-7. (Pubitemid 351441469)
61. Borkhoff CM, Hawker GA, Kreder HJ, Glazier RH, Mahomed NN, Wright JG. Patients' gender affected physicians' clinical decisions when presented with standardized patients but not for matching paper patients. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62:527-41.
62. Goldin C, Rouse C. Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of 'blind' auditions of female musicians. Am Econ Rev. 2000;90:715-41.
63. Williams TE Jr, Satiani B, Thomas A, Ellison EC. The impending shortage and the estimated cost of training the future surgical workforce. Ann Surg. 2009;250: 590-7.