Actions of estrogens and endocrine disrupting chemicals on human prostate stem/progenitor cells and prostate cancer risk

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Volumn 354, Issue 1-2, 2012, Pages 63-73

  Hu, Wen Yang ^a   Shi, Guang Bin ^a   Hu, Dan Ping ^a   Nelles, Jason L ^a   Prins, Gail S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Endocrine disruptors; Estrogen; Prostate cancer; Prostate progenitor cells; Prostate stem cells

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE; STEROID;

AGING; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER MODEL; CANCER RISK; CANCER STEM CELL; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL POPULATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL RENEWAL; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMICAL INTERACTION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STEM CELL; TARGET CELL;

ANIMALS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; ESTROGENS; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84858281980     PISSN: 03037207     EISSN: 18728057     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.032     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Alavanja M.C., Samanic C., Dosemeci M., Lubin J., Tarone R., Lynch C.F., Knott C., Thomas K., Hoppin J.A., Barker J., Coble J., Sandler D.P., Blair A. Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 157:800-814.
2. Aronson K.J., Wilson J.W., Hamel M., Diarsvitri W., Fan W., Woolcott C., Heaton J.P., Nickel J.C., Macneily A., Morales A. Plasma organochlorine levels and prostate cancer risk. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2010, 20:434-445.
3. Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Liu J., Webber M.M., Waalkes M.P. Estrogen signaling and disruption of androgen metabolism in acquired androgen-independence during cadmium carcinogenesis in human prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2007, 67:135-145.
4. Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Waalkes M.P. Inorganic arsenic and human prostate cancer. Environ. Health Prospect. 2008, 116:158-164.
5. Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Webber M.M., Waalkes M.P. Mechanisms of acquired androgen independence during arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:2.
6. Bisson I., Prowse D.M. Wnt signaling regulates self-renewal and differentiation of prostate cancer cells with stem cell characteristics. Cell Res. 2009, 19:683-697.
7. Bosland M.C. Chemical and hormonal induction of prostate cancer in animal models. Urol. Oncol. 1996, 2:103-110.
8. Brown M.D., Gilmore P.E., Hart C.A., Samuel J.D., Ramani V.A., George N.J., Clarke N.W. Characterization of benign and malignant prostate epithelial Hoechst 33342 side populations. Prostate 2007, 67:1384-1396.
9. Burger P.E., Xiong X., Coetzee S., Salm S.N., Moscatelli D., Goto K., Wilson E.L. Sca-1 expression identifies stem cells in the proximal region of prostatic ducts with high capacity to reconstitute prostatic tissue. PNAS 2005, 102:180-185.
10. Calafat A.M., Weuve J., Ye X., Jia L.T., Hu H., Ringer S., Huttner K., Hauser R. Exposure to bisphenol A and other phenols in neonatal intensive care unit premature infants. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:639-644.
11. Calafat A.M., Ye X., Wong L.Y., Reidy J.A., Needham L.L. Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004. Environ. Health Prospect. 2008, 116:39-44.
12. Charles L.E., Loomis D., Shy C.M., Newman B., Millikan R., Nylander-French L.A., Couper D. Electromagnetic fields, polychlorinated biphenyls, and prostate cancer mortality in electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 157:683-691.
13. Chen C.J., Kuo T., Wu M. Arsenic and cancers. Lancet 1988, 1:414-415.
14. Cheng A.S., Culhane A.C., Chan M.W., Venkataramu C.R., Ehrich M., Nasir A., Rodriguez B.A., Liu J., Yan P.S., Quackenbush J., Nephew K.P., Yeatman T.J., Huang T.H. Epithelial progeny of estrogen-exposed breast progenitor cells display a cancer-like methylome. Cancer Res. 2008, 68:1786-1796.
15. Collins A.T., Habib F.K., Maitland N.J., Neal D.E. Identification and isolation of human prostate epithelial stem cells based on alpha(2)beta(1)-integrin expression. J. Cell Sci. 2001, 114:3865-3872.
16. Davey J.C., Bodwell J.E., Gosse J.A., Hamilton J. Arsenic as an endocrine disruptor: effects of arsenic on estrogen receptor-mediated gene expression in vivo and in cell culture. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 98:75-86.
17. De Marzo A., Nelson W., Meeker A., Coffey D. Stem cell features of benign and malignant prostate epithelial cells. J. Urol. 1998, 160:2381-2392.
18. Ding X.W., Wu J.H., Jiang C.P. ABCG2: a potential marker of stem cells and novel target in stem cell and cancer therapy. Life Sci. 2010, 86:631-637.
19. Dodds E.C., Lawson W. Synthetic oestrogenic agents without phenanthrene nucleus. Nature 1936, 137:996-997.
20. Dolle P., Ruberte E., Leory P., Morriss-Kay G., Chambon P. Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins I. A systematic study of their differential pattern of transcription during mouse organogenesis. Development 1990, 110:1133-1151.
21. Eddington A.N., Ritter L. Predicting plasma concentrations of bisphenol A in children younger than 2years of age after typical feeding schedules, using a physiologically based toxicokinetic model. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:645-652.
22. Egeland G.M., Sweeney M.H., Fingerhut M.A., Wille K.K., Schnorr T.M., Halperin W.E. Total serum testosterone and gonadotropins in workers exposed to dioxin. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 139:272-281.
23. Eisenberger M.A., Blumenstein B.A., Crawford E.D., Miller G., McLeod D.G., Loehrer P.J., Wilding G., Sears K., Culkin D.J., Thompson I.M., Bueschen A.J., Lowe B.A. Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339:1036-1042.
24. Ellem S.J., Risbridger G.P. Treating prostate cancer: a rationale for targeting local oestrogens. Nat. Rev. 2007, 7:621-627.
25. Foran C.M., Peterson B.N., Benson W.H. Transgenerational and developmental exposure of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to ethinylestradiol results in endocrine and reproductive differences in the response to ethinylestradiol as adults. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 68:389-402.
26. Fouse S.D., Shen Y., Pellegrini M., Cole S., Meissner A., Van Neste L., Jaenisch R., Fan G. Promoter CpG methylation contributes to ES cell gene regulation in parallel with Oct4/Nanog, PcG complex, and histone H3 K4/K27 trimethylation. Cell Stem Cell 2008, 2:160-169.
27. Garraway I.P., Sun W., Tran C.P., Perner S., Zhang B., Goldstein A.S., Hahm S.A., Haider M., Head C.S., Reiter R.E., Rubin M.A., Witte O.N. Human prostate sphere-forming cells represent a subset of basal epithelial cells capable of glandular regeneration in vivo. Prostate 2010, 70:491-501.
28. Garraway L.A., Lin D., Signoretti S., Waltregny D., Dilks J., Bhattacharya N., Loda M. Intermediate basal cells of the prostate: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Prostate 2003, 55:206-218.
29. Goldstein A.S., Huang J., Guo C., Garraway I.P., Witte O.N. Identification of a cell of origin for human prostate cancer. Science 2010, 329:568-571.
30. Goldstein A.S., Lawson D.A., Cheng D., Sun W., Garraway I.P., Witte O.N. Trop2 identifies a subpopulation of murine and human prostate basal cells with stem cell characteristics. PNAS 2008, 105:20882-20887.
31. Goodell M.A., Brose K., Paradis G., Conner A.S., Mulligan R.C. Isolation and functional properties of murine hematopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 183:1797-1806.
32. Gu G., Yuan J., Wills M., Kasper S. Prostate cancer cells with stem cell characteristics reconstitute the original human tumor in vivo. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:4708-4715.
33. Gupta A., Ketchum N., Roehrborn C.G., Schecter A., Aragaki C.C., Michalek J.E. Serum dioxin, testosterone, and subsequent risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective cohort study of Air Force veterans. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1649-1654.
34. Gupta A., Schecter A., Aragaki C.C., Roehrborn C.G. Dioxin exposure and benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 48:708-714.
35. Hardell L., Andersson S.O., Carlberg M., Bohr L., van Bavel B., Lindström G., Björnfoth H., Ginman C. Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the risk of prostate cancer. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 48:700-707.
36. Heindel J.J. The fetal basis of adult disease: role of environmental exposures-introduction. Birth Defects Res., Part A: Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2005, 73:131-132.
37. Henderson B., Ross R., Pike M., Casagrande J. Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. Cancer Res. 1982, 42:3232-3239.
38. Henderson B.E., Bernstein L., Ross R.K., Depue R.H., Judd H.L. The early in utero oestrogen and testosterone environment of blacks and whites: potential effects on male offspring. Br. J. Cancer 1988, 57:216-218.
39. Ho S.M., Tang W.Y., Belmonte J., Prins G.S. Developmental exposure estradiol and bisphenol A (BPA) increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant (PDE4D4) in the rat prostate. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:5624-5632.
40. Hu W.Y., Shi G.B., Lam H.M., Hu D.P., Ho S.M., Madueke I.C., Kajdacsy-Balla A., Prins G.S. Estrogen-initiated transformation of prostate epithelium derived from normal human prostate stem-progenitor cells. Endocrinology 2011, 152:2150-2163.
41. Hudson D.L. Prostate epithelial stem cell culture. Cytotechnology 2003, 41:189-196.
42. Huff J., Lunn R.M., Waalkes M.P., Tomatis L., Infante P.F. Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 2007, 13:202-212.
43. Huggins C., Hodges C.F. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen, and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1941, 1:293-297.
44. Huss J.J., Lai L., Barrios R.J., Hirschi K.K., Greenberg N.M. Retinoic acid slows progression and promotes apoptosis of spontaneous prostate cancer. Prostate 2004, 61:142-152.
45. Isaacs, J.T., Barrack, E.R., Isaacs, W.B., Coffey, D.S., 1981. The relationship of cellular structure and function: the matrix system, The Prostatic Cell: Structure and Function. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, Part A, pp.1-24.
46. Jacob A., Budhiraja S., Qian X., Clevidence D., Costa R.H., Reichel R.R. Retinoic acid-mediated activation of HNF-3a during EC stem cell differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22:2126-2133.
47. Jemal A., Siegel R., Xu J., Ward E. Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2010, 60:277-300.
48. Kasper S. Exploring the origins of the normal prostate and prostate cancer stem cell. Stem Cell Rev. 2008, 4:193-201.
49. Kasper S. Identification, characterization, and biological relevance of prostate cancer stem cells from clinical specimens. Urol. Oncol. 2009, 27:301-303.
50. Kaufman J.M., Vermeulen A. The decline of androgen levels in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic implications. Endocr. Rev. 2005, 26:833-876.
51. Keri R., Ho S.M., Hunt P.A., Knudsen K.E., Soto A.M., Prins G.S. An evaluation of evidence for the carcinogenic activity of bisphenol A: report of NIEHS expert panel on BPA. Reprod. Toxicol. 2007, 24:240-252.
52. Kester M.H., Bulduk S., Tibboel D., Meinl W., Glatt H., Falany C.N., Coughtrie M.W., Bergman A., Safe S.H., Kuiper G.G., Schuur A.G., Brouwer A., Visser T. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated PCB metabolites: a novel pathway explaining the estrogenic activity of PCBs. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1897-1900.
53. Kester M.H., Bulduk S., van Toor H., Tibboel D., Meinl W., Glatt H., Falany C.N., Coughtrie M.W., Schuur A.G., Brouwer A., Visser T.J. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:1142-1150.
54. Kuiper G.G., Lemmen J.G., Carlsson B., Corton J.C., Safe S.H., van der Saag P.T., van der Burg B., Gustafsson J.A. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4252-4263.
55. Kuroda M., Oikawa K., Ohbayashi T., Yoshida K., Yamada K., Mimura J., Matsuda Y., Fujii-Kuriyama Y., Mukai K. A dioxin sensitive gene, mammalian WAPL, is implicated in spermatogenesis. FEBS Lett. 2005, 579:167-172.
56. Kuroda N., Kinoshita Y., Sun Y., Wada M., Kishikawa N., Nakashima K., Makino T., Nakazawa H. Measurement of bisphenol A levels in human blood serum and ascitic fluid by HPLC using a fluorescent labeling reagent. J. Pharm. Biol. Anal. 2003, 30:1743-1749.
57. Lang S.H., Stark M., Collins A., Paul A.P., Stower M.J., Maitland N.J. Experimental prostate morphogenesis in response to stroma and three dimensional matrigel culture. Cell Growth Differ. 2001, 12:631-640.
58. Lawson D.A., Witte O.N. Stem cells in prostate cancer initiation and progression. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:2044-2050.
59. Lawson D.A., Zong Y., Memarzadeh S., Xin L., Huang J., Witte O.N. Basal epithelial stem cells are efficient targets for prostate cancer initiation. PNAS 2010, 107:2610-2615.
60. Lee Y.J., Ryu H.Y., Kim H.K., Min C.S., Lee J.H., Kim E., Nam B.H., Park J.H., Jung J.Y., Jang D.D., Park E.Y., Lee K.H., Ma J.Y., Won H.S., Im M.W., Leem J.H., Hong Y.C., Yoon H.S. Maternal and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in Korea. Reprod. Toxicol. 2008, 25:413-419.
61. Lemmen J.G., Arends R.J., van der Saag P.T., van der Burg B. In vivo imaging of activated estrogen receptors in utero by estrogens and bisphenol A. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1544-1549.
62. Leong K.G., Wang B.E., Johnson L., Gao W.Q. Generation of a prostate from a single cell. Nature 2008, 456:804-808.
63. Leung Y.K., Lam H.M., Wu S., Song D., Levin L., Cheng L., Wu C.L., Ho S.M. Estrogen receptor beta2 and beta5 are associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer, and promote cancer cell migration and invasion. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2010, 17:675-689.
64. Lewis D.R., Southwick J.W., Ouellet-Hellstrom R.J.R., Calderon R. Drinking water aresenic in Utah: a cohort mortality study. Environ. Health Prospect. 1999, 107:359-365.
65. Lowsley O.S. The development of the human prostate gland with reference to the development of other structures at the neck of the urinary bladder. Am. J. Anat. 1912, 13:299-348.
66. Lukacs R.U., Goldstein A.S., Lawson D.A., Cheng D., Witte O.N. Isolation, cultivation and characterization of adult murine prostate stem cells. Nat. Protoc. 2010, 5:702-713.
67. Mahajan, R., Bonner, M.R., Hoppin, J.A. and Alavanja, M.C., 2006. Phorate exposure and incidence of cancer in the agricultural health study., Environ. Health Perspect., 8.
68. Maitland N.J., Collins A.T. Prostate cancer stem cells: a new target for therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:2862-2870.
69. Matthews J., Gustafsson J.A. Estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways. Nucl. Recept. Signal 2006, 4:e016.
70. Metallo C.M., Ji L., de Pablo J.J., Palecek S.P. Retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein signaling synergize to efficiently direct epithelial differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2008, 26:372-380.
71. Meyer T.E., Coker A.L., Sanderson M., Symanski E. A case-control study of farming and prostate cancer in African-American and Caucasian men. Occup. Environ. Med. 2007, 64:155-160.
72. Miki J., Rhim J. Prostate cell cultures as in vitro models for the study of normal stem cells and cancer stem cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2008, 11:32-39.
73. Modugno F., Weissfeld J.L.W., Trump D.L., Zmuda J.M., Shea P., Cauley J.A., Ferrell R.E. Allelic variants of aromatase and androgen and estrogen receptors: toward a multigenic model of prostate cancer risk. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7(1):3092-3096.
74. Mollard R., Shyselinck N., Wendling O., Chamson P., Mark M. Stage-dependent responses of the developing lung to retinoic acid signaling. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2000, 44:457-462.
75. Morrison H., Savitz D., Semenciw R., Hulka B., Mao Y., Morison D., Wigle D. Farming and prostate cancer mortality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1993, 137:270-280.
76. Nelles J.L., Hu W.-Y., Prins G.S. Estrogen action and prostate cancer. Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 6:437-451.
77. Newbold R.R., Padilla-Banks E., Jefferson W.N. Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations. Endocrinology 2006, 147:S11-17.
78. Parent M.E., Siemiatycki J. Occupation and prostate cancer. Epidemiol. Rev. 2001, 23:138-143.
79. Patterson D.G., Wong L.Y., Turner W.E., Caudill S.P., Dipietro E.S., McClure P.C., Cash T.P., Osterloh J.D., Pirkle J.L., Sampson E.J., Needham L.L. Levels in the U.S. population of those persistent organic pollutants (2003-2004) included in the Stockholm Convention or in other long range transboundary air pollution agreements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:1211-1218.
80. Peehl D.M. Growth of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells in vitro. Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols 2003, 41-57. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. P.J. Russell, E.A. Kingsley (Eds.).
81. Presnell S.C., Petersen B., Heidaran M. Stem cells in adult tissues. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2002, 13:369-376.
82. Prince M.M., Ruder A.M., Hein M.J., Waters M.A., Whelan E.A., Nilsen N., Ward E.M., Schnorr T.M., Laber P.A., Davis-King K.E. Mortality and exposure response among 14, 458 electrical capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1508-1514.
83. Prins G.S. Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression. Endocrinology 1992, 130:3703-3714.
84. Prins G.S. Endocrine disruptors and prostate cancer risk. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2008, 16:649-653.
85. Prins G.S., Birch L. Neonatal estrogen exposure up-regulates estrogen receptor expression in the developing and adult rat prostate lobes. Endocrinology 1997, 138:1801-1809.
86. Prins G.S. Developmental estrogenization of the prostate gland. Prostate: Basic and Clinical Aspects 1997, 247-263. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. R.K. Naz (Ed.).
87. Prins G.S., Ho S.M. Early life estrogens and prostate cancer in an animal model. J. Dev. Origins Health Dis. 2010, 1:365-370.
88. Prins G.S., Korach K.S. The role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in normal prostate growth and disease. Steroids 2008, 73:233-244.
89. Prins G.S., Birch L., Habermann H., Chang W.Y., Tebeau C., Putz O., Bieberich C. Influence of neonatal estrogens on rat prostate development. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2001, 13:241-252.
90. Prins G.S., Birch L., Tang W.Y., Ho S.M. Developmental estrogen exposures predispose to prostate carcinogenesis with aging. Reprod. Toxicol. 2007, 23:374-382.
91. Prins G.S., Tang W.Y., Belmonte J., Ho S.M. Perinatal exposure to oestradiol and bisphenol A alters the prostate epigenome and increases susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008, 102:134-138.
92. Prins G.S., Woodham C., Lepinske M., Birch L. Effects of neonatal estrogen exposure on prostatic secretory genes and their correlation with androgen receptor expression in the separate prostate lobes of the adult rat. Endocrinology 1993, 132:2387-2398.
93. Prins G.S., Ye S.H., Birch L., Ho S.M., Kannan K. Serum bisphenol A pharmacokinetics and prostatic responses following oral and subcutaneous exposures in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 2011, 31:1-9.
94. Reuben S.H., LaSalle D.L., Kripke M.L. Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What we can do now. The President's Cancer Panel 2010, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, pp. 1-147.
95. Richardson G.D., Robson C.N., Lang S.H., Neal D.E., Maitland N.J., Collins A.T. CD133, a novel marker for human prostatic epithelial stem cells. J. Cell Sci. 2003, 117:3539-3545.
96. Ricke W., Ishii K., Ricke E.A., Simko J., Wang Y., Hayward S.W., Cunha G.R. Steroid hormones stimulate human prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Int. J. Cancer 2006, 52(118):2123-2131.
97. Ritchie J.M., Vial S.L., Fuortes L.J., Guo H., Reedy V.E., Smith E.M. Organochlorines and risk of prostate cancer. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 45:692-702.
98. Schenk J.M., Riboli E., Chatterjee N., Leitzmann M.F., Ahn J., Albanes D., Reding D.J., Wang Y., Friesen M.D., Hayes R.B., Peters U. Serum retinol and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18:1227-1231.
99. Smith S., Neaves W., Teitelbaum S. Adult versus embryonic stem cells: treatments. Science 2007, 316(5830).
100. Song K.H., Lee K., Choi H.S. Endocrine disruptor bisphenol A induces orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 gene expression and steroidogenesis in mouse testicular Leydig cells. Endocrinology 2002, 143:2208-2215.
101. Steiner M.S., Pound C.R. Phase IIA clinical trial to test the efficacy and safety of Toremifene in men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin. Prostate Cancer 2003, 2:24-31.
102. Usmani K.A., Cho T.M., Rose R.L., Hodgson E. Inhibition of the human liver microsomal and human cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A4 metabolism of estradiol by deployment-related and other chemicals. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2006, 34:1606-1614.
103. Usmani K.A., Rose R.L., Hodgson E. Inhibition and activation of the human liver microsomal and human cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism of testosterone by deployment-related chemicals. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2003, 31:384-391.
104. van Leenders G., Dijkman H., Hulsbergen-van de Kaa C., Ruiter D., Schalken J. Demonstration of intermediate cells during human prostate epithelial differentiation in situ and in vitro using triple-staining confocal scanning microscopy. Lab. Invest. 2000, 80:1251-1258.
105. Van Maele-Fabry G., Libotte V., Willems J., Lison D. Review and meta-analysis of risk estimates for prostate cancer in pesticide manufacturing workers. Cancer Causes Control 2006, 17:353-373.
106. Vander Griend D.J., Karthaus W.L., Dalrymple S., Meeker A., DeMarzo A.M., Isaacs J.T. The role of CD133 in normal human prostate stem cells and malignant cancer-initiating cells. Cancer Res. 2008, 68:9703-9711.
107. Vezina C.M., Lin T.M., Peterson R.E. AHR signaling in prostate growth, morphogenesis, and disease. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2009, 77:566-576.
108. Waalkes M.P. Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2000, 79:241-244.
109. Walsh D.E., Dockery P., Doolan C.M. Estrogen receptor independent rapid non-genomic effects of environmental estrogens on [Ca2+]i in human breast cancer cells. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2005, 230:23-30.
110. Wang X., Kruithof-de Julio M., Economides K.D., Walker D., Yu H., Halili M.V., Hu Y.P., Price S.M., Abate-Shen C., Shen M.M. A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer. Nature 2009, 461:495-500.
111. Wang Y., Hayward S.W., Cao M., Thayer K., Cunha G.R. Cell differentiation lineage in the prostate. Differentiation 2001, 68:270-279.
112. Xin L., Lawson D.A., Witte O.N. The Sca-1 cell surface marker enriches for a prostate-regenerating cell subpopulation that can initiate prostate tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:6942-6947.
113. Xin L., Lukacs R.U., Lawson D.A., Cheng D., Witte O.N. Self-renewal and multilineage differentiation in vitro from murine prostate stem cells. Stem Cells 2007, 25:2760-2769.
114. Zhou S., Schuetz J.D., Bunting K.D., Colapietro A.M., Sampath J., Morris J.J., Lagutina I., Grosveld G.C., Osawa M., Nakauchi H., Sorrentino B.P. The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat. Med. 2001, 7:1028-1034.