Timing is Everything: Economic Sanctions, Regime Type, and Domestic Instability

International Interactions

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 79-110

  Major, Solomon ^a  

^a US NAVAL WAR COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

economic sanctions; Heckman selection; interaction model; regime type

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858184224     PISSN: 03050629     EISSN: 15477444     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2012.640253     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Achen, Christopher H. 1986. The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments, California: University of California Press.
3. Banks, Arthur S. (2010) Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive. Jerusalem, Israel: Databanks International. http://www.databanksinternational.com
4. Bertocchi, Graziella and Spagat, Michael. 2001. The Politics of Co-optation. Journal of Comparative Economics, 29(4): 591-607.
5. Brambor, Thomas, Clark, William R. and Golder, Matt. 2005. Understanding Interaction Models. Political Analysis, 14(1): 63-82.
6. Braumoeller, Bear F. 2005. Hypothesis Testing and Multiplicative Interaction Terms. International Organization, 58(4): 807-820.
7. Brooks, Risa. 2002. Sanctions and Regime Type: What Works, and When?. Security Studies, 11(4): 1-50.
8. Brushway, Shawn, Johnson, Brian D. and Slocum, Lee Ann. 2007. Is the Magic Still There? The Use of Heckman Two-Step Correction for Selection Bias in Criminology. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23(2): 151-178.
9. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M. and Morrow, James D. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
10. CBS/AP. (2011) Egyptian Military: 'Illegal' Strikes Can't Go On. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/18/501364/main20033455.shtml (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/18/501364/main20033455.shtml)
11. Cortright, David and Lopez, George. 2000. The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
12. Dashti-Gibson, Jaleh, Davis, Patricia and Radcliff, Benjamin. 1997. On the Determinants of the Success of Economic Sanctions: An Empirical Analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 41(2): 608-618.
13. de Maio e Su, Maria. 2006. From Soldiers to Policemen: Qadhafi's Army in the New Century. Journal of Middle Eastern Geopolitics, 2(3): 17-26.
14. By DiPaola, Anthony. (Sep. 13, 2011) Syria to Maintain Oil Output in Face of EU Sanctions, IEA Says. Bloomberg Online. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-13/syria-to-maintain-oil-output-in-face-of-eu-sanctions-iea-says.html
15. Drezner, Daniel. 1999. The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Sanctions in International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Erdbrink, Thomas and Warrick, Joby. August 31 2011. "Papers Show Gaddafi Fears of Islamists". In The Washington Post August 31, A07
17. Escribà-Folch, Abel and Wright, Joseph. 2010. Dealing with Tyranny: International Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian Rulers. International Studies Quarterly, 54(2): 335-359.
18. Fadel, Leila and Denyer, Simon. September 12 2011. "Gaddafi Son Escapes into Niger as Rebels' Fight Stalls". In The Washington Post September 12, A16
19. Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies, 40(11): 1279-1300.
20. Hart, Robert A. 2000. Democracy and the Successful Use of Economic Sanctions. Political Research Quarterly, 53(2): 267-284.
21. Heckman, James J. 1978. Dummy Endogenous Variables in a Simultaneous Equations System. Econometrica, 46(4): 931-959.
22. Heckman, James J. 1979. Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica, 47(1): 153-161.
23. Hufbauer, Gary, Schott, Jeffery, Elliot, Kimberly and Oegg, Barbara. 2007. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd, Washington, DC: The Institute for International Economics.
24. Hurd, Ian. 2005. The Strategic Use of Liberal Internationalism: Libya and the UN Sanctions, 1993-2003. International Organization, 59(3): 495-526.
25. Hyde, Susan, and Nikolay Marinov. (2010) National Elections across Democracy and Autocracy: Which Elections Can Be Lost? Working paper, Yale University. http://hyde.research.yale.edu/nelda/Hyde_Marinov_NELDA.pdf (http://hyde.research.yale.edu/nelda/Hyde_Marinov_NELDA.pdf)
26. Judkins, Benjamin. Manuscript presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association. March, Honolulu, Hawaii. Autocratic Institutions and the Success of Economic Sanctions, pp.1-5.
27. Kaempfer, William and Anton, Lowenberg. 1992. International Economic Sanctions, Boulder: Westview Press.
28. Kaempfer, William and Anton, Lowenberg. 1999. Unilateral Versus Multilateral International Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective. International Studies Quarterly, 43(1): 37-58.
29. Kaempfer, William H., Lowenberg, Anton D. and Mertens, William. 2004. International Economic Sanctions Against a Dictator. Economics & Politics, 16(1): 29-51.
30. Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders, New York: Cornell University Press.
31. Kirkpatrick, David D. and Nordland, Rod. August 31 2011. "Tripoli Divided As Rebels Jostle to Fill Power Vacuum". In The New York Times August 31,
32. Kohlmann, Even F., and Josh Lefkowski. (2007) Dossier: Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) (Al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatila). The NEFA Foundation. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefalifg1007.pdf (http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefalifg1007.pdf)
33. Krause-Jackson, Flavia, and Kate Andersen Brower. (2011) U.S. Places Aid to Egypt Under Review as Obama Urges Mubarak on Reforms. Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-28/clinton-urges-mubarak-to-seize-moment-immediately-for-egyptian-reforms.html (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-28/clinton-urges-mubarak-to-seize-moment-immediately-for-egyptian-reforms.html)
34. Kuran, Timur. 1992. "Now Out of Never". In Liberalization and Democratization, Edited by: Bermeo, Nancy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
35. Lektzain, David and Souva, Mark. 2007. An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(6): 848-871.
36. Lowenberg, Anton and Kaempfer, William. 1998. The Origins and Demise of South African Apartheid: A Public Choice Analysis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
37. Major, Solomon and Anthony, J. McGann. 2005. Caught in the Crossfire: "Innocent Bystanders" as Optimal Targets of Economic Sanctions. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(3): 337-359.
38. Marinov, Nikolay. 2005. Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders?. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3): 564-576.
39. Martin, Lisa L. 1992. Coercive Cooperation, Princeton: The Princeton University Press.
40. Marshall, Monty G., and Keith Jaggers. (2007) Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2002. Version p4v2007e. College Park, MD: Center for Systemic Peace. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/inscr.htm
41. McGillivray, Fiona and Smith, Alistair. 2000. Trust and Cooperation Through Agent-Specific Punishments. International Organization, 54(4): 809-24.
42. Morgan, T. C., Valentin Krustev, and Navin A. Bapat. (2006) Threat and Imposition of Sanctions (TIES) Data Users' Manual. http://www.unc.edu/~bapat/TIESUSERSMANUAL.pdf (http://www.unc.edu/~bapat/TIESUSERSMANUAL.pdf)
43. Morgan, T. C. and Schwebach, Valerie L. 1997. Fools Suffer Gladly: The Use of Economic Sanctions in International Crises. International Studies Quarterly, 41(1): 27-50.
44. Morrison, Kevin M. 2009. Oil, Nontax Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Stability. International Organization, 63(1): 107-138.
45. Nooruddin, Ifran. 2002. Modeling Selection Bias in Studies of Sanctions Efficacy. International Interactions, 28(1): 59-75.
46. Nordland, Rod. September 2 2011. "In Libya, Former Enemy Is Recast in Role of Ally". In The New York Times September 2,
47. Nossal, Richard K. 1999. "Liberal Democratic Regimes, International Sanctions, and Global Governance". In Globalization and Global Governance, Edited by: Vayrynen, Raimo. Baltimore: Rowman & Littlefield.
48. Noueihed, Lin. (2011) Libya's Gaddafi Ready for Ceasefire, Refuses to Leave. Reuters Africa. http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73T00Y20110430
49. Reuters. (6 May 2011) 1-EU agrees sanctions against Syrian officials. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/06/syria-eu-sanctions-idUSLDE7451RD20110506
50. Rezaian, Jason. (2010) What Went Wrong? Why did Iran's Pro-democracy Movement Stall? Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2256456/ (http://www.slate.com/id/2256456/)
51. Rowe, David M. 2001. Manipulating the Market: Understanding Economic Sanctions, Institutional Change, and the Political Unity of White Rhodesia, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
52. Singleton, Solveig and Griswold, Daniel. 1999. Economic Casualties: How U.S. Foreign Policy Undermines Trade, Growth, and Liberty, Washington, DC: The Cato Institute.
53. Stone, Andrea. (2011) Did Obama Help Oust Mubarak? AOL News. http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-resigns-did-obama-help-oust-egyptian-president/ (http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-resigns-did-obama-help-oust-egyptian-president/)
54. Sullivan, Patricia. 2007. War Aims and War Outcomes: Why Powerful States Lose Limited Wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(3): 496-524.
55. Weinthal, Benjamin, and Eric Lee. (2011) Trade Unions: The Revolutionary Social Network at Play in Egypt and Tunisia. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11792083&Itemid=347
56. White House, The. (29 April 2011). Statement by the Press Secretary on Syrian Human Rights Abuses. Washington, DC: Office of the Press Secretary. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/29/statement-press-secretary-syrian-human-rights-abuses
57. Wintrobe, Ronald. 1990. The Tinpot and the Totalitarian: An Economic Theory of Dictatorship. The American Political Science Review, 84(3): 849-872.