The challenge of NSCLC diagnosis and predictive analysis on small samples. Practical approach of a working group

Lung Cancer

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-18

  Thunnissen, Erik ^a   Kerr, Keith M ^b   Herth, Felix J F ^c   Lantuejoul, Sylvie ^d   Papotti, Mauro ^e   Rintoul, Robert C ^f   Rossi, Giulio ^g   Skov, Birgit G ^h   Weynand, Birgit ⁱ   Bubendorf, Lukas ^j   Katrien, Grünberg ^a   Johansson, Leif ^k   López Ríos, Fernando ^l   Ninane, Vincent ^m   Olszewski, Włodzimierz ⁿ   Popper, Helmut ^o   Jaume, Sauleda ^p   Schnabel, Philipp ^q   Thiberville, Luc ^r   Laenger, Florian ^s  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b ABERDEEN ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c Pneumology and Respiratory Care Medicine   (Germany)

^d INSTITUT ALBERT BONNIOT   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^f PAPWORTH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^h BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF MONT GODINNE   (Belgium)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^k LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^l Hospital Universitario Madrid   (Spain)

^m SAINT PIERRE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

ⁿ INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Poland)

^o UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^p HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SON ESPASES   (Spain)

^q UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^r ROUEN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^s HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Biopsy; Diagnosis; Immunohistochemistry; Mutation; Non small cell lung carcinoma; Pathology; Prediction; Review

Indexed keywords

CYTOKERATIN 5; CYTOKERATIN 6; CYTOKERATIN 7; DESMOCOLLIN; DISCOIDIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MUCIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN P40; PROTEIN P63; RAF PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN; THYROID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1;

ASIAN; ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY; BRONCHOSCOPY; BRONCHUS BIOPSY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CARCINOID; CAUCASIAN; CYTOLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DNA EXTRACTION; DNA SEQUENCE; ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LASER MICRODISSECTION; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG LAVAGE; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; QUALITY CONTROL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REPEAT PROCEDURE; REVIEW; SPUTUM EXAMINATION; TISSUE PREPARATION; TISSUE SECTION; TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TOILET; TRANSBRONCHIAL ASPIRATION; TRANSBRONCHIAL BIOPSY; TRANSTHORACIC ASPIRATION; TRANSTHORACIC BIOPSY; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS;

EID: 84858005348     PISSN: 01695002     EISSN: 18728332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.017     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Scagliotti G.V., Parikh P., von Pawel J., Biesma B., Vansteenkiste J., Manegold C., et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:3543-3551.
2. Johnson D.H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W.F., Herbst R.S., Nemunaitis J.J., Jablons D.M., et al. Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:2184-2191.
3. Sandler A., Gray R., Perry M.C., Brahmer J., Schiller J.H., Dowlati A., et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2542-2550.
4. Reck M., von Pawel J., Zatloukal P., Ramlau R., Gorbounova V., Hirsh V., et al. Overall survival with cisplatin-gemcitabine and bevacizumab or placebo as first-line therapy for nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised phase III trial (AVAiL). Ann Oncol 2010, 21:1804-1809.
5. Lynch T.J., Bell D.W., Sordella R., Gurubhagavatula S., Okimoto R.A., Brannigan B.W., et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2129-2139.
6. Pao W., Miller V.A., Politi K.A., Riely G.J., Somwar R., Zakowski M.F., et al. Acquired resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib is associated with a second mutation in the EGFR kinase domain. PLoS Med 2005, 2:e73.
7. Kwak E.L., Bang Y.J., Camidge D.R., Shaw A.T., Solomon B., Maki R.G., et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1693-1703.
8. Mok T.S., Wu Y.L., Thongprasert S., Yang C.H., Chu D.T., Saijo N., et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:947-957.
9. Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Muller-Hermelink K.M. Pathology and genetics: tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart 2004, IARC Press, Lyon. W.D. Travis, E. Brambilla, H.K. Müller-Hermelink, C.C. Harris (Eds.).
10. Thomas J.S., Lamb D., Ashcroft T., Corrin B., Edwards C.W., Gibbs A.R., et al. How reliable is the diagnosis of lung cancer using small biopsy specimens? Report of a UKCCCR Lung Cancer Working Party. Thorax 1993, 48:1135-1139.
11. Edwards S.L., Roberts C., McKean M.E., Cockburn J.S., Jeffrey R.R., Kerr K.M. Preoperative histological classification of primary lung cancer: accuracy of diagnosis and use of the non-small cell category. J Clin Pathol 2000, 53:537-540.
12. Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Noguchi M., Nicholson A.G., Geisinger K.R., Yatabe Y., et al. International association for the study of lung cancer/American thoracic society/European respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:244-285.
13. van der Drift M.A., van der Wilt G.J., Thunnissen F.B., Janssen J.P. A prospective study of the timing and cost-effectiveness of bronchial washing during bronchoscopy for pulmonary malignant tumors. Chest 2005, 128:394-400.
14. Fernandez-Villar A., Gonzalez A., Leiro V., Represas C., Botana M.I., Blanco P., et al. Effect of different bronchial washing sequences on diagnostic yield in endoscopically visible lung cancer. Arch Bronconeumol 2006, 42:278-282.
15. Mak V.H., Johnston I.D., Hetzel M.R., Grubb C. Value of washings and brushings at fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Thorax 1990, 45:373-376.
16. Saccomanno G., Saunders R.P., Ellis H., Archer V.E., Wood B.G., Beckler P.A. Concentration of carcinoma or atypical cells in sputum. Acta Cytol 1963, 7:305-310.
17. Pirozynski M. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of peripheral, primary lung cancer. Chest 1992, 102:372-374.
18. Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): report of the European Society of Pneumology Task Group on BAL. Eur Respir J 1990, 3:937-976.
19. Matsuda H., Suda T., Hashizume H., Yokomura K., Asada K., Suzuki K., et al. Alteration of balance between myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood of patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:1050-1054.
20. Skov B.G., Baandrup U., Jakobsen G.K., Kiss K., Krasnik M., Rossen K., et al. Cytopathologic diagnoses of fine-needle aspirations from endoscopic ultrasound of the mediastinum: reproducibility of the diagnoses and representativeness of aspirates from lymph nodes. Cancer 2007, 111:234-241.
21. Thunnissen F.B. Sputum examination for early detection of lung cancer. J Clin Pathol 2003, 56:805-810.
22. Erozan Y.S., Frost J.K. Cytopathologic diagnosis of cancer in pulmonary material: a critical histopathologic correlation. Acta Cytol 1970, 14:560-565.
23. Shure D., Fedullo P.F. Transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of submucosal and peribronchial bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1985, 88:49-51.
24. Kacar N., Tuksavul F., Edipoglu O., Ermete S., Guclu S.Z. Effectiveness of transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of exophytic endobronchial lesions and submucosal/peribronchial diseases of the lung. Lung Cancer 2005, 50:221-226.
25. Punamiya V., Mehta A., Chhajed P.N. Bronchoscopic needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and staging of lung cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2010, 6:134-141.
26. Harrow E.M., Bi-Saleh W., Blum J., Harkin T., Gasparini S., Ddrizzo-Harris D.J., et al. The utility of transbronchial needle aspiration in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:601-607.
27. Hsu L.H., Liu C.C., Ko J.S. Education and experience improve the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center. Chest 2004, 125:532-540.
28. Gu P., Zhao Y.Z., Jiang L.Y., Zhang W., Xin Y., Han B.H. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2009, 45:1389-1396.
29. Herth F.J.F., Eberhardt R., Krasnik M., Ernst A. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes in the radiologically and positron emission tomography-normal mediastinum in patients with lung cancer. Chest 2008, 133:887-891.
30. Sakairi Y., Nakajima T., Yasufuku K., Ikebe D., Kageyama H., Soda M., et al. EML4-ALK fusion gene assessment using metastatic lymph node samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:4938-4945.
31. Nakajima T., Yasufuku K. How I do it - optimal methodology for multidirectional analysis of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration samples. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:203-206.
32. Usuda J., Ichinose S., Ishizumi T., Hayashi H., Ohtani K., Maehara S., et al. Outcome of photodynamic therapy using NPe6 for bronchogenic carcinomas in central airways >1.0cm in diameter. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:2198-2204.
33. Micames C.G., McCrory D.C., Pavey D.A., Jowell P.S., Gress F.G. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for non-small cell lung cancer staging: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 2007, 131:539-548.
34. Annema J.T., van Meerbeeck J.P., Rintoul R.C., Dooms C., Deschepper E., Dekkers O.M., et al. Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010, 304:2245-2252.
35. Herth F.J.F., Krasnik M., Kahn N., Eberhardt R., Ernst A. Combined endoscopic-endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes through a single bronchoscope in 150 patients with suspected lung cancer. Chest 2010, 138:790-794.
36. Ikeda N., Hayashi A., Iwasaki K., Honda H., Tsuboi M., Usuda J., et al. Comprehensive diagnostic bronchoscopy of central type early stage lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007, 56:295-302.
37. Gellert A.R., Rudd R.M., Sinha G., Geddes D.M. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy: effect of multiple bronchial biopsies on diagnostic yield in bronchial carcinoma. Thorax 1982, 37:684-687.
38. Popovich J.J., Kvale P.A., Eichenhorn M.S., Radke J.R., Ohorodnik J.M., Fine G. Diagnostic accuracy of multiple biopsies from flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A comparison of central versus peripheral carcinoma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982, 125:521-523.
39. Coghlin C.L., Smith L.J., Bakar S., Stewart K.N., Devereux G.S., Nicolson M.C., et al. Quantitative analysis of tumor in bronchial biopsy specimens. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:448-452.
40. Baaklini W.A., Reinoso M.A., Gorin A.B., Sharafkaneh A., Manian P. Diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest 2000, 117:1049-1054.
41. Eberhardt R., Anantham D., Herth F., Feller-Kopman D., Ernst A. Electromagnetic navigation diagnostic bronchoscopy in peripheral lung lesions. Chest 2007, 131:1800-1805.
42. Ghaye B., Dondelinger R.F. Imaging guided thoracic interventions. Eur Respir J 2001, 17:507-528.
43. Laurent F., Latrabe V., Vergier B., Michel P. Percutaneous CT-guided biopsy of the lung: comparison between aspiration and automated cutting needles using a coaxial technique. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2000, 23:266-272.
44. Levine M.S., Weiss J.M., Harrell J.H., Cameron T.J., Moser K.M. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy following negative fiberoptic bronchoscopy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest 1988, 93:1152-1155.
45. Fassina A., Corradin M., Zardo D., Cappellesso R., Corbetti F., Fassan M. Role and accuracy of rapid on-site evaluation of CT-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of lung nodules. Cytopathology 2010.
46. Solomon S.B., Zakowski M.F., Pao W., Thornton R.H., Ladanyi M., Kris M.G., et al. Core needle lung biopsy specimens: adequacy for EGFR and KRAS mutational analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010, 194:266-269.
47. Cheung Y.C., Chang J.W.-C., Hsieh J.J., Lin G., Tsai Y.H. Adequacy and complications of computed tomography-guided core needle biopsy on non-small cell lung cancers for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations demonstration: 18-gauge or 20-gauge biopsy needle. Lung Cancer 2010, 67:166-169.
48. Karahalli E., Yilmaz A., Turker H., Ozvaran K. Usefulness of various diagnostic techniques during fiberoptic bronchoscopy for endoscopically visible lung cancer: should cytologic examinations be performed routinely?. Respiration 2001, 68:611-614.
49. Govert J.A., Kopita J.M., Matchar D., Kussin P.S., Samuelson W.M. Cost-effectiveness of collecting routine cytologic specimens during fiberoptic bronchoscopy for endoscopically visible lung tumor. Chest 1996, 109:451-456.
50. Lee H.S., Lee G.K., Lee H.S., Kim M.S., Lee J.M., Kim H.Y., et al. Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer: how many aspirations per target lymph node station?. Chest 2008, 134:368-374.
51. Mino-Kenudson M., Mark E.J. Reflex testing for epidermal growth factor receptor mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase fluorescence in situ hybridization in non-small cell lung cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011, 135:655-664.
52. Nonaka D. Immunohistochemical differentiation of metastatic tumours. Diagn Histopathol 2010, 16:581-592.
53. Travis W.D., Garg K., Franklin W.A., Wistuba I.I., Sabloff B., Noguchi M., et al. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma: the clinical importance and research relevance of the 2004 World Health Organization pathologic criteria. J Thorac Oncol 2006, 1:S13-S19.
54. Pelosi G., Rodriguez J., Viale G., Rosai J. Typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumor overdiagnosed as small-cell carcinoma on biopsy specimens: a major pitfall in the management of lung cancer patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:179-187.
55. Babic A., Loftin I.R., Stanislaw S., Wang M., Miller R., Warren S.M., et al. The impact of pre-analytical processing on staining quality for H&E, dual hapten, dual color in situ hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization assays. Methods 2010, 52:287-300.
56. Ibarra J.A., Rogers L.W. Fixation time does not affect expression of HER2/neu: a pilot study. Am J Clin Pathol 2010, 134:594-596.
57. McKinney M.D., Moon S.J., Kulesh D.A., Larsen T., Schoepp R.J. Detection of viral RNA from paraffin-embedded tissues after prolonged formalin fixation. J Clin Virol 2009, 44:39-42.
58. Weynand B, Borbath I, Piessevaux H, Galant C, Deprez P. Optimizing specimen collection and laboratory procedures reduces non-diagnostic rate for endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration of solid lesions of the pancreas. Cytopathology, in press.
59. Skov B.G., Kiss K., Ramsted J., Linnemann D. A technique to improve diagnostic information from fine-needle aspirations: immunohistochemistry on cytoscrape. Cancer 2009, 117:120-127.
60. da Cunha Santos G., Liu N., Tsao M.S., Kamel-Reid S., Chin K., Geddie W.R. Detection of EGFR and KRAS mutations in fine-needle aspirates stored Whateman FTA cards: is this the tool for biobanking cytological samples in the molecular era?. Cancer Cytopathol 2010, 118:450-456.
61. Tapia C., Savic S., Bihl M., Rufle A., Zlobec I., Terracciano L., et al. EGFR mutation analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer: experience from routine diagnostics. Pathologe 2009, 30:384-392.
62. Savic S., Tapia C., Grilli B., Rufle A., Bihl M.P., de Vito Barascud A., et al. Comprehensive epidermal growth factor receptor gene analysis from cytological specimens of non-small-cell lung cancers. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:154-160.
63. Thunnissen F.B., Peterse J.L., van P.R., Jansen J.W., Ladde B.E., Arends J.W., et al. Reliability of fine needle aspiration cytology for distinguishing between carcinoma, lymphoma and sarcoma; the influence of clinical information. Cytopathology 1993, 4:107-114.
64. Loo P.S., Thomas S.C., Nicolson M.C., Fyfe M.N., Kerr K.M. Subtyping of undifferentiated non-small cell carcinomas in bronchial biopsy specimens. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:442-447.
65. Travis W.D., Rekhtman N. Pathological diagnosis and classification of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology: strategic management of tissue for molecular testing. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 32:22-31.
66. Mukhopadhyay S., Katzenstein A.L. Subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinomas lacking morphologic differentiation on biopsy specimens: utility of an immunohistochemical panel containing TTF-1, napsin A, p63, and CK5/6. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:15-25.
67. Righi L., Graziano P., Fornari A., Rossi G., Barbareschi M., Cavazza A., et al. Immunohistochemical subtyping of nonsmall cell lung cancer not otherwise specified in fine-needle aspiration cytology: a retrospective study of 103 cases with surgical correlation. Cancer 2011, 117:3416-3423.
68. Rossi G., Pelosi G., Graziano P., Barbareschi M., Papotti M. A reevaluation of the clinical significance of histological subtyping of non-small-cell lung carcinoma: diagnostic algorithms in the era of personalized treatments. Int J Surg Pathol 2009, 17:206-218.
69. Terry J., Leung S., Laskin J., Leslie K.O., Gown A.M., Ionescu D.N. Optimal immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing lung adenocarcinomas from squamous cell carcinomas in small tumor samples. Am J Surg Pathol 2010, 34:1805-1811.
70. Wu M., Wang B., Gil J., Sabo E., Miller L., Gan L., et al. p63 and TTF-1 immunostaining. A useful marker panel for distinguishing small cell carcinoma of lung from poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of lung. Am J Clin Pathol 2003, 119:696-702.
71. Wu M., Szporn A.H., Zhang D., Wasserman P., Gan L., Miller L., et al. Cytology applications of p63 and TTF-1 immunostaining in differential diagnosis of lung cancers. Diagn Cytopathol 2005, 33:223-227.
72. Kalhor N., Zander D.S., Liu J. TTF-1 and p63 for distinguishing pulmonary small-cell carcinoma from poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in previously pap-stained cytologic material. Mod Pathol 2006, 19:1117-1123.
73. Zhang H., Liu J., Cagle P.T., Allen T.C., Laga A.C., Zander D.S. Distinction of pulmonary small cell carcinoma from poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical approach. Mod Pathol 2005, 18:111-118.
74. Downey P., Cummins R., Moran M., Gulmann C. If it's not CK5/6 positive, TTF-1 negative it's not a squamous cell carcinoma of lung. APMIS 2008, 116:526-529.
75. Camilo R., Capelozzi V.L., Siqueira S.A.C., Del Carlo Bernardi F. Expression of p63, keratin 5/6, keratin 7, and surfactant-A in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2006, 37:542-546.
76. Kargi A., Gurel D., Tuna B. The diagnostic value of TTF-1, CK 5/6, and p63 immunostaining in classification of lung carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007, 15:415-420.
77. Nicholson A.G., Gonzalez D., Shah P., Pynegar M.J., Deshmukh M., Rice A., et al. Refining the diagnosis and EGFR status of non-small cell lung carcinoma in biopsy and cytologic material, using a panel of mucin staining, TTF-1, cytokeratin 5/6, and P63, and EGFR mutation analysis. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:436-441.
78. Khayyata S., Yun S., Pasha T., Jian B., McGrath C., Yu G., et al. Value of P63 and CK5/6 in distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma in lung fine-needle aspiration specimens. Diagn Cytopathol 2009, 37:178-183.
79. Pelosi G., Rossi G., Bianchi F., Maisonneuve P., Galetta D., Sonzogni A., et al. Immunohistochemistry by means of widely agreed-upon markers (cytokeratins 5/6 and 7, p63, thyroid transcription factor-1, and vimentin) on small biopsies of non-small cell lung cancer effectively parallels the corresponding profiling and eventual diagnoses on surgical specimens. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:1039-1049.
80. Conde E., Angulo B., Redondo P., Toldos O., Garcia-Garcia E., Suarez-Gauthier A., et al. The use of P63 immunohistochemistry for the identification of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e12209.
81. Rossi G., Marchioni A., Milani M., Scotti R., Foroni M., Cesinaro A., et al. TTF-1, cytokeratin 7, 34betaE12, and CD56/NCAM immunostaining in the subclassification of large cell carcinomas of the lung. Am J Clin Pathol 2004, 122:884-893.
82. Kaufmann O., Dietel M. Thyroid transcription factor-1 is the superior immunohistochemical marker for pulmonary adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas compared to surfactant proteins A and B. Histopathology 2000, 36:8-16.
83. Ordonez N.G. Thyroid transcription factor-1 is a marker of lung and thyroid carcinomas. Adv Anat Pathol 2000, 7:123-127.
84. Nakamura N., Miyagi E., Murata Si., Kawaoi A., Katoh R. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in normal and neoplastic lung tissues. Mod Pathol 2002, 15:1058-1067.
85. Johansson L. Histopathologic classification of lung cancer: relevance of cytokeratin and TTF-1 immunophenotyping. Ann Diagn Pathol 2004, 8:259-267.
86. Bishop J.A., Sharma R., Illei P.B. Napsin A and thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in carcinomas of the lung, breast, pancreas, colon, kidney, thyroid, and malignant mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 2010, 41:20-25.
87. Rekhtman N., Ang D., Sima C., Travis W., Moreira A. Immunohistochemical algorithm for differentiation of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma based on large series of whole-tissue sections with validation in small specimens. Mod Pathol 2011, 24:1348-1359.
88. Kaufmann O., Fietze E., Mengs J., Dietel M. Value of p63 and cytokeratin 5/6 as immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2001, 116:823-830.
89. Pelosi G., Pasini F., Olsen Stenholm C., Pastorino U., Maisonneuve P., Sonzogni A., et al. p63 immunoreactivity in lung cancer: yet another player in the development of squamous cell carcinomas?. J Pathol 2002, 198:100-109.
90. Wang B.Y., Gil J., Kaufman D., Gan L., Kohtz D.S., Burstein D.E. P63 in pulmonary epithelium, pulmonary squamous neoplasms, and other pulmonary tumors. Hum Pathol 2002, 33:921-926.
91. Shtilbans V., Szporn A.H., Wu M., Burstein D.E. p63 immunostaining in destained bronchoscopic cytological specimens. Diagn Cytopathol 2005, 32:198-203.
92. Bishop J.A., Benjamin H., Cholakh H., Chajut A., Clark D.P., Westra W.H. Accurate classification of non-small cell lung carcinoma using a novel microRNA-based approach. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:610-619.
93. Jerome Marson V., Mazieres J., Groussard O., Garcia O., Berjaud J., Dahan M., et al. Expression of TTF-1 and cytokeratins in primary and secondary epithelial lung tumours: correlation with histological type and grade. Histopathology 2004, 45:125-134.
94. Dejmek A., Naucler P., Smedjeback A., Kato H., Maeda M., Yashima K., et al. (TA02) is a useful alternative to thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) for the identification of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells in pleural effusions. Diagn Cytopathol 2007, 35:493-497.
95. Fatima N., Cohen C., Lawson D., Siddiqui M.T. TTF-1 and Napsin A double stain: a useful marker for diagnosing lung adenocarcinoma on fine-needle aspiration cell blocks. Cancer Cytopathol 2011, 119:127-133.
96. Pirker R., Pereira J.R., Szczesna A., von Pawel J., Krzakowski M., Ramlau R., et al. Cetuximab plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (FLEX): an open-label randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2009, 373:1525-1531.
97. Pirker R., Filipits M. Monoclonal antibodies against EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011, 80:1-9.
98. McCarty K.S.J., Szabo E., Flowers J.L., Cox E.B., Leight G.S., Miller L., et al. Use of a monoclonal anti-estrogen receptor antibody in the immunohistochemical evaluation of human tumors. Cancer Res 1986, 46:4244s-4248s.
99. Ruschoff J., Dietel M., Baretton G., Arbogast S., Walch A., Monges G., et al. HER2 diagnostics in gastric cancer-guideline validation and development of standardized immunohistochemical testing. Virchows Arch 2010, 457:299-307.
100. Rekhtman N., Brandt S.M., Sigel C.S., Friedlander M.A., Riely G.J., Travis W.D., et al. Suitability of thoracic cytology for new therapeutic paradigms in non-small cell lung carcinoma: high accuracy of tumor subtyping and feasibility of EGFR and KRAS molecular testing. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:451-458.
101. Yanagita E., Imagawa N., Ohbayashi C., Itoh T. Rapid multiplex immunohistochemistry using the 4-antibody cocktail YANA-4 in differentiating primary adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011, 19:509-513.
102. Matoso A., Singh K., Jacob R., Greaves W.O., Tavares R., Noble L., et al. Comparison of thyroid transcription factor-1 expression by 2 monoclonal antibodies in pulmonary and nonpulmonary primary tumors. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010, 18:142-149.
103. Comperat E., Zhang F., Perrotin C., Molina T., Magdeleinat P., Marmey B., et al. Variable sensitivity and specificity of TTF-1 antibodies in lung metastatic adenocarcinoma of colorectal origin. Mod Pathol 2005, 18:1371-1376.
104. La Rosa S., Chiaravalli A.M., Placidi C., Papanikolaou N., Cerati M., Capella C. TTF1 expression in normal lung neuroendocrine cells and related tumors: immunohistochemical study comparing two different monoclonal antibodies. Virchows Arch 2010, 457:497-507.
105. Siami K., McCluggage W.G., Ordonez N.G., Euscher E.D., Malpica A., Sneige N., et al. Thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2007, 31:1759-1763.
106. Robens J., Goldstein L., Gown A.M., Schnitt S.J. Thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in breast carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2010, 34:1881-1885.
107. Pardo J., Martinez-Penuela A.M., Sola J.J., Panizo A., Gurpide A., Martinez-Penuela J.M., et al. Large cell carcinoma of the lung: an endangered species?. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009, 17:383-392.
108. Monica V., Ceppi P., Righi L., Tavaglione V., Volante M., Pelosi G., et al. Desmocollin-3: a new marker of squamous differentiation in undifferentiated large-cell carcinoma of the lung. Mod Pathol 2009, 22:709-717.
109. Dacic S. EGFR assays in lung cancer. Adv Anat Pathol 2008, 15:241-247.
110. van Eijk R., Licht J., Schrumpf M., Talebian Yazdi M., Ruano D., Forte G.I., et al. Rapid KRAS, EGFR, BRAF and PIK3CA mutation analysis of fine needle aspirates from non-small-cell lung cancer using allele-specific qPCR. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e17791.
111. Nakajima T., Yasufuku K., Suzuki M., Hiroshima K., Kubo R., Mohammed S., et al. Assessment of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Chest 2007, 132:597-602.
112. Bubendorf L., Grote H.J., Syrjanen K. Molecular techniques. Comprehensive Cytopathology 2008, 3:1071-1090. Saunders Elsevier, London. 3rd Edition.
113. Williams C., Ponten F., Moberg C., Soderkvist P., Uhlen M., Ponten J., et al. A high frequency of sequence alterations is due to formalin fixation of archival specimens. Am J Pathol 1999, 155:1467-1471.
114. Bonin S., Petrera F., Niccolini B., Stanta G. PCR analysis in archival postmortem tissues. Mol Pathol 2003, 56:184-186.
115. Isola J., DeVries S., Chu L., Ghazvini S., Waldman F. Analysis of changes in DNA sequence copy number by comparative genomic hybridization in archival paraffin-embedded tumor samples. Am J Pathol 1994, 145:1301-1308.
116. Huijsmans C.J., Damen J., van der Linden J.C., Savelkoul P.H., Hermans M.H. Comparative analysis of four methods to extract DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues: effect on downstream molecular applications. BMC Res Notes 2010, 3:239.
117. Pirker R., Herth F.J.F., Kerr K.M., Filipits M., Taron M., Gandara D., et al. Consensus for EGFR mutation testing in non-small cell lung cancer: results from a European workshop. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1706-1713.
118. Fukui T., Ohe Y., Tsuta K., Furuta K., Sakamoto H., Takano T., et al. Prospective study of the accuracy of EGFR mutational analysis by high-resolution melting analysis in small samples obtained from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:4751-4757.
119. Pao W., Ladanyi M. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation testing in lung cancer: searching for the ideal method. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:4954-4955.
120. Rosell R., Moran T., Queralt C., Porta R., Cardenal F., Camps C., et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:958-967.
121. Miyamae Y., Shimizu K., Hirato J., Araki T., Tanaka K., Ogawa H., et al. Significance of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2011, 25:921-928.
122. Sholl L.M., Xiao Y., Joshi V., Yeap B.Y., Cioffredi L.A., Jackman D.M., et al. EGFR mutation is a better predictor of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung carcinoma than FISH, CISH, and immunohistochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 2010, 133:922-934.
123. Booton R., Blackhall F., Kerr K. Individualised treatment in non-small cell lung cancer: precise tissue diagnosis for all?. Thorax 2011, 66:273-275.
124. Tsao M.S., Sakurada A., Ding K., viel-Ronen S., Ludkovski O., Liu N., et al. Prognostic and predictive value of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain mutation status and gene copy number for adjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:139-147.
125. Shukuya T., Takahashi T., Kaira R., Ono A., Nakamura Y., Tsuya A., et al. Efficacy of gefitinib for non-adenocarcinoma non-small-cell lung cancer patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: a pooled analysis of published reports. Cancer Sci 2011, 102:1032-1037.
126. Sartori G., Cavazza A., Sgambato A., Marchioni A., Barbieri F., Longo L., et al. EGFR and K-ras mutations along the spectrum of pulmonary epithelial tumors of the lung and elaboration of a combined clinicopathologic and molecular scoring system to predict clinical responsiveness to EGFR inhibitors. Am J Clin Pathol 2009, 131:478-489.
127. Dacic S., Shuai Y., Yousem S., Ohori P., Nikiforova M. Clinicopathological predictors of EGFR/KRAS mutational status in primary lung adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 2010, 23:159-168.
128. Yatabe Y. EGFR mutations and the terminal respiratory unit. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010, 29:23-36.
129. Masago K., Fujita S., Mio T., Ichikawa M., Sakuma K., Kim Y.H., et al. Accuracy of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation analysis by direct sequencing method based on small biopsy specimens from patients with non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of results in 19 patients. Int J Clin Oncol 2008, 13:442-446.
130. Yatabe Y., Matsuo K., Mitsudomi T. Heterogeneous distribution of EGFR mutations is extremely rare in lung adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:2972-2977.
131. Arcila M.E., Oxnard G.R., Nafa K., Riely G.J., Solomon S.B., Zakowski M.F., et al. Rebiopsy of lung cancer patients with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors and enhanced detection of the T790M mutation using a locked nucleic acid-based assay. Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17:1169-1180.
132. Tiseo M., Gelsomino F., Boggiani D., Bortesi B., Bartolotti M., Bozzetti C., et al. EGFR and EML4-ALK gene mutations in NSCLC: a case report of erlotinib-resistant patient with both concomitant mutations. Lung Cancer 2011, 71:241-243.
133. Choi Y.L., Soda M., Yamashita Y., Ueno T., Takashima J., Nakajima T., et al. EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer that confer resistance to ALK inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1734-1739.
134. Sequist L.V., Waltman B.A., as-Santagata D., Digumarthy S., Turke A.B., Fidias P., et al. Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3:75ra26.
135. Workman P., Clarke P.A. Resisting targeted therapy: fifty ways to leave your EGFR. Cancer Cell 2011, 19:437-440.
136. Chmielecki J., Foo J., Oxnard G.R., Hutchinson K., Ohashi K., Somwar R., et al. Optimization of dosing for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer with evolutionary cancer modeling. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3:90ra59.
137. Wislez M., Antoine M., Baudrin L., Poulot V., Neuville A., Pradere M., et al. Non-mucinous and mucinous subtypes of adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma features differ by biomarker expression and in the response to gefitinib. Lung Cancer 2009, 68:185-191.
138. Finberg K.E., Sequist L.V., Joshi V.A., Muzikansky A., Miller J.M., Han M., et al. Mucinous differentiation correlates with absence of EGFR mutation and presence of KRAS mutation in lung adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features. J Mol Diagn 2007, 9:320-326.
139. Casali C., Rossi G., Marchioni A., Sartori G., Maselli F., Longo L., et al. A single institution-based retrospective study of surgically treated bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic analysis, molecular features, and possible pitfalls in routine practice. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:830-836.
140. Hata A., Katakami N., Fujita S., Kaji R., Imai Y., Takahashi Y., et al. Frequency of EGFR and KRAS mutations in Japanese patients with lung adenocarcinoma with features of the mucinous subtype of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1197-1200.
141. Sakuma Y., Matsukuma S., Yoshihara M., Nakamura Y., Noda K., Nakayama H., et al. Distinctive evaluation of nonmucinous and mucinous subtypes of bronchioloalveolar carcinomas in EGFR and K-ras gene-mutation analyses for Japanese lung adenocarcinomas: confirmation of the correlations with histologic subtypes and gene mutations. Am J Clin Pathol 2007, 128:100-108.
142. Kakegawa S., Shimizu K., Sugano M., Miyamae Y., Kaira K., Araki T., et al. Clinicopathological features of lung adenocarcinoma with KRAS mutations. Cancer 2011, 117:4257-4266.
143. Tsao A.S., Tang X.M., Sabloff B., Xiao L., Shigematsu H., Roth J., et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of the EGFR gene mutation in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2006, 1:231-239.
144. Marchetti A., Martella C., Felicioni L., Barassi F., Salvatore S., Chella A., et al. EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of a large series of cases and development of a rapid and sensitive method for diagnostic screening with potential implications on pharmacologic treatment. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:857-865.
145. Tam I.Y., Chung L.P., Suen W.S., Wang E., Wong M.C., Ho K.K., et al. Distinct epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS mutation patterns in non-small cell lung cancer patients with different tobacco exposure and clinicopathologic features. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:1647-1653.
146. Tokumo M., Toyooka S., Kiura K., Shigematsu H., Tomii K., Aoe M., et al. The relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and clinicopathologic features in non-small cell lung cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:1167-1173.
147. Kosaka T., Yatabe Y., Endoh H., Kuwano H., Takahashi T., Mitsudomi T. Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in lung cancer: biological and clinical implications. Cancer Res 2004, 64:8919-8923.
148. Sugio K., Uramoto H., Ono K., Oyama T., Hanagiri T., Sugaya M., et al. Mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR gene specifically occur in lung adenocarcinoma patients with a low exposure of tobacco smoking. Br J Cancer 2006, 94:896-903.
149. Pao W., Miller V., Zakowski M., Doherty J., Politi K., Sarkaria I., et al. EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from never smokers and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:13306-13311.
150. Huang S.F., Liu H.P., Li L.H., Ku Y.C., Fu Y.N., Tsai H.Y., et al. High frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations with complex patterns in non-small cell lung cancers related to gefitinib responsiveness in Taiwan. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:8195-8203.
151. Sonobe M., Manabe T., Wada H., Tanaka F. Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene are linked to smoking-independent, lung adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2005, 93:355-363.
152. Tomizawa Y., Iijima H., Sunaga N., Sato K., Takise A., Otani Y., et al. Clinicopathologic significance of the mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:6816-6822.
153. Qin B.M., Chen X., Zhu J.D., Pei D.Q. Identification of EGFR kinase domain mutations among lung cancer patients in China: implication for targeted cancer therapy. Cell Res 2005, 15:212-217.
154. Han S.W., Kim T.Y., Hwang P.G., Jeong S., Kim J., Choi I.S., et al. Predictive and prognostic impact of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:2493-2501.
155. Cappuzzo F., Hirsch F.R., Rossi E., Bartolini S., Ceresoli G.L., Bemis L., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97:643-655.
156. Chou T.Y., Chiu C.H., Li L.H., Hsiao C.Y., Tzen C.Y., Chang K.T., et al. Mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor is a predictive and prognostic factor for gefitinib treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:3750-3757.
157. Park S., Holmes-Tisch A.J., Cho E.Y., Shim Y.M., Kim J., Kim H.S., et al. Discordance of molecular biomarkers associated with epidermal growth factor receptor pathway between primary tumors and lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009, 4:809-815.
158. Gandara D.R., Grimminger P., Mack P.C., Lara P.N.J., Li T., Danenberg P.V., et al. Association of epidermal growth factor receptor activating mutations with low ERCC1 gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1933-1938.
159. Park S.H., Ha S.Y., Lee J.I., Lee H., Sim H., Kim Y.S., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the clinical outcome in male smokers with squamous cell carcinoma of lung. J Korean Med Sci 2009, 24:448-452.
160. Ohtsuka K., Ohnishi H., Fujiwara M., Kishino T., Matsushima S., Furuyashiki G., et al. Abnormalities of epidermal growth factor receptor in lung squamous-cell carcinomas, adenosquamous carcinomas, and large-cell carcinomas: tyrosine kinase domain mutations are not rare in tumors with an adenocarcinoma component. Cancer 2007, 109:741-750.
161. Ushiki A., Koizumi T., Kobayashi N., Kanda S., Yasuo M., Yamamoto H., et al. Genetic heterogeneity of EGFR mutation in pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung: response to gefitinib and clinical outcome. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009, 39:267-270.
162. Italiano A., Cortot A.B., Ilie M., Martel-Planche G., Fabas T., Pop D., et al. EGFR and KRAS status of primary sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung: implications for anti-EGFR treatment of a rare lung malignancy. Int J Cancer 2009, 125:2479-2482.
163. Rickman O.B., Vohra P.K., Sanyal B., Vrana J.A., Aubry M.C., Wigle D.A., et al. Analysis of ErbB receptors in pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:3315-3324.
164. Shigematsu H., Lin L., Takahashi T., Nomura M., Suzuki M., Wistuba I.I., et al. Clinical and biological features associated with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97:339-346.
165. Han S.W., Kim H.P., Jeon Y.K., Oh D.Y., Lee S.H., Kim D.W., et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of lung: potential target of EGFR-directed treatment. Lung Cancer 2008, 61:30-34.
166. Dahse R., Kosmehl H. Detection of drug-sensitizing EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations in salivary gland carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2008, 99:90-92.
167. Macarenco R.S., Uphoff T.S., Gilmer H.F., Jenkins R.B., Thibodeau S.N., Lewis J.E., et al. Salivary gland-type lung carcinomas: an EGFR immunohistochemical, molecular genetic, and mutational analysis study. Mod Pathol 2008, 21:1168-1175.
168. Rossi G., Sartori G., Cavazza A., Tamberi S. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung, response to EGFR inhibitors, EGFR and K-RAS mutations, and differential diagnosis. Lung Cancer 2009, 63:159-160.
169. Dahse R., Driemel O., Schwarz S., Dahse J., Kromeyer-Hauschild K., Berndt A., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase domain mutations are rare in salivary gland carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2009, 100:623-625.
170. Zakowski M.F., Ladanyi M., Kris M.G. EGFR mutations in small-cell lung cancers in patients who have never smoked. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:213-215.
171. Araki J., Okamoto I., Suto R., Ichikawa Y., Sasaki Ji. Efficacy of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in a patient with metastatic small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2005, 48:141-144.
172. Tatematsu A., Shimizu J., Murakami Y., Horio Y., Nakamura S., Hida T., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:6092-6096.
173. Okamoto I., Araki J., Suto R., Shimada M., Nakagawa K., Fukuoka M. EGFR mutation in gefitinib-responsive small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2006, 17:1028-1029.
174. Morinaga R., Okamoto I., Furuta K., Kawano Y., Sekijima M., Dote K., et al. Sequential occurrence of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer with the same EGFR mutation. Lung Cancer 2007, 58:411-413.
175. Fukui T., Tsuta K., Furuta K., Watanabe Si, Asamura H., Ohe Y., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status and clinicopathological features of combined small cell carcinoma with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Sci 2007, 98:1714-1719.
176. Jennings L., Van Deerlin V.M., Gulley M.L. Recommended principles and practices for validating clinical molecular pathology tests. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009, 133:743-755.
177. Thunnissen F.B., Bovée J.V., Bruinsma H., Brule Avd, Dinjens W.N., Heideman D.A., et al. EGFR and KRAS quality assurance schemes in pathology: generating normative data for molecular predictive marker analysis in targeted therapy. J Clin Pathol 2011, 64:884-892.
178. Penzel R., Sers C., Chen Y., Lehmann-Muhlenhoff U., Merkelbach-Bruse S., Jung A., et al. EGFR mutation detection in NSCLC - assessment of diagnostic application and recommendations of the German Panel for Mutation Testing in NSCLC. Virchows Arch 2011, 458:95-98.
179. Yu J., Kane S., Wu J., Benedettini E., Li D., Reeves C., et al. Mutation-specific antibodies for the detection of EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:3023-3028.
180. Brevet M., Arcila M., Ladanyi M. Assessment of EGFR mutation status in lung adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific to the two major forms of mutant EGFR. J Mol Diagn 2010, 12:169-176.
181. Kitamura A., Hosoda W., Sasaki E., Mitsudomi T., Yatabe Y. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFR mutation using mutation-specific antibodies in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:3349-3355.
182. Nakamura H., Mochizuki A., Shinmyo T., Ando K., Kurimoto N., Yokote K., et al. Immunohistochemical detection of mutated epidermal growth factor receptors in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 2010, 30:5233-5237.
183. Simonetti S., Molina M.A., Queralt C., de Aguirre I., Mayo C., Bertran-Alamillo J., et al. Detection of EGFR mutations with mutation-specific antibodies in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2010, 8:135.
184. Kawahara A., Azuma K., Sumi A., Taira T., Nakashima K., Aikawa E., et al. Identification of non-small-cell lung cancer with activating EGFR mutations in malignant effusion and cerebrospinal fluid: rapid and sensitive detection of exon 19 deletion E746-A750 and exon 21 L858R mutation by immunocytochemistry. Lung Cancer 2011, 74:35-40.
185. Kozu Y., Tsuta K., Kohno T., Sekine I., Yoshida A., Watanabe S., et al. The usefulness of mutation-specific antibodies in detecting epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and in predicting response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2011, 73:45-50.
186. Conde E., Angulo B., Tang M., Morente M., Torres-Lanzas J., Lopez-Encuentra A., et al. Molecular context of the EGFR mutations: evidence for the activation of mTOR/S6K signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:710-717.
187. Marchetti A., Buttitta F., Pellegrini S., Chella A., Bertacca G., Filardo A., et al. Bronchioloalveolar lung carcinomas: K-ras mutations are constant events in the mucinous subtype. J Pathol 1996, 179:254-259.
188. Smit E.F., Dingemans A.M., Thunnissen F.B., Hochstenbach M.M., van Suylen R.J., Postmus P.E. Sorafenib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer that harbor K-ras mutations: a brief report. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:719-720.
189. Suda K., Tomizawa K., Mitsudomi T. Biological and clinical significance of KRAS mutations in lung cancer: an oncogenic driver that contrasts with EGFR mutation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010, 29:49-60.
190. Takeuchi K., Choi Y.L., Togashi Y., Soda M., Hatano S., Inamura K., et al. KIF5B-ALK, a novel fusion oncokinase identified by an immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic system for ALK-positive lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:3143-3149.
191. Jokoji R., Yamasaki T., Minami S., Komuta K., Sakamaki Y., Takeuchi K., et al. Combination of morphological feature analysis and immunohistochemistry is useful for screening of EML4-ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2010, 63:1066-1070.
192. Mino-Kenudson M., Chirieac L.R., Law K., Hornick J.L., Lindeman N., Mark E.J., et al. A novel, highly sensitive antibody allows for the routine detection of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinomas by standard immunohistochemistry. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:1561-1571.
193. Paik J.H., Choe G., Kim H., Choe J.Y., Lee H.J., Lee C.T., et al. Screening of anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement by immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung cancer: correlation with fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:466-472.
194. Yi E.S., Boland J.M., Maleszewski J.J., Roden A.C., Oliveira A.M., Aubry M.C., et al. Correlation of IHC and FISH for ALK gene rearrangement in non-small cell lung carcinoma: IHC score algorithm for FISH. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:459-465.
195. Stephens P., Hunter C., Bignell G., Edkins S., Davies H., Teague J., et al. Lung cancer: intragenic ERBB2 kinase mutations in tumours. Nature 2004, 431:525-526.
196. Shigematsu H., Takahashi T., Nomura M., Majmudar K., Suzuki M., Lee H., et al. Somatic mutations of the HER2 kinase domain in lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 2005, 65:1642-1646.
197. De Greve J. EGFR/Her2 dual inhibitors BIBW2992. J Thorac Oncol 2009, S307.
198. Davies H., Bignell G.R., Cox C., Stephens P., Edkins S., Clegg S., et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002, 417:949-954.
199. Paik P.K., Arcila M.E., Fara M., Sima C.S., Miller V.A., Kris M.G., et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinomas harboring BRAF mutations. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:2046-2051.
200. Pao W., Girard N. New driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2011, 12:175-180.
201. Kawano O., Sasaki H., Endo K., Suzuki E., Haneda H., Yukiue H., et al. PIK3CA mutation status in Japanese lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2006, 54:209-215.
202. Dancey J. mTOR signaling and drug development in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010, 7:209-219.
203. Jin G., Kim M.J., Jeon H.S., Choi J.E., Kim D.S., Lee E.B., et al. PTEN mutations and relationship to EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, and TP53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 2010, 69:279-283.
204. Sos M.L., Koker M., Weir B.A., Heynck S., Rabinovsky R., Zander T., et al. PTEN loss contributes to erlotinib resistance in EGFR-mutant lung cancer by activation of Akt and EGFR. Cancer Res 2009, 69:3256-3261.
205. Matsubara D., Ishikawa S., Oguni S., Aburatani H., Fukayama M., Niki T. Molecular predictors of sensitivity to the MET inhibitor PHA665752 in lung carcinoma cells. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1317-1324.
206. Toschi L., Cappuzzo F. Clinical implications of MET gene copy number in lung cancer. Future Oncol 2010, 6:239-247.
207. Benedettini E., Sholl L.M., Peyton M., Reilly J., Ware C., Davis L., et al. Met activation in non-small cell lung cancer is associated with de novo resistance to EGFR inhibitors and the development of brain metastasis. Am J Pathol 2010, 177:415-423.
208. Badzio A., Wynes M.W., Dziadziuszko R., Merrick D.T., Pardo M., Rzyman W., et al. Increased insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor protein expression and gene copy number in small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1905-1911.
209. Weiss J., Sos M.L., Seidel D., Peifer M., Zander T., Heuckmann J.M., et al. Frequent and focal FGFR1 amplification associates with therapeutically tractable FGFR1 dependency in squamous cell lung cancer. Sci Transl Med 2010, 2:62ra93.
210. Hammerman P.S., Sos M.L., Ramos A.H. Mutations in the DDR2 kinase gene identify a novel target therapeutic agent in squamous cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov 2011, 1:76-87.
211. Filipits M., Pirker R. Predictive markers in the adjuvant therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011, 74:355-363.
212. Sun J.M., Han J., Ahn J.S., Park K., Ahn M.J. Significance of thymidylate synthase and thyroid transcription factor 1 expression in patients with nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer treated with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:1392-1399.
213. van Krieken J.H.J.M., Jung A., Kirchner T., Carneiro F., Seruca R., Bosman F.T., et al. KRAS mutation testing for predicting response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal carcinoma: proposal for an European quality assurance program. Virchows Arch 2008, 453:417-431.
214. Fan X., Furnari F.B., Cavenee W.K., Castresana J.S. Non-isotopic silver-stained SSCP is more sensitive than automated direct sequencing for the detection of PTEN mutations in a mixture of DNA extracted from normal and tumor cells. Int J Oncol 2001, 18:1023-1026.
215. Bosari S., Marchetti A., Buttitta F., Graziani D., Borsani G., Loda M., et al. Detection of p53 mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) gel electrophoresis. A comparative study of radioactive and nonradioactive silver-stained SSCP analysis. Diagn Mol Pathol 1995, 4:249-255.
216. Ogino S., Kawasaki T., Brahmandam M., Yan L., Cantor M., Namgyal C., et al. Sensitive sequencing method for KRAS mutation detection by pyrosequencing. J Mol Diagn 2005, 7:413-421.
217. Kuang Y., Rogers A., Yeap B.Y., Wang L., Makrigiorgos M., Vetrand K., et al. Noninvasive detection of EGFR T790M in gefitinib or erlotinib resistant non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:2630-2636.
218. Engelman J.A., Mukohara T., Zejnullahu K., Lifshits E., Borras A.M., Gale C.M., et al. Allelic dilution obscures detection of a biologically significant resistance mutation in EGFR-amplified lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2006, 116:2695-2706.
219. Janne P.A., Borras A.M., Kuang Y., Rogers A.M., Joshi V.A., Liyanage H., et al. A rapid and sensitive enzymatic method for epidermal growth factor receptor mutation screening. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:751-758.
220. Smith G.D., Chadwick B.E., Willmore-Payne C., Bentz J.S. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in cytology specimens from patients with non-small cell lung cancer utilising high-resolution melting amplicon analysis. J Clin Pathol 2008, 61:487-493.
221. Kramer D., Thunnissen F.B., Gallegos-Ruiz M.I., Smit E.F., Postmus P.E., Meijer C.J., et al. A fast, sensitive and accurate high resolution melting (HRM) technology-based assay to screen for common K-ras mutations. Cell Oncol 2009, 31:161-167.
222. Fassina A., Gazziero A., Zardo D., Corradin M., Aldighieri E., Rossi G.P. Detection of EGFR and KRAS mutations on trans-thoracic needle aspiration of lung nodules by high resolution melting analysis. J Clin Pathol 2009, 62:1096-1102.
223. Heideman D.A., Thunnissen F.B., Doeleman M., Kramer D., Verheul H.M., Smit E.F., et al. A panel of high resolution melting (HRM) technology-based assays with direct sequencing possibility for effective mutation screening of EGFR and K-ras genes. Cell Oncol 2009, 31:329-333.
224. Ohnishi H., Ohtsuka K., Ooide A., Matsushima S., Goya T., Watanabe T. A simple and sensitive method for detecting major mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Diagn Mol Pathol 2006, 15:101-108.
225. Su Z., as-Santagata D., Duke M., Hutchinson K., Lin Y.L., Borger D.R., et al. A platform for rapid detection of multiple oncogenic mutations with relevance to targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Mol Diagn 2011, 13:74-84.
226. Horiike A., Kimura H., Nishio K., Ohyanagi F., Satoh Y., Okumura S., et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in transbronchial needle aspirates of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2007, 131:1628-1634.
227. Newton C.R., Graham A., Heptinstall L.E., Powell S.J., Summers C., Kalsheker N., et al. Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Res 1989, 17:2503-2516.
228. Whitcombe D., Theaker J., Guy S.P., Brown T., Little S. Detection of PCR products using self-probing amplicons and fluorescence. Nat Biotechnol 1999, 17:804-807.
229. Kimura H., Kasahara K., Kawaishi M., Kunitoh H., Tamura T., Holloway B., et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in serum as a predictor of the response to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:3915-3921.
230. Molina-Vila M.A., Bertran-Alamillo J., Reguart N., Taron M., Castella E., Llatjos M., et al. A sensitive method for detecting EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer samples with few tumor cells. J Thorac Oncol 2008, 3:1224-1235.
231. Jiang S.X., Yamashita K., Yamamoto M., Piao C.J., Umezawa A., Saegusa M., et al. EGFR genetic heterogeneity of nonsmall cell lung cancers contributing to acquired gefitinib resistance. Int J Cancer 2008, 123:2480-2486.
232. Miyamae Y., Shimizu K., Mitani Y., Araki T., Kawai Y., Baba M., et al. Mutation detection of epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS genes using the smart amplification process version 2 from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung cancer tissue. J Mol Diagn 2010, 12:257-264.
233. Hoshi K., Takakura H., Mitani Y., Tatsumi K., Momiyama N., Ichikawa Y., et al. Rapid detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer by the SMart-amplification process. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:4974-4983.