Developmental pathways to borderline personality disorder

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 45-53

  Chanen, Andrew M ^a,b   Kaess, Michael ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b THE NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Antecedents; Borderline personality disorder; Child; Development; Developmental pathways; Precursor; Risk factor

Indexed keywords

AUTOMUTILATION; BORDERLINE STATE; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EARLY INTERVENTION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEUROBIOLOGY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STATUS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TEMPERAMENT; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; FEMALE; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADOLESCENT; BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER; FEMALE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMANS; MALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84857774519     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: 15351645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-011-0242-y     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, New AS, Leweke F. Borderline personality disorder. Lancet. 2011;377:74-84.
2. Coid J, Yang M, Tyrer P, Roberts A, Ullrich S. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:423-31.
3. Trull TJ, Jahng S, Tomko RL, Wood PK, Sher KJ. Revised NESARC personality disorder diagnoses: gender, prevalence, and comorbidity with substance dependence disorders. J Personal Disord. 2010;24:412-26.
4. Korzekwa MI, Dell PF, Links PS, Thabane L, Webb SP. Estimating the prevalence of borderline personality disorder in psychiatric outpatients using a two-phase procedure. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49:380-6.
5. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
6. Chanen AM, McCutcheon LK. Personality disorder in adolescence: the diagnosis that dare not speak its name. Personal Ment Heal. 2008;2:35-41.
7. Tackett JL, Balsis S, Oltmanns TF, Krueger RF. A unifying perspective on personality pathology across the life span: developmental considerations for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Dev Psychopathol. 2009;21:687-713.
8. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:6-20. (Pubitemid 34150971)
9. Chanen AM, Jovev M, McCutcheon L, Jackson HJ, McGorry PD. Borderline personality disorder in young people and the prospects for prevention and early intervention. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2008;4:48-57. (Pubitemid 351513497)
10. Torgersen S, Czajkowski N, Jacobson K, et al. Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: a multivariate study. Psychol Med. 2008;38:1617-25.
11. Distel MA, Rebollo-Mesa I, Willemsen G, et al. Familial resemblance of borderline personality disorder features: genetic or cultural transmission? PLoS One. 2009;4:e5334.
12. Distel MA, Trull TJ, Derom CA, et al. Heritability of borderline personality disorder features is similar across three countries. Psychol Med. 2008;38:1219-29.
13. Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Czajkowski N, et al. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for DSM-IV personality disorders: a multivariate twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:1438-46.
14. Bornovalova MA, Hicks BM, Iacono WG, McGue M. Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. Dev Psychopathol. 2009;21:1335-53.
15. Distel MA, Carlier A, Middeldorp CM, Derom CA, Lubke GH, Boomsma DI. Borderline personality traits and adult attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a genetic analysis of comorbidity. Am J Med Genet. 2011. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31226.
16. Distel MA, Hottenga J-J, Trull TJ, Boomsma DI. Chromosome 9: linkage for borderline personality disorder features. Psychiatr Genet. 2008;18:302-7.
17. Distel MA, Middeldorp CM, Trull TJ, Derom CA, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI. Life events and borderline personality features: the influence of gene-environment interaction and geneenvironment correlation. Psychol Med. 2011;41:849-60. This was the first study to test the joint effect of genetic and environmental influences and the exposure to life events on BPD features in the general population. Findings indicate the importance of both genetic vulnerability and life events.
18. Ni X, Bismil R, Chan K, et al. Serotonin 2A receptor gene is associated with personality traits, but not to disorder, in patients with borderline personality disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2006;408:214-9. (Pubitemid 44528866)
19. Ni X, Chan D, Chan K, McMain S, Kennedy JL. Serotonin genes and gene-gene interactions in borderline personality disorder in a matched case-control study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33:128-33.
20. Ni X, Chan K, Bulgin N, et al. Association between serotonin transporter gene and borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:448-53. (Pubitemid 43816590)
21. Steiger H, Richardson J, Joober R, et al. The 5HTTLPR polymorphism, prior maltreatment and dramatic-erratic personality manifestations in women with bulimic syndromes. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007;32:354-62. (Pubitemid 47492760)
22. Perez-Rodriguez MM, Weinstein S, New AS, et al. Tryptophanhydroxylase 2 haplotype association with borderline personality disorder and aggression in a sample of patients with personality disorders and healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res. 2010;44:1075-81.
23. Wilson ST, Stanley B, Brent DA, Oquendo MA, Huang YY, Mann JJ. The tryptophan hydroxylase-1 A218C polymorphism is associated with diagnosis, but not suicidal behavior, in borderline personality disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2009;150B:202-8.
24. Ni X, Sicard T, Bulgin N, et al. Monoamine oxidase a gene is associated with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 2007;17:153-7. (Pubitemid 46716207)
25. Wagner S, Baskaya O, Lieb K, Dahmen N, Tadic A. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism modulates the association of serious life events (SLE) and impulsivity in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:1067-72.
26. Pascual JC, Soler J, Barrachina J, et al. Failure to detect an association between the serotonin transporter gene and borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:87-8. (Pubitemid 47566425)
27. Tadic A, Elsasser A, Storm N, et al. Association analysis between gene variants of the tyrosine hydroxylase and the serotonin transporter in borderline personality disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11:45-58.
28. Hankin BL, Barrocas AL, Jenness J, et al. Association between 5-HTTLPR and borderline personality disorder traits among youth. Front Psychiatry. 2011;2:6.
29. Joyce PR, McHugh PC, McKenzie JM, et al. A dopamine transporter polymorphism is a risk factor for borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Psychol Med. 2006;36:807-13. (Pubitemid 43744774)
30. Nemoda Z, Lyons-Ruth K, Szekely A, Bertha E, Faludi G, Sasvari-Szekely M. Association between dopaminergic polymorphisms and borderline personality traits among at-risk young adults and psychiatric inpatients. Behav Brain Funct. 2010;6:4.
31. Chanen AM, Velakoulis D, Carison K, et al. Orbitofrontal, amygdala and hippocampal volumes in teenagers with firstpresentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2008;163:116-25.
32. Brunner R, Henze R, Parzer P, et al. Reduced prefrontal and orbitofrontal gray matter in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder: is it disorder specific? Neuroimage. 2010;49:114-20. This is one of the few studies to use a clinical comparison group in addition to a healthy control group, bringing into question the specificity of volumetric changes found in young people with BPD.
33. Goodman M, Hazlett EA, Avedon JB, Siever DR, Chu KW, New AS. Anterior cingulate volume reduction in adolescents with borderline personality disorder and co-morbid major depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:803-7.
34. Whittle S, Chanen AM, Fornito A, McGorry PD, Pantelis C, Yucel M. Anterior cingulate volume in adolescents with firstpresentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2009;172:155-60.
35. Walterfang M, Chanen AM, Barton S, et al. Corpus callosum morphology and relationship to prefrontal cortical and lateral ventricular volume in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2010;183:30-7.
36. Rusch N, Luders E, Lieb K, et al. Corpus callosum abnormalities in women with borderline personality disorder and comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007;32:417-22. (Pubitemid 350248228)
37. Zanetti MV, Soloff PH, Nicoletti MA, et al. MRI study of corpus callosum in patients with borderline personality disorder: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:1519-25. (Pubitemid 47304480)
38. Nunes PM, Wenzel A, Borges KT, Porto CR, Caminha RM, de Oliveira IR. Volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in patients with borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis. J Personal Disord. 2009;23:333-45.
39. Takahashi T, Chanen AM, Wood SJ, et al. Midline brain structures in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33:842-6.
40. Zimmerman DJ, Choi-Kain LW. The hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in borderline personality disorder: a review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009;17:167-83.
41. Nater UM, Bohus M, Abbruzzese E, et al. Increased psychological and attenuated cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to acute psychosocial stress in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35:1565-72.
42. Kaess M, Hille M, Parzer P, Maser-Gluth C, Resch F, Brunner R. Alterations in the neuroendocrinological stress response to acute psychosocial stress in adolescents engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011.
43. Jovev M, Garner B, Phillips L, et al. An MRI study of pituitary volume and parasuicidal behavior in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2008;163:273-7.
44. Von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna IA, Brunner R, Parzer P, Mundt C, Fiedler P, Resch F. Initial orienting to emotional faces in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology. 2010;43:79-87.
45. Jovev M, Chanen AM, Green M, et al. Emotional sensitivity in youth with borderline personality pathology. Psychiatry Res. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.psychres. 2010.12.019.
46. Von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna IA, Brunner R, Parzer P, Mundt C, Fiedler P, Resch F. Attentional bias in later stages of emotional information processing in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology. 2010;43:25-32.
47. Jennings T, Hulbert C, Jackson H, Chanen A. Social perspective coordination in youth with borderline personality pathology. J Personal Disord. 2011 in press.
48. Sharp C, Pane H, Ha C, et al. Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:563-73 e1.
49. Lawrence KA, Allen JS, Chanen AM. Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: reward-based decision-making and its relationship to emotional distress. J Personal Disord. 2010;24:786-99.
50. Maughan B, Rutter M. Retrospective reporting of childhood adversity: assessing long-term recall. J Personal Disord. 1997;11:19-33. (Pubitemid 27207640)
51. Zanarini MC, Williams AA, Lewis RE, et al. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1101-6. (Pubitemid 27328826)
52. Afifi TO, Mather A, Boman J, et al. Childhood adversity and personality disorders: results from a nationally representative population-based study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:814-22.
53. Bradley R, Jenei J, Westen D. Etiology of borderline personality disorder: disentangling the contributions of intercorrelated antecedents. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193:24-31. (Pubitemid 40096908)
54. Cohen P, Crawford TN, Johnson JG, Kasen S. The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. J Personal Disord. 2005;19:466-86. (Pubitemid 41618522)
55. Cohen P. Child development and personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31:477-93. (Pubitemid 351970118)
56. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes E, Bernstein DP. Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:600-6.
57. Cohen P. Childhood risks for young adult symptoms of personality disorder: method and substance. Multivar Behav Res. 1996;31:121-48.
58. Crawford TN, Cohen PR, Chen H, Anglin DM, Ehrensaft M. Early maternal separation and the trajectory of borderline personality disorder symptoms. Dev Psychopathol. 2009;21:1013-30.
59. Cohen P, Chen H, Gordon K, Johnson J, Brook J, Kasen S. Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20:633-50. (Pubitemid 351584028)
60. Bezirganian S, Cohen P, Brook JS. The impact of mother-child interaction on the development of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1836-42. (Pubitemid 23356577)
61. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Chen H, Kasen S, Brook JS. Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:579-87.
62. Carlson EA, Egeland B, Sroufe LA. A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms. Dev Psychopathol. 2009;21:1311-34. This is one of the few studies to use a prospective, longitudinal design to examine potential antecedents of BPD from infancy through to adulthood.
63. Eaton WW, Badawi M, Melton B. Prodromes and precursors: epidemiologic data for primary prevention of disorders with slow onset. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:967-72.
64. Mervielde I, De Clercq B, De Fruyt F, Van Leeuwen K. Temperament, personality, and developmental psychopathology as childhood antecedents of personality disorders. J Personal Disord. 2005;19:171-201. (Pubitemid 40605178)
65. Roberts BW, Del Vecchio WF. The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2000;126:3-25.
66. Caspi A, Silva PA. Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Dev. 1995;66:486-98.
67. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:709-17. (Pubitemid 36818633)
68. Kraemer HC, Kazdin AE, Offord DR, Kessler RC, Jensen PS, Kupfer DJ. Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:337-43. (Pubitemid 27171919)
69. Bernstein DP, Cohen P, Skodol A, Bezirganian S, Brook J. Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:907-13. (Pubitemid 26225465)
70. Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Kahler CW, Seeley JR, Brown RA. Natural course of alcohol use disorders from adolescence to young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:83-90. (Pubitemid 32047232)
71. Thatcher DL, Cornelius JR, Clark DB. Adolescent alcohol use disorders predict adult borderline personality. Addict Behav. 2005;30:1709-24. (Pubitemid 41443309)
72. Zoccolillo M, Pickles A, Quinton D, Rutter M. The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder. Psychol Med. 1992;22:971-86. (Pubitemid 23007008)
73. Rey JM, Singh M, Andrews G, Stewart GW. Continuities between psychiatric disorders in adolescents and personality disorders in young adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:895-900.
74. Helgeland MI, Kjelsberg E, Torgersen S. Continuities between emotional and disruptive behavior disorders in adolescence and personality disorders in adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1941-7. (Pubitemid 41428625)
75. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR Klein DN. Axis II psychopathology as a function of Axis I disorders in childhood and adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1752-9. (Pubitemid 27512330)
76. Stepp SD, Burke JD, Hipwell AE, Loeber R. Trajectories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms as precursors of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9530-6.
77. Burke JD, Stepp SD. Adolescent disruptive behavior and borderline personality disorder symptoms in young adult men. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9558-7.
78. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Ridolfi ME, Jager-Hyman S, Hennen J, Gunderson JG. Reported childhood onset of self-mutilation among borderline patients. J Personal Disord. 2006;20:9-15.
79. Patton GC, Hemphill SA, Beyers JM, et al. Pubertal stage and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:508-14. (Pubitemid 46622760)
80. Nock MK. Self-injury. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:339-63.
81. Brunner R, Parzer P, Haffner J, et al. Prevalence and psychological correlates of occasional and repetitive deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:641-9. (Pubitemid 47026323)
82. Nock MK, Joiner J T E, Gordon KH, Lloyd-Richardson E, Prinstein MJ. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2006;144:65-72. (Pubitemid 44332541)
83. Muehlenkamp JJ, Ertelt TW, Miller AL, Claes L. Borderline personality symptoms differentiate non-suicidal and suicidal self-injury in ethnically diverse adolescent outpatients. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2011;52:148-55.
84. Jacobson CM, Muehlenkamp JJ, Miller AL, Turner JB. Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:363-75.
85. Crick NR, Murray-Close D, Woods K. Borderline personality features in childhood: a short-term longitudinal study. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17:1051-70. (Pubitemid 43362203)
86. Stepp SD, Pilkonis PA, Hipwell AE, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M. Stability of borderline personality disorder features in girls. J Personal Disord. 2010;24:460-72. This was the first largescale, prospective study of the factor structure and stability of underlying BPD features (conceptualized as impulsivity, negative affectivity, and interpersonal aggression) in girls. These features could be reliably measured and were remarkably stable. This opens up the possibility of indicated prevention studies in children.
87. Kasen S, Cohen P, Skodol AE, Johnson JG, Brook JS. Influence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders on young adult personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1529-35. (Pubitemid 29459983)
88. Bernstein DP, Cohen P, Velez CN, Schwab-Stone M, Siever LJ, Shinsato L. Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1237-43. (Pubitemid 23218908)
89. Crawford TN, Cohen P, Brook JS. Dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms: I. Continuity from early adolescence into adulthood. J Personal Disord. 2001;15:319-35.
90. Crawford TN, Cohen P, Johnson JG, et al. Self-reported personality disorder in the Children in the Community Sample: convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood. J Personal Disord. 2005;19:30-52. (Pubitemid 40397362)
91. Chanen AM, Jackson HJ, McGorry PD, Allott KA, Clarkson V, Yuen HP. Two-year stability of personality disorder in older adolescent outpatients. J Personal Disord. 2004;18:526-41. (Pubitemid 40069953)
92. Stone MH. The borderline syndromes: constitution, personality, and adaptation. McGraw-Hill: New York; 1980.
93. Kessler RC, Price RH. Primary prevention of secondary disorders: a proposal and agenda. Am J Community Psychol. 1993;21:607-33.
94. Chanen AM, Jackson HJ, McCutcheon L, et al. Early intervention for adolescents with borderline personality disorder using cognitive analytic therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193:477-84.
95. Chanen AM, McCutcheon L, Germano D, Nistico H, Jackson HJ, McGorry PD. The HYPE Clinic: an early intervention service for borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15:163-72.
96. Schuppert H, Giesen-Bloo J, van Gemert T, et al. Effectiveness of an emotion regulation group training for adolescents-a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2009;16:467-78.
97. McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ. Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40:616-22. (Pubitemid 43984963)
98. McGorry PD. Issues for DSM-V: clinical staging: a heuristic pathway to valid nosology and safer, more effective treatment in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:859-60. (Pubitemid 46972899)