Advancement of chitosan-based adsorbents for enhanced and selective adsorption performance in water/wastewater treatment: Review

World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development

Volumn 8, Issue 2-4, 2010, Pages 276-311

  Jadhav, Madhukar V ^a   Mahajan, Yogesh S ^b  

^a Sanjivani College of Engineering   (India)

^b DR BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Adsorption; Batch process; Chitin; Chitosan; Modelling; Sorbents; Sustainable development; Wastewater treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857303831     PISSN: 17412242     EISSN: 17412234     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/WRSTSD.2011.044223     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Aburto, J., Mendez-Orozco, A. and Borgne, S.L. (2004) 'Hydro gels as adsorbents of organosulphur compounds currently found in diesel', Chem. Engg. Process., Vol. 43, No. 12, pp.1587-1595. (Pubitemid 39301040)
2. Agullo, E., Rodriguez, M.S., Ramos, V. and Albertengo, L. (2003) 'Present and future role of chitin and chitosan in food', Macromol Biosci, Vol. 3, pp.521-530. (Pubitemid 37309675)
3. Ahmad, A.L., Sumathi, S. and Hameed, B.H. (2006) 'Coagulation of residue oil and suspended solid in palm oil mill effluent by chitosan, alum and PAC', Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 118, pp.pp99-105.
4. Alonso, D., Gimeno, M., Olayo, R., Vázquez-Torres, H., Sepúlveda-Sánchez, J.D. and Shirai, K. (2009) 'Cross-linking chitosan into UV-irradiated cellulose fibers for the preparation of antimicrobial-finished textiles', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp.536-543.
5. Annadurai, G. (2002) 'Desorption of basic dye on strongly chelating polymer: batch kinetics studies', Iranian Polymer Journal, Vol. II, No. 4, pp.1026-1265.
6. Annouar, S., Mountadar, M., Soufiane, A., Elmidaoui, A. and Menkouchi Sahli, M.A. (2004) 'Defluoridation of underground water by adsorption on the chitosan and by electro dialysis', ELSEVIER Desalination, Vol. 165, pp.212-228.
7. Arnaz, I., Mengíbar, M., Harris, R., Paños, I., Miralles, B., Acosta, N., Galed, G. and Heras, Á. (2009) 'Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan', Current Chemical Biology, Vol. 3, pp.203-230.
8. Arora, M., Eddy, N.K., Mumford, K.A., Baba, Y., Perera, J.M. and Geoff, D. (2010) 'Surface modification of natural Zeolite by chitosan and its use for nitrate removal in cold regions', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 177, Nos. 1-3, pp.962-970.
9. Arrascue, M.L., Garcia, H.M., Horna, O. and Guibal, E. (2003) 'Gold sorption on chitosan derivatives', Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 71, pp.191-200.
10. Badawy, M.E.I. and Rabea, E.I. (2009) 'Potential of the biopolymer chitosan with different molecular weights to control postharvest gray mold of tomato fruit postharvest', Biology and Technology, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp.110-117.
11. Bailey, S.E., Olin, T.J., Bricka, R.M. and Adrian, D.D. (1999) 'A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals', Water Research, Vol. 33, No. 11, pp.2469-2479. (Pubitemid 29322408)
12. Bansiwal, A., Thakre, D., Labhshetwar, N., Meshram, S. and Rayalu, S. (2009) 'Fluoride removal using lanthanum incorporated chitosan beads', Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 74, pp.216-224.
13. Bell, R.R. and Saunders, G.C. (2005) 'Cadmium adsorption on hydrous aluminium (III) oxide: effect of adsorbent polyelectrolyte', Applied Geoche., Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.529-536. (Pubitemid 40181041)
14. Benavente, M., Arevalo, M. and Martinez, J. (2006) 'Speciation and removal of arsenic in column packed with chitosan', Water Practice & Technology, Vol. 1, No. 4, IWA Publishing, pp.124-132.
15. Biro, E., Nemeth, A.S., Feczko, T., Toth, J., Sisak, C. and Gyenis, J. (2009) 'Three-step experimental design to determine the effect of process parameters on the size of chitosan micro spheres', Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 48, pp.771-779.
16. Boddu, V., Abburi, K., Talbott, J.L., Smith, E.D. and Haasch, R. (2007) 'Removal of Arsenic (III)and Arsenic (V) from aqueous medium using chitosan-coated biosorbent', Water Research, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.014. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.014.
17. Bodnar, T., Minko, J.F. and Borbely, J. (2007) 'Fluorescent nano particles based on chitosan', Proceedings of the Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, Santa Clara, pp.20-24.
18. Cai, J., Yang, J., Fan, L., Qiu, Y., Li, J. and Kennedy, J.F. (2006) 'Enzymatic preparation of chitosan from the waste Aspergillus Níger mycelium of citric acid production plant', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 64, pp.151-157.
19. Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S. and Mota, J.A. (2008) 'The removal of an anionic red dye from aqueous solutions using chitosan beads - the role of experimental factors on adsorption using a full factorial design', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 160, pp.337-343.
20. Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., dos Santos, A.G.P., Mota, J.A. and de Almeida, V.P. (2004) 'Adsorption of anionic dyes on chitosan beads - the influence of the chemical structures of dyes and temperature on the adsorption kinetics', J. Colloid Int. Sci., Vol. 6, pp.280-380.
21. Chang, M.Y. and Juang, R.S. (2005) 'Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of surfactant, organic acids and dyes from water onto natural biopolymers', Colloid Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, Vol. 269, pp.35-46.
22. Chatterjee, S. and Chatterjee, S. (2007) 'Adsorptive removal of Congo red, a carcinogenic textile dye by chitosan hydro beads: binding mechanism, equilibrium and kinetics', Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 299, Nos. 1-3, pp.146-152. (Pubitemid 46441830)
23. Chatterjee, S. and Woo, S.H. (2009) 'The removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by chitosan hydro gel beads', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 164, Nos. 2-3, pp.1012-1018.
24. Chatterjee, T., Chatterjee, S. and Woo, S.H. (2009) 'Enhanced coagulation of bentonite particles in water by a modified chitosan biopolymer', Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 148, Nos. 2-3, pp.414-419.
25. Chen, A-H., Liu, S-C., Chen, C-Y. and Chen, C-Y. (2008a) 'Comparative adsorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution on the cross linked chitosan with epichlorohydrin', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 154, pp184-191. (Pubitemid 351626333)
26. Chen, Ch. and Chung, Y. (2006) 'Arsenic removal using a biopolymer chitosan sorbent', Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Vol. 41, pp.645-658.
27. Chen, C-Y., Chang, T-H., Kuo, J-T., Chen, Y-F. and Chung, Y-C. (2008b) 'Characteristics of Molybdate-Impregnated Chitosan Beads (MICB) in terms of arsenic removal from water and the application of a MICB-packed column to remove arsenic from wastewater', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp.7487-7494.
28. Chi, F.H. and Hung, W.P. (2006) 'Use of chitosan as coagulant to treat wastewater from milk processing plant', J. Polymer Environ., Vol. 14, pp.411-417. (Pubitemid 44830800)
29. Chi, H., Li, H., Liu, W. and Zhan, H. (2007) 'The retention- and drainage-aid behavior of quaternary chitosan in papermaking system', Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 297, Nos. 1-3, pp.147-153. (Pubitemid 46274226)
30. Crank, J. (1975) The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.414.
31. Crini, G. (2005) 'Recent developments in polysaccharide-base materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment', Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 30, pp.38-70. (Pubitemid 40220196)
32. Dambies, L., Vincent, T. and Guibal, E. (2002) 'Treatment of arsenic-containing solutions using chitosan derivatives: uptake mechanism and sorption performances', Water Research, Vol. 32, pp.3699-3710.
33. Desai, K.H. (2005) 'Preparation of cross-linked chitosan micro spheres by spray drying: effect of cross-linked agent on the properties of spray dried micro spheres', Journal of Microencapsulation, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.377-395.
34. Divakaran, R. and Sivasankara, P.V.N. (2002) 'Flocculation of algae using chitosan', Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol. 14, pp.419-422. (Pubitemid 36189294)
35. Divya, C. and Nalini, S. (2008) 'Highly enhanced adsorption for decontamination of lead ions from battery wastewaters using chitosan functionalized with xanthate', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp.9021-9024.
36. Do, D.D. (1998) Adsorption Analysis: Equilibria and Kinetics, Imperial College Press, London.
37. Domszy, J.G. and Roberts, G.A.F. (1985) 'Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic techniques for analyzing chitosan', Macromolecular Chemie, Vol. 186, No. 8, pp.1671-1677.
38. Dos Anjos, F.S.C., Vieira, E.F.S. and Cestari, A.R. (2002) 'Interaction of indigo carmine dye with chitosan evaluated by adsorption and thermo chemical data', Journal of Colloid Int. Sci., Vol. 253, pp.243-246. (Pubitemid 35351903)
39. Dos Santos, J.E., Dockal, E.R. and Cavalheiro, E.T.G. (2005) 'Synthesis and characterization of Schiff bases from chitosan and salicylaldehyde derivatives', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 60, pp.277-282. (Pubitemid 40612785)
40. Droppo, I.G., Exalla, K. and Stafford, K. (2008) 'Effects of chemical amendments on aquatic floc structure settling and strength', Water Research, Vol. 42, pp.169-179. (Pubitemid 350296216)
41. Dutta, S., Mohapatrab, P.K., Ramnanic, S.P., Dasa, A.K. and Manchandab, V.K. (2008) 'Use of chitosan derivatives as solid phase extractors for metal ions', Desalination, Vol. 232, pp.234-242.
42. El-Sawy, N.M., Abd El-Rehim, H.A., Elbarbary, A.M. and Hegazy, E.A. (2010) 'Radiationinduced degradation of chitosan for possible use as a growth promoter in agricultural purposes', Carbohydrate Polymers, Issue 3, Vol. 79, pp.555-562.
43. Espinosa-García, B.M., Argüelles-Monal, W.M., Hernández, J., Félix-Valenzuela, L., Acosta, N. and Goycoolea, F.M. (2007) 'Molecularly imprinted Chitosan - Genipin hydro gels with recognition capacity toward o-Xylene', Biomacromolecules, Vol. 8, No. 11, pp.3355-3364. (Pubitemid 350193734)
44. Ferreira, C.O., Nunes, C.A., Delgadillo, I. and Lopes-da-Silva, J.A. (2009) 'Characterization of chitosan-whey protein films at acid pH', Food Research International, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp.807-813.
45. Fierro, S. and Sanchez-Saavedra, M.P (2008) 'Nitrate and phosphate removal by chitosan immobilized Scenedesmus', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp.1274-1279. (Pubitemid 350253167)
46. Findon, A., McKay, G. and Blair, H.S. (1993) 'Transport studies for the adsorption of copper ions by chitosan', J. Environ. Sci. Health, Vol. 28, pp.173-185. (Pubitemid 23040125)
47. Freundlich, H.M.F. (1906) 'Über die adsorption in lösungen', Z. Phys. Chem., Vol. 57, pp.385-471.
48. Gavrilescu, M. (2004) 'Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption', Engineering in Life Science, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.219-232. (Pubitemid 38923443)
49. Gerente, C., Lee, V.K.C., Le Cloirec, P. and McKay, G. (2007) 'Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption - mechanisms and models review', Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 37, pp.41-127. (Pubitemid 44720065)
50. Gerente, C., McKay, G. and Le Cloirec, P. (2005) 'Interactions of natural animated polymers with different species of arsenic at low concentrations: application in water treatment', Adsorption, Vol. 11, pp.859-863. (Pubitemid 41344091)
51. Giles, C.H., D'Silva, A.P. and Easton, I.A. (1974b) 'A general treatment and classification of the solute adsorption isotherm. II, Experimental interpretation', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 47, pp.766-778.
52. Giles, C.H., Smith, D. and Huitson, A. (1974a) 'A general treatment and classification of the solute adsorption isotherm', Theoretical. J. Colloid Interface Science, Vol.47, pp.755-765.
53. Golden, P.J. and Weinstein, R. (1998) 'Treatment of high-risk refractory acquired with automated red blood cell exchange', J. Clin. Aphresis, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.28-31. (Pubitemid 28215138)
54. Gomaa, Y.A., El-Khordagui, L.K., Boraei, N.A. and Darwish, I.A. (2010) 'Chitosan micro particles incorporating a hydrophilic sunscreen agent', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp.234-242.
55. Guan, B., Ni, W., Wua, Z. and Lai, Y. (2008) 'Removal of Mn(II) and Zn(II) ions from flue gas desulfurization wastewater with water-soluble chitosan', Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 42, pp147-153.
56. Guibal, E. (2004) 'Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review', Separation & Purification Technology, Vol. 38, pp.43-74. (Pubitemid 38708513)
57. Guo, T-Y., Xia, Y-Q., Wang, J., Song, M-D. and Zhang, B-H. (2005) 'Chitosan beads as molecularly imprinted polymer matrix for selective separation of proteins', Biomaterials, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp.5737-5745. (Pubitemid 40616844)
58. Gupta, A., Chauhan, V.S. and Sankararamakrishnan, N. (2009) 'Preparation and evaluation of iron-chitosan composites for removal of As(III) and As(V) from arsenic contaminated real life groundwater', Water Research, Vol. 43, No. 15, pp.3862-3870.
59. Gyliene, O. and Visniakova, S. (2008) 'Heavy metal removal from solutions using natural and synthetic sorbents', Environmental Research Engineering and Management, Vol. 43, pp.28-34.
60. Harish Prashanth, K.V. and Tharanathan, R.N. (2007) 'Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited applications potential - an overview', Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 18, pp.117-131. (Pubitemid 46329341)
61. Hitoshi, S., Kawasaki, N., Nakayama, A., Muraki, E., Yamamoto, N. and Aiba, S. (2002) 'Chemical modification of chitosan. 14:1 synthesis of water-soluble chitosan derivatives by simple acetylation' Biomacromolecules, Vol. 3, pp.1126-1128.
62. Ho, Y.S. and McKay, G. (1998) 'Kinetic models for the adsorption of dye from aqueous solution by wood', Trans. Chem. Eng., Vol. 76, pp.183-191. (Pubitemid 128740534)
63. Huang, C., Chen, M.C. and Pan, J.R. (1999) Optimal Condition for Modification of Chitosan: A Biopolymer for Coagulation of Colloidal Particles, Technical Note, Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
64. Huang, G., Yang, C., Zhang, K. and Shi, J. (2009) 'Adsorptive removal of copper ions from aqueous solution using cross linked magnetic chitosan beads', Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp.960-966.
65. Hwa, F., Wen, C.Æ and Cheng, P. (2006) 'Use of chitosan as coagulant to treat wastewater from milk processing plant', J. Polymer Environ., Vol. 14, pp.411-417.
66. Jaafari, K., Elmaleh, S., Coma, J. and Benkhouja, K. (2001) 'Equilibrium and kinetics of nitrate removal by protonated cross-linked chitosan', Water SA, Vol. 27, ISSN 0378-4738, pp.236- 244.
67. Jang, M., Kong, B., Jeong, Y., Hyung Lee, C. and Nah, J. (2004) 'Physicochemical characterization of α-chitin, β-chitin, and γ-chitin separated from natural resources', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 42, pp.3423-3432.
68. Jeon, C. and Höll, H. (2003) 'Chemical modification of chitosan and equilibrium study for mercury ion removal', Water Research, Vol. 37, pp.4770-4780. (Pubitemid 37267957)
69. Kandile, N.G. and Nasr, A.S. (2009) 'Environment friendly modified chitosan hydro gels as a matrix for adsorption of metal ions, synthesis and characterization', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp.753-759.
70. Karthik, A.D., Srinivasan, l., Thenmozhi, N and Sudha, P.N. (2009) 'Removal of heavy metals chromium and cadmium using chitosan impregnated polyurethane', The Ecoscan International Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 3, Nos. 1-2, pp.157-160.
71. Krajewska, B. (2005) 'Membrane-based processes performed with use of chitin/chitosan materials', Separation & Purification Technology, Vol. 41, pp.305-312. (Pubitemid 40259111)
72. Kumar, M., Tripathi, B.P. and Shahi, V.K. (2009) 'Cross linked chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol blend beads for removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 172, pp.1041-1053.
73. Kyzas, G.Z. and Lazaridis, N.K. (2009) 'Reactive and basic dyes removal by sorption onto chitosan derivatives', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 331, pp.32-39.
74. Laigla, D., Kugler, J., Kobus, H. and Zilliox, L. (1990) 'Contamination des eaux souterraines par les nitrates. Recherche et application dans le cadre de la coopération franco-allemande', Inf. Eaux, Vol. 1, pp.1-26.
75. Langmuir, I. (1916) 'The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids', JACS, Vol. 38, pp.2221-2295.
76. Laplante, S., Turgeon, S.L. and Paquin, P. (2005) 'Effect of pH, ionic strength, and composition on emulsion stabilizing properties of chitosan in a model system containing whey protein isolate', Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp.721-729. (Pubitemid 40292926)
77. Lee, S.F., Mi, Y., Shen, M. and Shyu, S. (2001) 'Equilibrium and kinetic studies of Copper (II) ion uptake by chitosan-tripolyphosphate chelatin', Resin Polymer, Vol. 42, pp.1879-1892. (Pubitemid 33717701)
78. Li, F., Du, P., Chen, W. and Zhang, S. (2007a) 'Preparation of silica-supported porous sorbent for heavy metal ions removal in wastewater treatment by organic-inorganic hybridization combined with sucrose and polyethylene glycol imprinting', Anal. Chim. Acta, Vol. 585, No. 2, pp.211-218. (Pubitemid 46176808)
79. Li, N. and Bai, R. (2006) Development of Chitosan-Based Granular Adsorbents for Enhanced and Selective Adsorption Performance in Heavy Metal Removal, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
80. Li, Q., Su, H. and Tan, T. (2008) 'Synthesis of ion-imprinted chitosan-TiO2 adsorbent and its multi-functional performances', Biochem. Eng. J., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp.212-228.
81. Li, Q., Su, H., Li, J. and Tan, T. (2007b) 'Studies of adsorption for heavy metal ions and degradation of methyl orange based on the surface of ion imprinted adsorbent Rocesses', Biochem., Vol. 42, No. 3, pp.379-383. (Pubitemid 46329541)
82. Lim, S-H. and Hudson, S.M. (2004) 'Application of a fiber-reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as an antimicrobial textile finish', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp.227-234.
83. Liu, C. and Bai, R. (2006a) 'Preparing highly porous chitosan/cellulose acetate blend hollow fibers as adsorptive membranes: effect of polymer concentrations and coagulant compositions', Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 279, pp.336-346. (Pubitemid 43817346)
84. Liu, C. and Bai, R. (2006b) 'Adsorptive removal of copper ions with highly porous chitosan/cellulose acetate blend hollow fiber membranes', Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 284, pp.313-322. (Pubitemid 44416538)
85. Malafaya, P.B. and Silva, G. (2007) 'Natural-origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications', Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 59, pp.207-233. (Pubitemid 46879967)
86. McKay, G., Blair, H.S. and Findon, A. (1986) 'Adsorption of metal ions by chitosan', in Eccles, H. and Hunt, S. (Eds.): Immobilization of ions by bio-adsorption, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK.
87. Mclachlan, D.R.C. (1995) 'Aluminum and the risk for Alzheimers disease', Environmetrics, Vol. 6, pp.233-275.
88. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (1995) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, in Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L. (Ed.): 3rd ed., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.
89. Meyer, T.E., Fitch, J.C., Bartsch, R.G., Tollin, G. and Cusanovich, M.A. (1990) 'Soluble cytochromes and a photoactive yellow protein isolated from the moderately halophilic purple phototrophic bacterium, Rhodospirillum salexigens. Biochim', Biophys. Acta., Vol. 1016, pp.364-370.
90. Meyssami, B. and Kasaeian, A.B. (2005) 'Use of coagulants in treatment of olive oil wastewater model solutions by induced air flotation', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, pp.303-307. (Pubitemid 39335612)
91. Moattar, F. and Hayeripour, S. (2004) 'Application of chitin and zeolite adsorbents for treatment of low level radioactive liquid wastes', International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 1, pp.45-50.
92. Morais, W.A., de Almeida, A.L.P., Pereira, M.R. and Fonseca, J.L.C. (2008) 'Equilibrium and kinetic analysis of methyl orange sorption on chitosan spheres', Journal of Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 343, pp.2489-2493.
93. Muzzarelli, R.A.A. (1977) Chitin, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
94. Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Jeunieux, C. and Gooday, G.W. (1985) Chitin in Nature and Technology, Plenum Press, New York.
95. Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Weckx, M. and Filippini, O. (1989) 'Removal of trace metal ions from industrial waters, nuclear effluents and drinking water with the aid of cross-linked N-carboxymethyl chitosan', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 11, pp.293-306. (Pubitemid 20609187)
96. Ng, J.C.Y., Cheung, W.H. and McKay, G. (2003) 'Equilibrium studies for the sorption of lead from effluents using chitosan', Chemosphere, Vol. 52, pp.1021-1030. (Pubitemid 36737133)
97. Nge, K.L., Nwe, N., Chandrkrachang, S. and Stevens, W.F. (2006) 'Chitosan as a growth stimulator in orchid tissue culture', Plant Science, Vol. 170, pp.1185-1190.
98. No, H.K. and Meyers, S.P. (2000) 'Application of chitosan for treatment of wastewaters', Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 163, pp.1-28.
99. Nomanbhay, S.M. and Palanisamy, K. (2005) 'Removal of heavy metal from industrial wastewater using chitosan coated oil palm shell charcoal', Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8, pp.717-3458.
100. Osifo, P.O., Neomagus, H.W.J.P., Everson, R.C. and Webster, A. (2009) 'The adsorption of copper in a packed-bed of chitosan beads: modeling, multiple adsorption and regeneration', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 167, Nos. 1-3, pp.1242-1245.
101. Peter, M.G. (1995) 'Application and environmental aspects of chitin and chitosan', J. M. S. Pure Appl. Chem, Vol. 32, pp.629-640.
102. Pintti, K.L and Sharma, P.D. (2001) 'Study on use of chitosan as a coagulant in turbidity removal', Indian Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.128-133.
103. Popuri, S.R., Vijaya, Y., Boddu, V.M. and Abburi, K. (2009) 'Adsorptive removal of Cu and Ni ions from water using chitosan coated PVC beads', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp.194-199.
104. Prapagdee, B., Kotchadat, K., Kumsopa, A. and Visarathanonth, N. (2007) 'The role of chitosan in protection of soybean from sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, No. 7, pp.1353-1358. (Pubitemid 46019924)
105. Qi, L. and Xu, Z. (2004) 'Lead sorption from aqueous solutions on chitosan nano particles' colloids and surface', Physicochel & Engg. Aspects, Vol. 251, pp.183-190. (Pubitemid 39574290)
106. Qin, Y., Cai, L., Feng, D., Shi, B., Liu, J., Zhang, W. and Shen, Y. (2007) 'Combined use of chitosan and alginate in the treatment of wastewater', Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 104, pp.3581-3587. (Pubitemid 46787022)
107. Ramanathan, S. and Block, L.H. (2001) 'The use of chitosan gels as matrices for electrically-modulated drug delivery', Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 70, Nos. 1-2, pp.109-123. (Pubitemid 32146192)
108. Ravi Kumar, M.N.V. (2000) 'A review of chitin and chitosan applications', Reactive & Functional Polymers, Vol. 46, pp.1-27. (Pubitemid 33763425)
109. Reddad, Z., Gerente, C., Andres, I. and Le Cloirec, P. (2002) 'Adsorption of several metal ions onto a low-cost biosorbents: kinetic and equilibrium studies', Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36, pp.2067-2073. (Pubitemid 34454097)
110. Rinaudo, M. (2006) 'Chitin and chitosan properties and applications', Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 31, pp.603-632.
111. Rizzo, L., Di Gennaro, A., Marialuisa, G. and Belgiorno, V. (2007) 'Coagulation/chlorination of surface water: a comparison between chitosan and metal salts', Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 62, pp.79-85.
112. Rizzo, L., Lofrano, G. and Belgiorno, V. (2008) 'Pre-treatment of olive mill wastewater by chitosan coagulation and advanced oxidation processes', Separation & Purification Technology, Vol. 63, pp.648-653.
113. Rosa, S., Laranjeira, M.C.M., Riela, H.G. and F́avere, V.T. (2008) 'Cross-linked quaternary chitosan as an adsorbent for the removal of the reactive dye from aqueous solutions', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 155, pp.253-260.
114. Ruel-Gariépy, E., Chenite, A., Chaput, C., Guirguis, S. and Leroux, J.C. (2000) 'Characterization of thermo sensitive chitosan gels for the sustained delivery of drugs', International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 203, pp.89-98. (Pubitemid 30627629)
115. Sandford, P.A. (1989) 'Chitosan: commercial uses and potential applications', in Skjak-Braek, S., Anthonsen, T. and Sandford, P. (Eds): Chitin and Chitosan: Sources, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and Applications, Elsevier Applied Science, New York.
116. Sanghi, R. and Bhattacharya, B. (2005) 'Comparative evaluation of natural polyelectrolytes psyllium and chitosan as coagulant aids for decolourization of dye solutions', Water Qual. Res. J. Canada, Vol. 40, pp.197-201.
117. Singh, V., Sharma, A.K. and Sanghi, R. (2009) 'Poly (acrylamide) functionalized chitosan: an efficient adsorbent for azo dyes from aqueous solutions', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 100, No. 17, pp.3862-3868.
118. Sorlier, P., Denuzière A., Viton C. and Domard A. (2001) 'Relation between the degree of acetylation and the electrostatic properties of chitin and chitosan', Biomacromolecules, Vol. 2, pp.765-772. (Pubitemid 32894631)
119. Su, H., Wang, Z. and Tan, T. (2005) 'Preparation of a surface molecular imprinted adsorbent for Ni2+ based on Penicillium chrysogenum', Journal of Chem Technol Biot, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp.439-444. (Pubitemid 40443675)
120. Sun, S., An, Q., Li, X., Qian, L., He, B. and Xiao, H. (2010) 'Synergistic effects of chitosan-guanidine complexes on enhancing antimicrobial activity and wet-strength of paper', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, No. 14, pp.5693-5700.
121. Sun, S., Wang, L. and Wang, A. (2006) 'Adsorption properties of cross linked carboxymethylchitosanresin with Pb(II) as template ions', Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 284, pp.313-322.
122. Sye, W.F., Lu, L.C., Tai, J.W. and Wang, C. (2008) 'Applications of chitosan beads and porous crab shell powder combined with solid-phase micro extraction for detection and the removal of colour from textile wastewater', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 72, pp.550-556. (Pubitemid 351288898)
123. Synowiecki, J. (1986) 'Use of krill chitin as an enzyme support', in Muzzarelli, R.A., Jeuniaux, C. and Gooday, G. (Eds.): Chitin in Nature and Technology, Plenum Press, New York, pp.417- 420.
124. Thakre, D., Jagtap, S., Bansiwal, A., Labhsetwar, N. and Rayalu, S. (2010) 'Synthesis of La-incorporated chitosan beads for fluoride removal from water', Journal of fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 131, No. 3, pp.373-377.
125. Tianwei, T., Xiaojing, H. and Weixia, D. (2001) 'Adsorption behaviour of metal ions on imprinted chitosan resin', Journal of Chem. Technol. Biot., Vol. 76, No. 2, pp.191-205.
126. Tien, C. (1994) Adsorption Calculations and Modeling, Butterworth Heinemann, Boston, Newton, MA, p.244.
127. Tirkistani, F.A.A. (1998) 'Thermal analysis of some chitosan Schiff bases', Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 5, pp.60-67.
128. Torres, M.A., Beppu, M.M. and Santan, C.C. (2004) 'Characterization of chemically modified chitosan micro spheres as adsorbents using standard proteins', Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, pp.325-336. (Pubitemid 350230807)
129. van der Merwe, S.M., Verhoef, J.C., Verheijden, J.H.M., Kotzé, A.F. and Junginger, H.E. (2004) 'Tri-methylated chitosan as polymeric absorption enhancer for improved peroral delivery of peptide drugs', European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp.225-235. (Pubitemid 39037231)
130. Varma, A.J., Deshpande, S.V. and Kennedy, J.F. (2004) 'Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review', Journal of Carbohydrates Polym., Vol. 55, pp.77-93.
131. Wan Ngah, W.S. and Fatinathan, S. (2008) 'Adsorption of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution using chitosan beads, chitosan-GLA beads and chitosan-alginate beads', Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 143, pp.62-72.
132. Wan Ngah, W.S. and Fatinathan, S. (2010) 'Adsorption characterization of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions onto chitosan-tripoly phosphate beads: kinetic, equilibrium and thermo dynamic studies', Management, pp.958-969.
133. Wan Ngah, W.S., Kamari, A. and Koay, Y.J. (2004) 'Equilibrium and kinetics studies of adsorption of Copper (II) on chitosan and chitosan/PVA beads', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 34, pp.155-161. (Pubitemid 38844645)
134. Wan, M-W., Kan, C-C., Rogel, B.D. and Dalida, M.L.P. (2010) 'Adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solution on chitosan-coated sand', Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp.891-899.
135. Wang, J-P. and Ge, X-W. (2007) 'Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for a paper-recycling wastewater treatment using response surface methodology', Colloids & Surfaces; Physicochel. Eng. Aspects, Vol. 302, pp.204-210. (Pubitemid 46719884)
136. Wang, L., Zhang, J. and Wang, A. (2008) 'Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/montmorillonite super adsorbent nano composite', Journal of Colloids and Surfaces, Vol. 322, pp.47-53.
137. Wang, S., Jiang, T., Ma, M., Hu, Y. and Zhang, J. (2010) 'Preparation and Evaluation of Anti-Neuroexcitation Peptide (ANEP) loaded N-trimethyl chitosan chloride nanoparticles for brain-targeting', International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 386, Nos. 1-2, pp.249-255.
138. Wu, F-C., Tseng, R-L. and Juang, R-X. (2000) 'Comparative adsorption of metal and dye on flake- and bead-types of chitosan prepared from fishery wastes', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 73, pp.63-75. (Pubitemid 30109179)
139. Wu1, F-C., Tseng, R-L. and Juang, R-S. (2001) 'Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of reactive dyes and metal ions on chitosan', Water Resources, Vol. 35, pp.613-618.
140. Yao, F.M., Zhang, L., Ma, D. and Wang, M. (2009) 'Defluoridation of water using neodymium-modified chitosan', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 165, Nos. 1-3, pp.454-460.
141. Yazdani-Pedram, M., Lagos, A., Retuert, J., Guerrero, R. and Riquelme, P. (1995) 'On the modification of chitosan through grafting', Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp.1037-1047.
142. Ye, W., Leung, M.F., Xin, J., Kwong, T.L., Lee, D.K.L. and Li, P. (2005) 'Novel core-shell particles with poly(n-butyl acrylate) cores and chitosan shells as an antibacterial coating for textiles', Polymer, Vol. 46, No. 23, pp.10538-10543. (Pubitemid 41455287)
143. Yilmaz, E. and Hasirci, N. (2000) 'Evaluation of chitosan as a potential medical iron (III) ion adsorbent', Turkish Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 30, pp.341-348.
144. Yu, Q., Deng, S. and Yu, G. (2008) 'Selective removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate from aqueous solution using chitosan-based molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbents', Water Res., Vol. 42, No. 12, pp.3089-3097.
145. Zhou, Q., Brown, J., Kanarek, A., Rajagopal, J. and Melton, D.A. (2011) Nature, in Press. Published online 6 Jan 2011, 10.1038/nature 07314.
146. Ahmad, A.L., Sumathi, S. and Hameed, B.H. (2006) 'Coagulation of residue oil and suspended solid in palm oil mill effluent by chitosan, alum and PAC', Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 118, pp.99-105.
147. Annadurai, G., Ling, L.Y. and Lee, J-F. (2008) 'Adsorption of reactive dye from an aqueous solution by chitosan: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis', Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 152, pp.337-346. (Pubitemid 351312425)
148. Cheung, W.H., Ng, J.C.Y. and Mckay, G. (2003) 'Kinetic analysis of the sorption of copper (II) ions on chitosan', Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 78, pp.562-571. (Pubitemid 36582045)
149. Chintana Srisa, ARD (2002) Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Adsorption using Chitosan, ME Thesis Suranaree University of Technology, pp.5-18.
150. Crini, G. and Badot, P-M. (2008) 'Application of chitosan, a natural amino polysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature', Prog. Polym. Sci., Vol. 33, pp.399-447.
151. Juang, R., Wu, F. and Tseng, R. (1999) 'Adsorption removal of Copper (II) using chitosan from simulated rinse solutions containing chelating agents', Water Research, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp.2403-2409. (Pubitemid 29281065)
152. Lagergren, S. (1898) 'Zur theories der sogenannten adsorption gelöster stoffe', Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar, Vol. 24, pp.1-39.
153. Monier, D.M.A., Wei, Y., and Sarhan, A.A. (2010) 'Adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions by modified magnetic chitosan chelating resin', Journal of Reactive and Functional Polymers, Vol. 70, pp.257-266.
154. Ng, J.C.Y., Cheung, W.H. and McKay, G. (2002) 'Equilibrium studies of the sorption of Cu(II) ions onto chitosan', Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 255, pp.64-74. (Pubitemid 36034521)
155. Ngah, A.K. and Koay, Y.J. (2004) 'Equilibrium and kinetics studies of adsorption of Copper (II) on chitosan and chitosan/PVA beads', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 34, pp.155-161. (Pubitemid 38844645)
156. Renaul, F., Sancey, B., Badot, P.M and Crini, G. (2008) 'Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes - an eco-friendly approach', European Polymer Journal, Vol. 12, pp.221-239.
157. Sag, Y. and Aktay, Y. (2002) 'Kinetic studies on sorption of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) ions by chitin, chitosan and Rhizopus arrhizus', Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, pp.143-153. (Pubitemid 35167950)
158. Struszczyk, M.H. (2002) 'Chitin and chitosan-part II. Applications of chitosan', Polimery, Vol. 47, pp.396-403.
159. Wan Ngah, W.S., Ab Ghani, S. and Kamari, A. (2005) 'Adsorption behavior of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in aqueous solution on chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96 pp.443-450. (Pubitemid 39445973)
160. Wang, Z. and Tan, T. (2005) 'Preparation of a surface molecular imprinted adsorbent for Ni2 +based on Penicillium chrysogenum', J. Chem. Technol. Biot., Vol. 80, No. 4, pp.439-444. (Pubitemid 40443675)
161. Weber, W.J. and Morris, J.C. (1963) 'Kinetics of adsorption on carbon solution', J. Sanitary Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 89, pp.31-59.